1
|
Manasa CS, Silva SM, Caballero-Aguilar LM, Quigley AF, Kapsa RMI, Greene GW, Moulton SE. Active and passive drug release by self-assembled lubricin (PRG4) anti-fouling coatings. J Control Release 2022; 352:35-46. [PMID: 36228955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electroactive polymers (EAPs) have been investigated as materials for use in a range of biomedical applications, ranging from cell culture, electrical stimulation of cultured cells as well as controlled delivery of growth factors and drugs. Despite their excellent drug delivery ability, EAPs are susceptible to biofouling thus they often require surface functionalisation with antifouling coatings to limit unwanted non-specific protein adsorption. Here we demonstrate the surface modification of para toluene sulfonate (pTS) doped polypyrrole with the glycoprotein lubricin (LUB) to produce a self-assembled coating that both prevents surface biofouling while also serving as a high-capacity reservoir for cationic drugs which can then be released passively via diffusion or actively via an applied electrical potential. We carried out our investigation in two parts where we initially assessed the antifouling and cationic drug delivery ability of LUB tethered on a gold surface using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM) to monitor molecular interactions occurring on a gold sensor surface. After confirming the ability of tethered LUB nano brush layers on a gold surface, we introduced an electrochemically grown EAP layer to act as the immobilisation surface for LUB before subsequently introducing the cationic drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The release of cationic drug was then investigated under passive and electrochemically stimulated conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was then carried out to quantify the amount of DOX released. It was shown that the amount of DOX released from nano brush layers of LUB tethered on gold and EAP surfaces could be increased by up to 30% per minute by applying a positive electrochemically stimulating pulse at 0.8 V for one minute. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA), we show that DOX loaded LUB tethered on para toluene sulfonic acid (pTS) doped polypyrrole retained antifouling ability of up to 75% when compared to unloaded tethered LUB. This work demonstrates the unique, novel ability of tethered LUB to actively participate in the delivery of cationic therapeutics on different substrate surfaces. This study could lead to the development of versatile multifunctional biomaterials for use in wide range of biomedical applications, such as dual drug delivery and lubricating coatings, dual drug delivery and antifouling coatings, cellular recording and stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton S Manasa
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Saimon M Silva
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia; Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Lilith M Caballero-Aguilar
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Anita F Quigley
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert M I Kapsa
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George W Greene
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Simon E Moulton
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia; Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang S, Liu W, Chen S, Wang B, Wang P, Hu B, Lv X, Shao Z. Extracellular matrix in intervertebral disc: basic and translational implications. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 390:1-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
3
|
Mudigonda S, Shah S, Das N, Corpuz JM, Ninkovic N, Al-Jezani N, Underhill TM, Salo PT, Mitha AP, Lyons FG, Cho R, Schmidt TA, Dufour A, Krawetz RJ. Proteoglycan 4 is present within the dura mater and produced by mesenchymal progenitor cells. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:483-499. [PMID: 35704103 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) have been recently identified in human and murine epidural fat and have been hypothesized to contribute to the maintenance/repair/regeneration of the dura mater. MPCs can secrete proteoglycan 4 (PRG4/lubricin), and this protein can regulate tissue homeostasis through bio-lubrication and immunomodulatory functions. MPC lineage tracing reporter mice (Hic1) and human epidural fat MPCs were used to determine if PRG4 is expressed by these cells in vivo. PRG4 expression co-localized with Hic1+ MPCs in the dura throughout skeletal maturity and was localized adjacent to sites of dural injury. When Hic1+ MPCs were ablated, PRG4 expression was retained in the dura, yet when Prx1+ MPCs were ablated, PRG4 expression was completely lost. A number of cellular processes were impacted in human epidural fat MPCs treated with rhPRG4, and human MPCs contributed to the formation of epidural fat, and dura tissues were xenotransplanted into mouse dural injuries. We have shown that human and mouse MPCs in the epidural/dura microenvironment produce PRG4 and can contribute to dura homeostasis/repair/regeneration. Overall, these results suggest that these MPCs have biological significance within the dural microenvironment and that the role of PRG4 needs to be further elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathvika Mudigonda
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sophia Shah
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nabangshu Das
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica May Corpuz
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Ninkovic
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nedaa Al-Jezani
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul T Salo
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alim P Mitha
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Frank G Lyons
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roger Cho
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Antoine Dufour
