1
|
Tracy E, Tilley L, Patzkowski J, Eliasen KM, Hudson A, Highland KB. Considerations to Optimize Structurally Responsive Work Environments for U.S. Military Specialty Physicians. Mil Med 2024:usae395. [PMID: 39172660 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recruitment, training, and retention of wartime critical specialty physicians may be stymied by discrimination and abuse. It is unclear to what extent the US combat specialty physicians witness or experience discrimination and abuse, whether they or others intervene, and if they would subsequently discourage people from entering their field. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study surveyed US active duty anesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians, and orthopedic surgeons (N = 243; 21% response rate). A generalized linear model evaluated the extent to which gender, specialty, service, and number of witnessed/experienced negative/stigmatizing comment/event types were associated with burnout. A bootstrapped mediation analysis evaluated whether gender and burnout were mediated by the number of comment/event types. RESULTS The sample was majority non-Latine White (87%) and men (66%) with tri-service and specialty representation. The most commonly reported negative/stigmatizing comment/event types were related to pregnancy (62%) and parental leave (61%), followed by gender and assigned sex (42%), lactation (37%), and sexual harassment (35%). Of the respondents who witnessed/experienced such comments/events, self-intervention was reported after comments regarding lactation (43%), assigned sex and gender (42%), race and ethnicity (41%), pregnancy (41%), parental leave (37%), and sexual harassment (24%). Witnessing another person intervene was reported after sexual harassment (25%) and comments/events regarding race and ethnicity (24%), pregnancy (20%), assigned sex and gender (19%), lactation (19%), and parental leave (18%). Nonintervention was reported after comments/events related to parental leave (42%), pregnancy (38%), sexual harassment (26%), lactation (26%), assigned sex and gender (26%), and race and ethnicity (22%). Respondents reported moderate-to-high intervening likelihood, importance, and confidence. Respondents reporting neutral to extremely agree on prompts indicating that pregnant active duty physicians are trying to avoid deployment (P = .002) and expect special treatment that burdens the department (P = .007) were disproportionately men (36% and 38%, respectively) compared to women (14% and 18%, respectively). The highest proportion of neutral to extremely agree responses regarding discouraging specialty selection were reported in relation to transgender and gender diverse students (21%), followed by cisgender female students (18%); gay, lesbian, or bisexual+ students (17%); cisgender male students (13%); and racial and ethnic minoritized students (12%). In the primary model, the number of witnessed/experienced comment/event types was associated with greater burnout (0.13, 95% CI 0.06-0.20, P = .001), but women did not report significantly different levels of burnout than men (0.20, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.51, P = 0.20). The number of comment/event types mediated the relationship between gender and burnout (0.18, 95% CI 0.06, 0.34; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Although reported intervening confidence, likelihood, and importance were high, it is unclear whether perceptions correspond to awareness of intervention need and behaviors. Bivariate differences in burnout levels between men and women were fully explained by the number of comment types in the mediation model. Annual trainings may not effectively address workplace climate optimization; institutions should consider targeted policy and programmatic efforts to ensure effective, structurally responsive approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Tracy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Laura Tilley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeanne Patzkowski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kathryn M Eliasen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Arlene Hudson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Krista B Highland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Grandpré É, Suurd Ralph C, Hiller E. Thwarted belongingness and empathy's relation with organizational culture change. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1287769. [PMID: 38638514 PMCID: PMC11024451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1287769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In response to several high-profile cases of senior leaders in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) being accused of various forms of sexual and professional misconduct, the organization has committed to culture change. Drawing on the group engagement model and empirical evidence, we propose that CAF members' experience of thwarted belongingness reduces their capacity to show empathy, which in turn affects their support for culture change. Method Participants were 139 Naval and Officer Cadets from the Royal Military College of Canada who were predominantly male (61%), between 18 and 21 years old (80%), and not members of a visible minority group (68%). Data was collected via an online self-report survey assessing thwarted belongingness, empathy, and attitudes toward culture change. Results Whether participants experienced thwarted belongingness was not directly related to their level of support for culture change. Individuals' thwarted belongingness was indirectly and negatively associated with support for culture change, through its impact on empathy. Discussion Taken together, the results demonstrate that cadets' experience of belongingness contributed to their level of empathy, which together predicted their support for culture change initiatives. Efforts to change the culture of the CAF may need to consider improving members' levels of belongingness and, by extension, their levels of empathy. Implications for inclusion efforts are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Suurd Ralph
