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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Dong T, Liu Z. Understanding the treatment response and resistance to targeted therapies in non-small cell lung cancer: clinical insights and perspectives. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1387345. [PMID: 39055566 PMCID: PMC11269125 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1387345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common subtype of lung cancer with a generally poor prognosis. In recent years, advances in targeted therapy and sequencing technology have brought significant improvement in the therapeutic outcomes of patients with advanced NSCLC. Targeted inhibitors directed against specific mutated or rearranged oncogenes, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and receptor tyrosine kinase ROS proto-oncogene 1(ROS1) among others, exhibit promising anti-tumor activity. Unfortunately, some patients develop acquired resistance and disease progression soon after initial remission. Despite the continuous development of new drugs and strategies to overcome drug resistance, it is still a major challenge in the treatment of NSCLC. The landscape of targeted therapy for NSCLC is evolving rapidly in response to the pace of scientific research. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of tumor target antigens and agents related to targeted therapy in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Dong
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Radwan AA, Alanazi F, Al-Dhfyan A. Bioinformatics-driven discovery of novel EGFR kinase inhibitors as anti-cancer therapeutics: In silico screening and in vitro evaluation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298326. [PMID: 38625872 PMCID: PMC11020408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR inhibitors are widely used as first line therapy for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients harboring EGFR mutation. However, the acquisition of a second-site mutation (T790 M) limited the efficacy and developed resistance. Therefore, discovery and development of specific drug target for this mutation is of urgent needs. In our study we used the ChemDiv diversity database for receptor-based virtual screening to secure EGFR-TK inhibitors chemotherapeutics. We identified four compounds that bind to the ATP-binding region of the EGFR-TK using AutoDock 4.0 and AutoDock Vina1.1.2 and post-docking investigations. The ligand showed hydrophobic interactions to the hydrophobic region of the binding site and engaged in hydrogen bonding with Met793. The ligands also explored π-cation interactions between the π-system of the ligand-phenyl ring and the positive amino group of Lys745. Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area MM/PBSA per-residue energy decomposition analyses revealed that Val726, Leu792, Met793, Gly796, Cys797, Leu798, and Thr844 contributed the most to the binding energy. Biological evaluation of the retrieved hit compounds showed suppressing activity against EGFR auto phosphorylation and selective apoptosis-induced effects toward lung cancer cells harboring the EGFR L858R/T790M double mutation. Our work anticipated into novel and specific EGFR-TKIs and identified new compounds with therapeutic potential against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awwad A. Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kayyli Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department King Faisal Specialized Hospital and Research Center, Cell Therapy & Immunobiology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kayyli Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Dhfyan
- Department King Faisal Specialized Hospital and Research Center, Cell Therapy & Immunobiology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Wang L, Fan D, Ruan W, Huang X, Zhu W, Tu Y, Zheng P. T6496 targeting EGFR mediated by T790M or C797S mutant: machine learning, virtual screening and bioactivity evaluation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38174383 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to EGFR is a major impediment in lung cancer treatment, highlighting the urgent need to discover novel compounds to overcome EGFR drug resistance. In this study, we utilized in silico methods and bioactivity evaluation for drug discovery to identify novel active anticancer agents targeting EGFRT790M/L858R and EGFRT790M/C797S/L858R. Firstly, we employed ROC-guided machine learning to retrieve nearly 7,765 compounds from a collection of three libraries (comprising over 220,000 compounds). Next, virtual screening, cluster analysis, and binding model analysis were employed to identify six potential compounds. Additionally, the kinase assay revealed that these six compounds demonstrated higher sensitivity to EGFR than c-Met. Among these compounds, T6496 inhibited both EGFRT790M/L858R and EGFRT790M/C797S/L858R kinases, with an IC50 of 3.30 and 8.72 μM. Furthermore, we evaluated the antitumor effects of the six selected compounds, and compound T6496 exhibited the strongest anticancer activity against H1975 cell lines, with an IC50 value of 2.7 μM. These results suggest that T6496 may mitigate EGFR resistance caused by T790M or C797S mutations. Moreover, the AO staining assay, JC-1 staining, ROS experiment and hemolytic toxicity evaluation revealed that T6496 could induce apoptosis in H1975 cell lines in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner, and is a potential compound for further structural optimization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiao Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dang Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Ruan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoling Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanbiao Tu
- Cancer Research Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Pengwu Zheng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Opo FADM, Moulay M, Zari A, Alqaderi A, Alkarim S, Zari T, Bhuiyan MA, Mahmoud MM, Aljoud F, Suhail M, Edris S, Ramadan WS, Kamal MA, Nemmiche S, Ahammad F. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening approaches to identify novel molecular candidates against EGFR through comprehensive computational approaches and in-vitro studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027890. [PMID: 36457709 PMCID: PMC9707641 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) gene, which primarily occur in the axon 18-21 position, have been linked to a variety of cancers, including ovarian, breast, colon, and lung cancer. The use of TK inhibitors (gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, and afatinib) and monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab, panitumumab, and matuzumab) in the treatment of advanced-stage cancer is very common. These drugs are becoming less effective in EGFR targeted cancer treatment and developing resistance to cancer cell eradication, which sometimes necessitates stopping treatment due to the side effects. One in silico study has been conducted to identify EGFR antagonists using other compounds, databases without providing the toxicity profile, comparative analyses, or morphological cell death pattern. The goal of our study was to identify potential lead compounds, and we identified seven compounds based on the docking score and four compounds that were chosen for our study, utilizing toxicity analysis. Molecular docking, virtual screening, dynamic simulation, and in-vitro screening indicated that these compounds' effects were superior to those of already marketed medication (gefitinib). The four compounds obtained, ZINC96937394, ZINC14611940, ZINC103239230, and ZINC96933670, demonstrated improved binding affinity (-9.9 kcal/mol, -9.6 kcal/mol, -9.5 kcal/mol, and -9.2 kcal/mol, respectively), interaction stability, and a lower toxicity profile. In silico toxicity analysis showed that our compounds have a lower toxicity profile and a higher LD50 value. At the same time, a selected compound, i.e., ZINC103239230, was revealed to attach to a particular active site and bind more tightly to the protein, as well as show better in-vitro results when compared to our selected gefitinib medication. MTT assay, gene expression analysis (BAX, BCL-2, and β-catenin), apoptosis analysis, TEM, cell cycle assay, ELISA, and cell migration assays were conducted to perform the cell death analysis of lung cancer and breast cancer, compared to the marketed product. The MTT assay exhibited 80% cell death for 75 µM and 100µM; however, flow cytometry analysis with the IC50 value demonstrated that the selected compound induced higher apoptosis in MCF-7 (30.8%) than in A549.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Dain Md Opo
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Embryonic Stem Cell Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Moulay
- Embryonic Stem Cell Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Abdelhamid ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Ali Zari
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan Alqaderi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alkarim
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Embryonic Stem Cell Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Zari
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maged Mostafa Mahmoud
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa Aljoud
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Edris
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa S. Ramadan
- Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saïd Nemmiche
- Department of Biology, Abdelhamid ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Foysal Ahammad
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
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Yuan C, Jiang H, Jiang W, Wang H, Su C, Zhou S. Comparison of Different EGFR Gene Mutation Status in Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Lung Cancer After First-Line EGFR-TKIs Therapy and Analyzing Its Relationship with Efficacy and Prognosis. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:6901-6910. [PMID: 34512029 PMCID: PMC8423412 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s329900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the different EGFR mutation status in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after first-line EGFR-TKIs therapy and analyze its relationship with efficacy and prognosis. Patients and Methods This study retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with metastatic NSCLC harboring EGFR mutation in the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from June 2016 to December 2020. Samples were collected before treatment and at the time of disease progression after first-line EGFR-TKIs therapy. Amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to detect EGFR mutation. ORR, DCR, and PFS of different EGFR mutation groups were compared. Results The EGFR mutation rate of re-biopsy was 60.23%. The inconsistency rate of EGFR mutations in the same and different simple types was 72.22% (26/36) and 92.31% (48/52), respectively. Alterations in terms of EGFR mutations were divided into four groups: Group A: EGFR-sensitive mutation negative and T790M negative (39.77%); Group B: EGFR-sensitive mutation positive and T790M negative (18.19%); Group C: EGFR-sensitive mutation negative and T790M positive (36.36%); Group D: EGFR-sensitive mutation positive and T790M positive (5.68%). The differences between the four groups in ORR and DCR were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The median PFS of all patients was 10.65 months. PFS of Group A, B, C, and D was 12.26, 7.96, 10.55, and 13.81 months, respectively, with statistical significance (Log rank P = 0.014). Conclusion EGFR mutation status in metastatic NSCLC patients receiving the first- and second-generation TKIs after disease progression show diversity. Monitoring the EGFR mutation changes is of great importance for subsequent clinical decision-making and exploring the underlying mechanisms of acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqin Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiyun Su
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhang Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
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Juliano RL. Addressing cancer signal transduction pathways with antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa025. [PMID: 33015625 PMCID: PMC7520847 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways play key roles in the initiation, progression and dissemination of cancer. Thus, signaling molecules are attractive targets for cancer therapeutics and enormous efforts have gone into the development of small molecule inhibitors of these pathways. However, regrettably, there has been only moderate progress to date, primarily in connection with the RAS signaling pathway. Oligonucleotide-based drugs potentially offer several advantages for addressing signaling pathways, including their exquisite selectivity and their ability to exploit both enzymatic and nonenzymatic targets. Nonetheless, there are problems inherent in the oligonucleotide approach, not the least being the challenge of effectively delivering these complex molecules to intracellular sites within tumors. This survey article will provide a selective review of recent studies where oligonucleotides were used to address cancer signaling and will discuss both positive aspects and limitations of those studies. This will be set in the context of an overview of various cancer signaling pathways and small molecule approaches to regulate those pathways. The survey will also evaluate the challenges and opportunities implicit in the oligonucleotide-based approach to cancer signaling and will point out several possibilities for future research.