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith MM, Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Pentosan Polysulphate (PPS), a Semi-Synthetic Heparinoid DMOAD With Roles in Intervertebral Disc Repair Biology emulating The Stem Cell Instructive and Tissue Reparative Properties of Heparan Sulphate. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:406-430. [PMID: 35102748 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the attributes of pentosan polysulphate (PPS) in the promotion of intervertebral disc (IVD) repair processes. PPS has been classified as a disease modifying osteoarthritic drug (DMOAD) and many studies have demonstrated its positive attributes in the countering of degenerative changes occurring in cartilaginous tissues during the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Degenerative changes in the IVD also involve inflammatory cytokines, degradative proteases and cell signalling pathways similar to those operative in the development of OA in articular cartilage. PPS acts as a heparan sulphate (HS) mimetic to effect its beneficial effects in cartilage. The IVD contains small cell membrane HS-proteoglycans (HSPGs) such as syndecan, and glypican and a large multifunctional HS/chondroitin sulphate (CS) hybrid proteoglycan (HSPG2/perlecan) that have important matrix stabilising properties and sequester, control and present growth factors from the FGF, VEGF, PDGF and BMP families to cellular receptors to promote cell proliferation, differentiation and matrix synthesis. HSPG2 also has chondrogenic properties and stimulates the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, expansion of cartilaginous rudiments and has roles in matrix stabilisation and repair. Perlecan is a perinuclear and nuclear proteoglycan in IVD cells with roles in chromatin organisation and control of transcription factor activity, immunolocalises to stem cell niches in cartilage, promotes escape of stem cells from quiescent recycling, differentiation and attainment of pluripotency and migratory properties. These participate in tissue development and morphogenesis, ECM remodelling and repair. PPS also localises in the nucleus of stromal stem cells, promotes development of chondroprogenitor cell lineages, ECM synthesis and repair and discal repair by resident disc cells. The availability of recombinant perlecan and PPS offer new opportunities in repair biology. These multifunctional agents offer welcome new developments in repair strategies for the IVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Smith
- The University of Sydney Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, 247198, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Anthony J Hayes
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, UK, Bioimaging Unit, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - James Melrose
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Raymond Purves Lab, Sydney Medical School Northern, Level 10, Kolling Institute B6, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia, 2065.,University of New South Wales, 7800, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2052;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nordberg RC, Espinosa MG, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. A Tribological Comparison of Facet Joint, Sacroiliac Joint, and Knee Cartilage in the Yucatan Minipig. Cartilage 2021; 13:346S-355S. [PMID: 34105385 PMCID: PMC8804757 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211021906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathology of the facet and sacroiliac (SI) joints contributes to 15% to 45% and 10% to 27% of lower back pain cases, respectively. Although tissue engineering may offer novel treatment options to patients suffering from cartilage degeneration in these joints, the tribological characteristics of the facet and SI joints have not been studied in either the human or relevant large animal models, which hinders the development of joint-specific cartilage implants. DESIGN Cartilage was isolated from the knee, cervical facet, thoracic facet, lumbar facet, and SI joints of 6 skeletally mature Yucatan minipigs (Sus scrofa). Tribological characteristics were assessed via coefficient of friction testing, interferometry, and immunohistochemistry for lubricin organization. RESULTS Compared with the knee, the coefficient of friction was higher by 43% in the cervical facet, 77% in the thoracic facet, 37% in the lumbar facet, and 28% in the SI joint. Likewise, topographical features of the facet and SI joints varied significantly, ranging from a 114% to 384% increase and a 48% to 107% increase in global and local surface roughness measures, respectively, compared with the knee. Additionally, the amount of lubricin in the SI joint was substantially greater than in the knee. Statistical correlations among the various tribological parameters revealed that there was a significant correlation between local roughness and coefficient of friction, but not global roughness or the presence of lubricin. CONCLUSION These location-specific tribological characteristics of the articular cartilages of the spine will need to be taken into consideration during the development of physiologically relevant, functional, and durable tissue-engineered replacements for these joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Nordberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 3418 Engineering Hall, Irvine,
CA 92617, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khwannimit D, M Silva S, Desroches PE, Quigley AF, Kapsa RMI, Greene GW, Moulton SE. Potential Pulse-Facilitated Active Adsorption of Lubricin Polymer Brushes Can Both Accelerate Self-Assembly and Control Grafting Density. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11188-11193. [PMID: 34506141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled lubricin (LUB) monolayers are an effective antiadhesive coating for biomedical applications. Long deposition times and limited control over the monolayer grafting density remain impediments to commercialization and applications in advanced sensor technologies. This work describes a novel potential pulse-facilitated coating method that reduces coating times to mere seconds while also providing high-level control over the achieved grafting density. This is the first time that the potential pulse-facilitated method is applied for direct assembling of a large and complex polyelectrolyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duangruedee Khwannimit
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Melbourne/Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Saimon M Silva
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Melbourne/Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne/Victoria 3065, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Pauline E Desroches
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne/Victoria 3216, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne/Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Anita F Quigley
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne/Victoria 3001, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne/Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne/Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Robert M I Kapsa