- Department of Military Psychology and Leadership, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cucciare MA, Mengeling MA, Han X, Kennedy K, Torner J, Sadler AG. Experiencing Sexual Assault and/or Stalking-Related Behavior is Associated with Binge Drinking and Substance Use Consequences in Deployed U.S. Servicewomen. Womens Health Issues 2022; 32:402-410. [PMID: 34991954 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being deployed is a risk factor for poor postdeployment mental health outcomes in U.S. servicewomen, including harmful drinking. However, to our knowledge, no studies have examined deployment-related sexual assault and exposure to stalking-related behavior in relation to binge drinking and substance use consequences in this population. METHODS A community sample of post-9/11 servicewomen from the Midwest, including both veterans and those actively serving (N = 991), completed computer-assisted telephone interviews after deployment. Logistic regression models examined associations between deployment-related sexual assault (attempted or completed) and stalking-related behavior (e.g., being left unwanted things, having property vandalized), and the likelihood of reporting binge drinking and substance use consequences after controlling for covariates. RESULTS U.S. servicewomen experiencing deployment-related sexual assault and/or stalking-related behavior were more likely to report binge drinking in the past 4 weeks and at least one negative consequence of substance use in the past year. Also, 21.56% of the sample reported experiencing any deployment-related sexual assault and/or stalking-related behavior, 17.34% reported any stalking-related behavior and no sexual assault, 2.42% reported both sexual assault and stalking-related behavior, and 1.80% reported sexual assault and no stalking-related behavior. The most commonly endorsed behaviors were being followed or spied on (9.09%), receiving unsolicited correspondence (8.34%-8.74%), and having someone show up at places you were (6.90%). CONCLUSIONS U.S. servicewomen experiencing sexual assault and/or stalking-related behavior during deployment may be at higher risk for binge drinking and experiencing negative consequence of substance use when compared with their peers not reporting these stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cucciare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona; VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, North Little Rock, Arkansas; Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, North Little Rock, Arkansas.
| | - Michelle A Mengeling
- Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; VA Office of Rural Health, Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Iowa City, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Xiaotong Han
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona; VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, North Little Rock, Arkansas; Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, North Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kristina Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona
| | - James Torner
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anne G Sadler
- Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cancio R. Addressing Military Sexual Violence by Proposing a Social Media Influencer Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 65:937-954. [PMID: 33567956 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x21994065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Military sexual violence (MSV) is a prevalent issue that uniquely affects mission readiness. Although research on MSV and social media is growing, examinations of possible interventions like those employing social media in this population are scant. Given the growing interest in targeting MSV, the present systematic review was conducted. The PRISMA framework was used to conduct a systematic review of MSV and social media (N = 71). Queries were limited to articles published between 2010 and 2020. SAGE Journals, PubMed, and JSTOR were utilized. Terms and potential combinations were entered into the databases in varying Boolean combinations. Additional recorders were identified for inclusion via the reference sections of relevant records. After removing duplicates from the query results, we selected records of suspected relevance by title and screened abstracts. Finally, articles with relevant abstracts were reviewed thoroughly to determine whether they met inclusion criteria for the review. The employments of military leaders in a social media intervention puts into practice the military's central values and development of its leadership core. This intervention promotes group solidarity while maximizing conversations around meaningful messages. Findings in this review suggest military leaders could feasibly employ a cost-effective global intervention using social media, as a tool to help actively address MSV.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sadler AG, Cheney AM, Mengeling MA, Booth BM, Torner JC, Young LB. Servicemen's Perceptions of Male Sexual Assault and Barriers to Reporting During Active Component and Reserve/National Guard Military Service. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP3596-NP3623. [PMID: 29907078 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518780407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing recognition of the high rates of sexual violence experienced by men serving in the U.S. military, male victimization, specifically sexual assault in military (SAIM), is an understudied topic. We qualitatively describe servicemen's awareness and perceptions of male SAIM, and their understanding of common barriers to servicemen reporting sexual assault. Participants included Midwestern Active Component and Reserve and National Guard servicemen, actively serving or Veteran, who had returned from Iraq or Afghanistan deployments during Operation Enduring/Iraqi Freedom eras. Eleven focus groups were held with 34 servicemen (20 Reserve/National Guard and 14 Active Component). Qualitative analyses used inductive and deductive techniques. Servicemen reported a lack of awareness of male SAIM, a tendency to blame or marginalize male victims, and substantial barriers to reporting sexual assault. Reserve/National Guard participants emphasized barriers such as a perception of greater stigma due to their unique status as citizen-soldiers, an ethos of unit conformity and leadership modeling, and a lack of confidence in leadership and the SAIM reporting process. In contrast, Active Component servicemen emphasized the deployment location and sex of victim and perpetrator as key reporting barriers. Findings make an important contribution to the scant literature on risk and protective factors for male SAIM and servicemen's perceptions of sexual violence and assault reporting barriers by their service type and location. This work has implications for routine screening for sexual violence experiences of male service members and Veterans. Providers' knowledge of gender stereotypes regarding sexual assault, assault risks and experiences of deployed servicemen, and potential barriers to SAIM disclosure is vital for patient-centered care delivery. Additional research to address factors that influence post-SAIM care engagement of males is indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Sadler
