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Investigation of attachment location of adhesive skin electrodes for intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery: Preclinical and clinical studies. Surgery 2021; 171:377-383. [PMID: 34563352 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, adhesive skin electrodes have been reported to be useful for recording electromyographic signals from intrinsic laryngeal muscles for intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery and have shown good results compared to existing recording methods. In this study, we investigated the optimal attachment location of adhesive skin electrodes for intraoperative neuromonitoring in both porcine models and human cases. METHODS Attachment locations were divided vertically into upper, middle, and lower locations and horizontally into medial and lateral locations to determine the optimal location of placing adhesive skin electrodes preclinically in four porcine models. This study included a total of 78 patients who underwent thyroidectomy under intraoperative neuromonitoring with adhesive skin electrodes. Sixteen patients were monitored using both adhesive skin electrodes and an electromyographic endotracheal tube. Two pairs of skin electrodes were attached to the level of the thyroid cartilage lamina. Evoked electromyographic data, including data on mean amplitude and latency, obtained by stimulating the recurrent laryngeal nerve and vagus nerve, were collected. RESULTS Lateral attachment of adhesive skin electrodes showed significantly higher evoked amplitudes than medial attachment in both animal models and human patients. In cases where skin electrodes and an electromyographic endotracheal tube were used together, the electromyographic endotracheal tube showed a significantly higher amplitude than skin electrodes, and laterally attached skin electrodes showed a significantly higher amplitude than medially attached skin electrodes. CONCLUSION Intraoperative neuromonitoring using adhesive skin electrodes was feasible in both animal models and human patients. We suggest that it would be better to attach adhesive skin electrodes to the lateral side of the thyroid cartilage lamina. Lateral attachment closer to the cricoarytenoid joint may be better for measuring muscle movement around the cricoarytenoid joint.
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Liu CH, Huang TY, Wu CW, Wang JJ, Wang LF, Chan LP, Dionigi G, Chiang FY, Tseng HY, Lin YC. New Developments in Anterior Laryngeal Recording Technique During Neuromonitored Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:763170. [PMID: 34777256 PMCID: PMC8586463 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.763170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury resulting in vocal fold paralysis and dysphonia remains a major source of morbidity after thyroid and parathyroid surgeries. Intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) is increasingly accepted as an adjunct to the standard practice of visual RLN identification. Endotracheal tube (ET) surface recording electrode systems are now widely used for IONM; however, the major limitation of the clinical use of ET-based surface electrodes is the need to maintain constant contact between the electrodes and vocal folds during surgery to obtain a high-quality recording. An ET that is malpositioned during intubation or displaced during surgical manipulation can cause a false decrease or loss of electromyography (EMG) signal. Since it may be difficult to distinguish from an EMG change caused by a true RLN injury, a false loss or decrease in EMG signal may contribute to inappropriate surgical decision making. Therefore, researchers have investigated alternative electrode systems that circumvent common causes of poor accuracy in ET-based neuromonitoring. Recent experimental and clinical studies have confirmed the hypothesis that needle or adhesive surface recording electrodes attached to the thyroid cartilage (transcartilage and percutaneous recording) or attached to the overlying neck skin (transcutaneous recording) can provide functionality similar to that of ET-based electrodes, and these recording methods enable access to the EMG response of the vocalis muscle that originates from the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. Studies also indicate that, during surgical manipulation of the trachea, transcartilage, percutaneous, and transcutaneous anterior laryngeal (AL) recording electrodes could be more stable than ET-based surface electrodes and could be equally accurate in depicting RLN stress during IONM. These findings show that these AL electrodes have potential applications in future designs of recording electrodes and support the use of IONM as a high-quality quantitative tool in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. This article reviews the major recent developments of newly emerging transcartilage, percutaneous, and transcutaneous AL recording techniques used in IONM and evaluates their contribution to improved voice outcomes in modern thyroid surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsin Liu
- International Thyroid Surgery Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yen Huang
- International Thyroid Surgery Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Wu
- International Thyroid Surgery Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia Joanna Wang
- International Thyroid Surgery Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Feng Wang
- International Thyroid Surgery Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- International Thyroid Surgery Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Tatung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gianlorenzo Dionigi
- Division of Surgery, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Feng-Yu Chiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Tseng
- International Thyroid Surgery Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hsin-Yi Tseng, ; Yi-Chu Lin,
| | - Yi-Chu Lin
- International Thyroid Surgery Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hsin-Yi Tseng, ; Yi-Chu Lin,
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Shin SC, Lee BJ. A New Era of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring: Beyond the Electromyography Endotracheal Tube During Thyroid Surgery. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 13:324-325. [PMID: 33176401 PMCID: PMC7669317 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2020.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chan Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Sung ES, Shin SC, Kwon HK, Kim J, Park DH, Choi SW, Kim SH, Lee JC, Ro JH, Lee BJ. Application of Novel Intraoperative Neuromonitoring System Using an Endotracheal Tube With Pressure Sensor During Thyroid Surgery: A Porcine Model Study. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 13:291-298. [PMID: 32668828 PMCID: PMC7435431 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The loss of signal during intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) using electromyography (EMG) in thyroidectomy is one of the biggest problems. We have developed a novel IONM system with an endotracheal tube (ETT) with an attached pressure sensor instead of EMG to detect laryngeal twitching. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility and reliability of this novel IONM system using an ETT with pressure sensor during thyroidectomy in a porcine model. METHODS We developed an ETT-attached pressure sensor that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure laryngeal muscle twitching. Stimulus thresholds, amplitude, and latency of laryngeal twitching evaluated using the pressure sensor were compared to those measured using transcartilage needle EMG. The measured amplitude changes by EMG and the pressure sensor during recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) traction injury were compared. RESULTS No significant differences in stimulus threshold intensity between EMG and the pressure sensor were observed. The EMG amplitude detected at 0.3 mA, increased with increasing stimulus intensity. When the stimulus was more than 1.0 mA, the amplitude showed a plateau. In a RLN traction injury experiment, the EMG amplitude did not recover even 20 minutes after stopping RLN traction. However, the pressure sensor showed a mostly recovery. CONCLUSION The change in amplitude due to stimulation of the pressure sensor showed a pattern similar to EMG. Pressure sensors can be feasibly and reliably used for RLN traction injury prediction, RLN identification, and preservation through the detection of laryngeal muscle twitching. Our novel IONM system that uses an ETT with an attached pressure sensor to measure the change of surface pressure can be an alternative to EMG in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Suk Sung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung-Chan Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Keun Kwon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jia Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Da-Hee Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Choon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Ro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Sung ES, Kwon HK, Shin SC, Cheon YI, Lee JW, Park DH, Choi SW, Kim HB, Park HJ, Lee JC, Ro JH, Lee BJ. Application of an Intraoperative Neuromonitoring System Using a Surface Pressure Sensor in Parotid Surgery: A Rabbit Model Study. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 14:131-136. [PMID: 32623851 PMCID: PMC7904436 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Facial nerve monitoring (FNM) can be used to identify the facial nerve, to obtain information regarding its course, and to evaluate its status during parotidectomy. However, there has been disagreement regarding the efficacy of FNM in reducing the incidence of facial nerve palsy during parotid surgery. Therefore, instead of using electromyography (EMG) to identify the location and state of the facial nerve, we applied an intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) system using a surface pressure sensor to detect facial muscle twitching. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using the IONM system with a surface pressure sensor to detect facial muscle twitching during parotidectomy. Methods We evaluated the stimulus thresholds for the detection of muscle twitching in the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi, as well as the amplitude and latency of EMG and the surface pressure sensor in 13 facial nerves of seven rabbits, using the same stimulus intensity. Results The surface pressure sensor detected muscle twitching in the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi in response to a stimulation of 0.1 mA in all 13 facial nerves. The stimulus threshold did not differ between the surface pressure sensor and EMG. Conclusion The application of IONM using a surface pressure sensor during parotidectomy is noninvasive, reliable, and feasible. Therefore, the IONM system with a surface pressure sensor to measure facial muscle twitching may be an alternative to EMG for verifying the status of the facial nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Suk Sung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, College of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Keun Kwon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, College of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung-Chan Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-Il Cheon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Da-Hee Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, College of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, College of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hwa-Bin Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Choon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, College of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Ro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University Hospital, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
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Protective Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Salivary Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Radioiodine Therapy-Induced Sialoadenitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114136. [PMID: 32531940 PMCID: PMC7312690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioiodine (RI) therapy is known to cause salivary gland (SG) dysfunction. The effects of antioxidants on RI-induced SG damage have not been well described. This study was performed to investigate the radioprotective effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) administered prior to RI therapy in a mouse model of RI-induced sialadenitis. Four-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group): group I, normal control; group II, ALA alone (100 mg/kg); group III, RI alone (0.01 mCi/g body weight, orally); and group IV, ALA + RI (ALA at 100 mg/kg, 24 h and 30 min before RI exposure at 0.01 mCi/g body weight). The animals in these groups were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 30 or 90 days post-RI treatment. Changes in salivary 99mTc pertechnetate uptake and excretion were tracked by single-photon emission computed tomography. Salivary histological examinations and TUNEL assays were performed. The 99mTc pertechnetate excretion level recovered in the ALA treatment group. Salivary epithelial (aquaporin 5) cells of the ALA + RI group were protected from RI damage. The ALA + RI group exhibited more mucin-containing parenchyma and less fibrotic tissues than the RI only group. Fewer apoptotic cells were observed in the ALA + RI group compared to the RI only group. Pretreatment with ALA before RI therapy is potentially beneficial in protecting against RI-induced salivary dysfunction.
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The transcutaneous electromyography recording method for intraoperative neuromonitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve during minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7609. [PMID: 32376878 PMCID: PMC7203296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) facilitates recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) protection in thyroid and parathyroid surgeries. This study aimed to investigate a novel transcutaneous electromyography (EMG) recording method for IONM of the RLN during minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP). Twenty patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing MIP were enrolled. Two paired needle electrodes were percutaneously inserted into the bilateral laminas of thyroid cartilage for monitoring the vagus nerve and RLN. A standardized IONM procedure (V1-R1-R2-V2 signals) was strictly followed, and the RLN was routinely located and mapped. Pre- and postoperative laryngofiberoscopy was performed to confirm vocal cord function. The proposed technique was successfully used in all patients, and typical EMG signals were effectively detected. No significant change in EMG signals before and after tumor resection was noted, and a normal vocal cord movement was ensured in all patients with postoperative laryngofiberoscopy. IONM helped localize the position of the RLN and facilitated the safe resection of the parathyroid tumor during MIP. The novel transcutaneous EMG recording method proposed in this study was feasible, convenient, reliable, and inexpensive.
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Choi SY, Son YI. Intraoperative Neuromonitoring for Thyroid Surgery: The Proven Benefits and Limitations. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 12:335-336. [PMID: 31575106 PMCID: PMC6787475 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ik Son
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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