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Li D, Ding L, Ran W, Huang Y, Li G, Wang C, Xiao Y, Wang X, Lin D, Xing X. Status of 10 targeted genes of non-small cell lung cancer in eastern China: A study of 884 patients based on NGS in a single institution. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:2580-2589. [PMID: 32729257 PMCID: PMC7471050 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The status of targeted genes and the association between targeted genes and clinicopathological features in Chinese lung cancer patients remains to be elucidated. METHODS The status of 10 targeted genes was evaluated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 884 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The relationship between gene alterations and clinicopathological characters was analyzed. RESULTS Overall, 684 (77.4%) patients harbored gene alterations, and EGFR (510, 57.7%) was found to be the most common type of mutation followed by KRAS (91, 10.3%), HER2 (38, 4.3%), PIK3CA (32, 3.6%), ALK (21, 2.4%), BRAF (10, 1.1%), ROS1 (5, 0.6%), RET (5, 0.6%), MET (4, 0.5%) and NRAS (1, 0.1%). Gene alterations were more frequent in females, non-smokers and adenocarcinoma (P < 0.001). EGFR mutations were associated with women, non-smokers, normal level of serum tumor markers, and adenocarcinoma (P < 0.001). Patients without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.012), or early stage disease (P < 0.001) exhibited a higher EGFR mutation rate. KRAS mutations tended to arise in men (P < 0.001), smokers (P < 0.001) and patients with higher levels of serum tumor markers (P = 0.048). A mucus-producing component was associated with KRAS (P < 0.001), ROS1 (P = 0.033) and ALK (P < 0.001) alterations. ALK and ROS1 rearrangements were more frequent in micropapillary structures (P = 0.004, P = 0.012). BRAF mutation was associated with advanced disease patients and micropapillary structure (P < 0.001). PIK3CA mutation was more likely to be found in elderly patients (P = 0.014). Some patients had synchronous gene alterations, including EGFR/PIK3CA, EGFR/HER2, HER2/KRAS, EGFR/KRAS, EGFR/ROS1, EGFR/NRAS, KRAS/PIK3CA, KRAS/PIK3CA/HER2. CONCLUSIONS Most patients had at least one genetic alteration, and individual patients harbored synchronous mutation. Each gene alteration had unique clinicopathological characteristics. KEY POINTS SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: This study revealed the frequency and distribution of 10 targeted gene abnormalities and their association with clinicopathological parameters of Chinese non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in eastern China. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS Some rare synchronous mutations were detected in our study by next-generation sequencing (NGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Li Ding
- Medical Affairs DepartmentThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Wenwen Ran
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Human ResourcesThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Guangqi Li
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Chengqin Wang
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yujing Xiao
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Dongliang Lin
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaoming Xing
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
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Small Ones to Fight a Big Problem-Intervention of Cancer Metastasis by Small Molecules. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061454. [PMID: 32503267 PMCID: PMC7352875 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis represents the most lethal attribute of cancer and critically limits successful therapies in many tumor entities. The clinical need is defined by the fact that all cancer patients, who have or who will develop distant metastasis, will experience shorter survival. Thus, the ultimate goal in cancer therapy is the restriction of solid cancer metastasis by novel molecularly targeted small molecule based therapies. Biomarkers identifying cancer patients at high risk for metastasis and simultaneously acting as key drivers for metastasis are extremely desired. Clinical interventions targeting these key molecules will result in high efficiency in metastasis intervention. In result of this, personalized tailored interventions for restriction and prevention of cancer progression and metastasis will improve patient survival. This review defines crucial biological steps of the metastatic cascade, such as cell dissemination, migration and invasion as well as the action of metastasis suppressors. Targeting these biological steps with tailored therapeutic strategies of intervention or even prevention of metastasis using a wide range of small molecules will be discussed.