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, IA, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Ann M Cheney
- University of California, Riverside, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA, USA
| | | | - Brenda M Booth
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Powers RA, Moule RK, Dodge CE, Boggess LN. Structuring the Invisible War: Base and Community Influences on Military Sexual Assault Occurrence. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:204-210. [PMID: 32362511 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the relationship between military sexual assault and structural factors including base (e.g., base density) and community (e.g., economic deprivation) characteristics. METHODS Data on military sexual assault against men and women for fiscal years 2013-2016 were drawn from Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office's 2017 report, "Sexual Assault Received at Military Installations and Combat Areas of Interest." Base information was pulled from fiscal years 2012 and 2013 Department of Defense's Base Structure Reports. Community-level information was drawn from 5-year American Community Survey estimates (2008-2012). Analyses were conducted in 2019. Negative binomial models were used to examine predictors of military sexual assault. RESULTS Compared with civilian personnel, higher concentrations of military personnel on bases increased military sexual assault (incident rate ratio=1.01, p=0.025). Compared with Air Force-controlled installations, Navy and Marine bases were associated with higher military sexual assault prevalence (incident rate ratio=2.22, p<0.001; incident rate ratio=2.38, p<0.001, respectively). Community economic disadvantage was inversely related to military sexual assault (incident rate ratio=0.69, p=0.001), whereas residential mobility (incident rate ratio=1.07, p=0.002), percentage of racial/ethnic minorities (incident rate ratio=1.02, p=0.024 black; incident rate ratio=1.03, p<0.001 Hispanic), and percentage of residents who are veterans (incident rate ratio=1.13, p<0.001) were positively related to military sexual assault. CONCLUSIONS Military sexual assault prevalence is associated with the structural characteristics of military installations and characteristics of the communities in which these installations are located. Findings suggest that further research on structural predictors of military sexual assault is needed and prevention programs and services may benefit from more community engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ráchael A Powers
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Richard K Moule
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Cassandra E Dodge
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lyndsay N Boggess
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vander Weg MW, Sadler AG, Abrams TE, Richardson K, Torner JC, Syrop CH, Mengeling MA. Lifetime History of Sexual Assault and Emergency Department Service Use among Women Veterans. Womens Health Issues 2020; 30:374-383. [PMID: 32571623 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sexual assault survivors are at increased risk for adverse physical and mental health outcomes and tend to use more health care services, little is known about women veterans' lifetime history of experiencing sexual assault (lifetime sexual assault [LSA]) and emergency department (ED) use. We sought to examine associations between experiencing LSA, mental health diagnoses, and ED use among women veterans. METHODS Computer-assisted telephone interviews were conducted with 980 women veterans enrolled at two Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers to assess history of experiencing LSA, health care use, sociodemographic characteristics, and military history. Administrative data provided VA use, mental health, and medical diagnoses. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between experiencing LSA and mental health diagnoses and past 5-year ED use. Classification tree analysis characterized ED use in participant subgroups. RESULTS Sixty-four percent of participants visited a VA or non-VA ED during the previous 5 years. Women veterans with histories of mental health diagnoses and who experienced sexual assault had an odds of ED use almost two times greater than those with no history of experiencing sexual assault and no mental health diagnoses. The odds were similar for experiencing attempted (adjusted odds ratio, 1.85) and completed (adjusted odds ratio, 1.95) sexual assault. Classification tree analysis identified reliance on VA care and the composite variable representing experiencing LSA and mental health diagnoses as factors that best discriminated ED users from nonusers. CONCLUSIONS Experiencing LSA is associated with greater ED use in women veterans enrolled in the VA. Whether finding this reflects greater emergent health care needs, suboptimal access and treatment for conditions that could be managed in other settings, lack of health care coordination, or some combination of these factors is unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vander Weg
- Center for Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
| | - Anne G Sadler
- Center for Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thad E Abrams
- Center for Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kelly Richardson