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne/Victoria 3001, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne/Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne/Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - George W Greene
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne/Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Simon E Moulton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Melbourne/Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne/Victoria 3065, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Couasnay G, Madel MB, Lim J, Lee B, Elefteriou F. Sites of Cre-recombinase activity in mouse lines targeting skeletal cells. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1661-1679. [PMID: 34278610 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Cre/Lox system is a powerful tool in the biologist's toolbox, allowing loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies, as well as lineage tracing, through gene recombination in a tissue-specific and inducible manner. Evidence indicates, however, that Cre transgenic lines have a far more nuanced and broader pattern of Cre activity than initially thought, exhibiting "off-target" activity in tissues/cells other than the ones they were originally designed to target. With the goal of facilitating the comparison and selection of optimal Cre lines to be used for the study of gene function, we have summarized in a single manuscript the major sites and timing of Cre activity of the main Cre lines available to target bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, tenocytes, and osteoclasts, along with their reported sites of "off-target" Cre activity. We also discuss characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these Cre lines for users to avoid common risks related to overinterpretation or misinterpretation based on the assumption of strict cell-type specificity or unaccounted effect of the Cre transgene or Cre inducers. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greig Couasnay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joohyun Lim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lubricin as a tool for controlling adhesion in vivo and ex vivo. Biointerphases 2021; 16:020802. [PMID: 33736436 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to prevent or minimize the accumulation of unwanted biological materials on implantable medical devices is important in maintaining the long-term function of implants. To address this issue, there has been a focus on materials, both biological and synthetic, that have the potential to prevent device fouling. In this review, we introduce a glycoprotein called lubricin and report on its emergence as an effective antifouling coating material. We outline the versatility of lubricin coatings on different surfaces, describe the physical properties of its monolayer structures, and highlight its antifouling properties in improving implant compatibility as well as its use in treatment of ocular diseases and arthritis. This review further describes synthetic polymers mimicking the lubricin structure and function. We also discuss the potential future use of lubricin and its synthetic mimetics as antiadhesive biomaterials for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Veras MA, McCann MR, Tenn NA, Séguin CA. Transcriptional profiling of the murine intervertebral disc and age-associated changes in the nucleus pulposus. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:63-81. [PMID: 31597481 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1665034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of cell types whose subtle phenotypic differences allow for the formation of distinct tissues. The role of the nucleus pulposus (NP) in the initiation and progression of IVD degeneration is well established; however, the genes and pathways associated with NP degeneration are poorly characterized.Materials and Methods: Using a genetic strategy for IVD lineage-specific fluorescent reporter expression to isolate cells, gene expression and bioinformatic analysis was conducted on the murine NP at 2.5, 6, and 21 months-of-age and the annulus fibrosus (AF) at 2.5 and 6 months-of-age. A subset of differentially regulated genes was validated by qRT-PCR.Results: Transcriptome analysis identified distinct profiles of NP and AF gene expression that were remarkably consistent at 2.5 and 6 months-of-age. Prg4, Cilp, Ibsp and Comp were increased >50-fold in the AF relative to NP. The most highly enriched NP genes included Dsc3 and Cdh6, members of the cadherin superfamily, and microRNAs mir218-1 and mir490. Changes in the NP between 2.5 and 6 months-of-age were associated with up-regulation of molecular functions linked to laminin and Bmp receptor binding (including up-regulation of Bmp5 & 7), with the most up-regulated genes being Mir703, Shh, and Sfrp5. NP degeneration was associated with molecular functions linked to alpha-actinin binding (including up-regulation of Ttn & Myot) and cytoskeletal protein binding, with the overall most up-regulated genes being Rnu3a, Snora2b and Mir669h.Conclusions: This study provided insight into the phenotypes of NP and AF cells, and identified candidate pathways that may regulate degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Veras
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Matthew R McCann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neil A Tenn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Wei X, Huang B, Wu H, Zhang X, Chen J, Shan Z, Fan S, Zhao F. Lubricin expression in the lumbar endplate and its association with Modic changes. J Orthop Translat 2019; 22:124-131. [PMID: 32440508 PMCID: PMC7231957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the expression of lubricin in the lumbar endplate and its association with Modic changes (MCs). Methods Human endplate specimens harvested from patients undergoing surgery for thoracolumbar spine fractures or lumbar interbody fusion were divided into two groups: MCs group and normal group. Lubricin expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, and differences between the groups were analysed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Lubricin expression and differences between endplates with MCs and normal endplates were confirmed using a rabbit model. In a final experiment, rabbit endplate chondrocytes were cocultured with Propionibacteria acnes (P. acnes) supernatant, and the expression of lubricin and endplate degeneration related genes were evaluated. In addition, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1(MMP-1), A disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 5 