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He Z, Gong F, Liao J, Wang Q, Su Y, Chen C, Lin J, Lin RJ. Spred-3 mutation and Ras/Raf/MAPK activation confer acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor in an EGFR mutated NSCLC cell line. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:2542-2555. [PMID: 35117614 PMCID: PMC8797694 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.03.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are standard treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the emergence of EGFR-TKIs resistance poses a big challenge to the treatment. Although several resistant mutations have been identified, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying acquired EGFR-TKIs resistance remains incomplete. This study aimed to identify novel mutations and mechanisms that could contribute to acquired EGFR-TKIs resistance in EGFR mutated NSCLC cells. Methods Erlotinib resistant cells (HCC827/ER cells) were generated from the EGFR mutated NSCLC cell line HCC827, and whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify gene mutations in HCC827/ER cells. The Spred-3 expression was determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting assays, and the p-p44/42, p44/42, p-Akt and Akt expression was determined using Western blotting. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) was measured using the MTS assay, and cell migration was detected with a Transwell migration assay. Results Whole-exome sequencing identified deletion mutation c.120delG at exon 1 of the Spred-3 gene, resulting in a p.E40fs change in amino acid, in HCC827/ER cells. The Spred-3 expression was much reduced in HCC827/ER cells as compared to the HCC827 cells at both mRNA and protein levels. Knocking out Spred-3 in HCC827 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 increased erlotinib resistance and cell migration, while overexpressing Spred-3 in HCC827/ER cells using a cDNA construct reduced erlotinib resistance and cell migration. We also showed the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway was activated in HCC827/ER cells, and inhibiting ERK1/2 in HCC827/Spred-3-sgRNA cells resulted in reduced erlotinib resistance and cell migration. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that a loss-of-function mutation in Spred-3 resulted in activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway that confers resistance to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC cells harboring an EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong He
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translation Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Fusheng Gong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Jinrong Liao
- Department of Radiobiology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Radiobiology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Radiobiology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Jinghui Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Ren-Jang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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10
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Jin J, Wang L, Tao Z, Zhang J, Lv F, Cao J, Hu X. PDGFD induces ibrutinib resistance of diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma through activation of EGFR. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2209-2219. [PMID: 32186759 PMCID: PMC7115192 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib, an FDA approved, orally administered BTK inhibitor, has demonstrated high response rates to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), however, complete responses are infrequent and acquired resistance to BTK inhibition can emerge. The present study investigated the role of the platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGFD) gene and the ibrutinib resistance of DLBCL in relation to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Bioinformatics was used to screen and analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in complete response (CR), partial response (PR) and stable disease (SD) in DLBCL treatment with ibrutinib, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to analyze enriched the signaling pathways increasing DEGs. The Search Tool for Interactions of Chemicals database was used to analyze the target genes of ibrutinib. An interaction network of DEGs, disease-related genes and ibrutinib was constructed. The expression of PDGFD in tissues that were resistant or susceptible to DLBCL/ibrutinib was detected via immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the expression of PDGFD in DLBCL/ibrutinib-resistant strains and their parental counterparts were examined via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. Subsequently, a drug-resistant cell model of DLBCL/ibrutinib in which PDGFD was silenced was constructed. The apoptosis of the DLBCL/ibrutinib-resistant strains was examined using MTT and flow cytometry assays. EGFR gene expression was then assessed. At the same time, a PDGFD-interfering plasmid and an EGFR overexpression plasmid were transfected into the DLBCL drug-resistant cells (TMD8-ibrutinib, HBL1-ibrutinib) separately or together. MTT was used to measure cell proliferation and changes in the IC50 of ibrutinib. A total of 86 DEGs that increased in the CR, PR and SD tissues were screened, and then evaluated with GO and KEGG. The interaction network diagram showed that there was a regulatory relationship between PDGFD and disease-related genes, and that PDGFD could indirectly target the ibrutinib target gene EGFR, indicating that PDGFD could regulate DLBCL via EGFR. IHC results showed high expression of PDGFD in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma tissues with ibrutinib tolerance. PDGFD expression in ibrutinib-resistant DLBCL cells was higher compared with in parental cells. Following interference with PDGFD expression in ibrutinib-resistant DLBCL cells, the IC50 value of ibrutinib decreased, the rate of apoptosis increased and EGFR expression decreased. In brief, EGFR overexpression can reverse the resistance of DLBCL to ibrutinib via PDGFD interference, and PDGFD induces the resistance of DLBCL to ibrutinib via EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Leiping Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Junning Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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