- Center for Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James C Torner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa; Departments of Neurosurgery and Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Craig H Syrop
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michelle A Mengeling
- Center for Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; VA Office of Rural Health (ORH), Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Iowa City, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coffee and controversy: How applied psychology can revitalize sexual harassment and racial discrimination training. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/iop.2019.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTraining has shown little effectiveness in altering harassing or discriminatory behavior. Limitations of prior intervention efforts may reflect poor conceptualization of the problems involved, poor training intervention design, approaches that engender cynicism, or misunderstanding psychological principles of attitude and behavior change. Interventions should capitalize on behavioral science models and tools at multiple levels from a broad array of disciplines to explain harassment and bias, and then to defeat these behaviors. Measures to ensure fair treatment should focus on leadership socialization, organizational culture and climate, increased professional competence, and integration with organizational approaches to corporate social responsibility and performance.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hajizadeh M, Aiken A, Cox C. Risk Factors Associated with Sexual Misconduct in the Canadian Armed Forces: Does It Vary by Sex and Environmental Command? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:2581-2594. [PMID: 31273554 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using the Survey on Sexual Misconduct in the Canadian Armed Forces (n = 43,440) we examined risk factors associated with the experience of sexual misconduct in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). We used logistic regression models to identify predictors of being a target of sexual misconduct among CAF members. We also examined whether risk factors associated with sexual misconduct vary by sex and environmental command (Army, Navy, Air Force, or Military Personnel). The proportions of CAF members who experienced sexual assault, inappropriate sexualized behavior, or discriminatory behavior on the basis of sex and sexual orientation or gender identity in the past year were 2%, 18.4%, and 5.9%, respectively. The odds ratio of being the target for sexual assault or inappropriate sexual behavior and discriminatory behavior in the past year among females compared to males was 4.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.14 to 5.44), 2.55 (95% CI = 2.41 to 2.71), and 4.67 (95% CI = 4.3 to 5.08), respectively. Being a victim of one or more of the three types of sexual misconduct in the past year was associated with one or more of the following factors: younger, single, Indigenous, disabled, lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, highly educated, or junior non-commissioned members of the CAF. Results were generally consistent when we stratified our analysis by sex and environmental command. These results suggest that sexual misconduct is a problem within the CAF. There is a need for change within the CAF to prevent sexual misconduct among at-risk members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hajizadeh
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Alice Aiken
- Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chelsea Cox
- Schulich School of Law and School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fosse TH, Skogstad A, Einarsen SV, Martinussen M. Active and passive forms of destructive leadership in a military context: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2019.1634550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hol Fosse
- Institute for Military Leadership and Operations, Norwegian Defence University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Skogstad
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Monica Martinussen
- Institute for Military Leadership and Operations, Norwegian Defence University College, Oslo, Norway
- RKBU-North, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sexual Assault in the Military and Increased Odds of Sexual Pain Among Female Veterans. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 134:63-71. [DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Griffith J. The Sexual Harassment-Suicide Connection in the U.S. Military: Contextual Effects of Hostile Work Environment and Trusted Unit Leaders. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2019; 49:41-53. [PMID: 28972302 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual harassment has been associated with suicidal behaviors, and with the rise in suicides in the U.S. military, sexual harassment's role in suicide has been of growing interest. Lacking are studies that examine group- or unit-level variables in the relationship of sexual harassment to suicidal behaviors (thoughts, plans, and attempts). In this study, survey data from soldiers (12,567 soldiers in 180 company-sized units) who completed the Unit Risk Inventory administered during calendar year 2010 were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. At the individual level, sexual harassment was associated with a fivefold increase for risk of suicide. Reporting that leaders could be trusted was associated with a decreased suicide risk by about one-third. There was no statistically significant interaction between sexual harassment and trusted leaders in predicting the suicidal behaviors. At the group level, units or companies having higher levels of sexual harassment also had soldiers three times more at risk for suicide. A cross-leveling effect was also observed: Among units having higher levels of sexual harassment, the negative correlation (buffering effect of unit leaders on suicidal behaviors) was diminished. Implications of findings for preventing sexual harassment and suicide risk are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Griffith
- National Center for Veterans Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomsen CJ, McCone DR, Gallus JA. Conclusion of the special issue on sexual harassment and sexual assault in the US military: What have we learned, and where do we go from here? MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2018.1479551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Thomsen
- Military Population Health, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California
| | - David R. McCone
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gidycz CA, Wyatt J, Galbreath NW, Axelrad SH, McCone DR. Sexual assault prevention in the military: Key issues and recommendations. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2018.1489663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Wyatt
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Nathan W. Galbreath
- Department of Defense, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office Alexandria, Virginia
| | | | - Dave R. McCone
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sadler AG, Lindsay DR, Hunter ST, Day DV. The impact of leadership on sexual harassment and sexual assault in the military. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2017.1422948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne G. Sadler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, The Center for Comprehensive Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Douglas R. Lindsay
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennylvania
- Department of Behavioral Sciences & Leadership, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Samuel T. Hunter
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennylvania
| | - David V. Day
- Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sadler AG, Booth BM, Torner JC, Mengeling MA. Sexual assault in the US military: A comparison of risk in deployed and non-deployed locations among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom active component and Reserve/National Guard servicewomen. Am J Ind Med 2017; 60:947-955. [PMID: 28857214 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether sexual assault in the military (SAIM) among active component and Reserve/National Guard servicewomen is more likely to occur in deployed or non-deployed locations; and which location poses greater risk for SAIM when time spent in-location is considered. METHODS A total of 1337 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom era servicewomen completed telephone interviews eliciting socio-demographics, military and sexual assault histories, including attempted and completed sexual assault. RESULTS Half of the sample had been deployed (58%). Overall 16% (N = 245) experienced SAIM; a higher proportion while not deployed (15%; n = 208) than while deployed (4%; n = 52). However, the incidence of SAIM per 100 person-years was higher in deployed than in non-deployed locations: 3.5 vs 2.4. Active component and Reserve/National Guard had similar deployment lengths, but Reserve/National Guard had higher SAIM incidence rates/100 person-years (2.8 vs 4.0). CONCLUSIONS A higher proportion of servicewomen experienced SAIM while not deployed; however, adjusting for time in each location, servicewomen were at greater risk during deployment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne G. Sadler
- The Center for Comprehensive Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE)Iowa City VA Health Care SystemIowa CityIowa
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowa
| | - Brenda M. Booth
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - James C. Torner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Departments of Neurosurgery and SurgeryUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowa
| | - Michelle A. Mengeling
- The Center for Comprehensive Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE)Iowa City VA Health Care SystemIowa CityIowa
- VA Office of Rural Health (ORH)Veterans Rural Health Resource Center‐Iowa City (VRHRC‐IC)Iowa City VA Health Care SystemIowa CityIowa
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lofgreen AM, Carroll KK, Dugan SA, Karnik NS. An Overview of Sexual Trauma in the U.S. Military. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2017; 15:411-419. [PMID: 31975872 PMCID: PMC6519533 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20170024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the scope and impact of military sexual trauma (MST) in the U.S. Armed Forces. The authors explore aspects of the military setting that may make recovery from this form of sexual violence particularly difficult. Risk factors for MST as well as associated mental, physical, sexual, and relational health consequences are reviewed. The authors also introduce clinical issues unique to male and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) survivors. Finally, first-line psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for subsequent mental health difficulties are reviewed, as are strategies for reducing barriers to health care for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashton M Lofgreen
- Dr. Lofgreen, Ms. Carroll, and Dr. Karnik are with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago. Dr. Dugan is with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Kathryn K Carroll
- Dr. Lofgreen, Ms. Carroll, and Dr. Karnik are with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago. Dr. Dugan is with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Sheila A Dugan
- Dr. Lofgreen, Ms. Carroll, and Dr. Karnik are with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago. Dr. Dugan is with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Niranjan S Karnik
- Dr. Lofgreen, Ms. Carroll, and Dr. Karnik are with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago. Dr. Dugan is with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kimerling R. No Mission Too Difficult: Responding to Military Sexual Assault. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:642-644. [PMID: 28398788 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2017.303731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kimerling
- Rachel Kimerling is with the National Center for PTSD, Dissemination and Training Division and the Center for Innovation to Implementation at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| |
Collapse
|