motif (ADAMTS5) and inflammatory factors (Interleukin- 1β (IL-1β) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)) were evaluated after lubricin overexpression. Results Lubricin was found in human lumbar endplates and its expression was lower in the MCs group compared to the normal group. In the rabbit model, lubricin was also found in the endplate. In rabbits injected with P. acnes (the MCs group), lubricin expression of endplate decreased compared to the normal group. In the culture of rabbit endplate chondrocytes with P. acnes supernatant, the expression of lubricin, aggrecan, sox9 and collagen type-II decreased significantly, while that of MMP-1 and ADAMTS5 increased significantly. Moreover, lubricin overexpression could downregulate the expression of MMP-1, ADAMTS5 and inflammatory factors (IL-1β and IL-6) compared to negative control. Conclusion Lubricin is present in the lumbar endplate where it may have an anti-inflammatory role. P. acnes infection inhibits lubricin expression by cartilage endplate cells and this may facilitate the progression of MCs and endplate degeneration. The translational potential of this article Lubricin may have an anti-inflammatory role. P. acnes infection inhibits lubricin expression by cartilage endplate cells and this may facilitate the progression of MCs and endplate degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Xiaoan Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Bao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Zhi Shan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Fengdong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3, Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kobler JB, Tynan MA, Zeitels SM, Liss AS, Gianatasio MT, Morin AA, Schmidt TA. Lubricin/proteoglycan 4 detected in vocal folds of humans and five other mammals. Laryngoscope 2019; 129:E229-E237. [PMID: 30613972 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Lubricin/proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) lubricates connective tissues such as joints and tendon sheaths, enabling them to better withstand shearing and frictional forces during motion. We wondered whether PRG4 might play a role in phonation, as normal vocal folds withstand repetitive, high-velocity deformations remarkably well. As a first step, we tested whether PRG4 is expressed in vocal folds. STUDY DESIGN Laboratory study. METHODS Anatomical and molecular methods were applied to 47 larynges from humans, macaque (Macaca fascicularis), canines, pigs, calves, and rats. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) methods were used to test for the presence of PRG4. RESULTS In all species, the true vocal fold lamina propria (TVF-LP) was positive for PRG4 by IHC, whereas immunoreactivity of the false vocal fold was weak or absent, depending on the species. Human TVF-LP was strongly stained across all layers. Immunoreactivity was seen variably on the vocal fold surface and within the vocal fold epithelium, in the conus elasticus and thyroglottic ligament, and at the tip of vocal process. Western blots of four humans and six pigs demonstrated immunoreactivity at appropriate molecular weight. qRT-PCR of pig tissues confirmed PRG4 mRNA expression, which was highest in the TVF-LP. CONCLUSIONS PRG4 was found in phonatory tissues of six mammals. We suggest it might act as a lubricant within the lamina propria and possibly on the vocal fold surface, limiting phonation-related damage to vocal fold extracellular matrix and epithelium, and enhancing vocal efficiency by reducing internal friction (viscosity) within the vocal fold. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:E229-E237, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Kobler
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Monica A Tynan
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Steven M Zeitels
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Maria T Gianatasio
- Cancer Center Histopathology Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Alyssa A Morin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Das N, Schmidt TA, Krawetz RJ, Dufour A. Proteoglycan 4: From Mere Lubricant to Regulator of Tissue Homeostasis and Inflammation. Bioessays 2018; 41:e1800166. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabangshu Das
- Faculty of Kinesiology; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington CT 06030 USA
| | - Roman J. Krawetz
- Cell Biology and Anatomy; Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; 3330 Hospital Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N4N1 Canada
- McCaig institute for Bone and Joint Health; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- McCaig institute for Bone and Joint Health; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta T2N4N1 Canada
- Physiology & Pharmacology; Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta T2N4N1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen S, Fu P, Wu H, Pei M. Meniscus, articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus: a comparative review of cartilage-like tissues in anatomy, development and function. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:53-70. [PMID: 28413859 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of cartilage in the human body is impacted by aging, disease, genetic predisposition and continued insults resulting from daily activity. The burden of cartilage defects (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, intervertebral disc damage, knee replacement surgeries, etc.) is daunting in light of substantial economic and social stresses. This review strives to broaden the scope of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches used for cartilage repair by comparing and contrasting the anatomical and functional nature of the meniscus, articular cartilage (AC) and nucleus pulposus (NP). Many review papers have provided detailed evaluations of these cartilages and cartilage-like tissues individually but none have comprehensively examined the parallels and inconsistencies in signaling, genetic expression and extracellular matrix composition between tissues. For the first time, this review outlines the importance of understanding these three tissues as unique entities, providing a comparative analysis of anatomy, ultrastructure, biochemistry and function for each tissue. This novel approach highlights the similarities and differences between tissues, progressing research toward an understanding of what defines each tissue as distinctive. The goal of this paper is to provide researchers with the fundamental knowledge to correctly engineer the meniscus, AC and NP without inadvertently developing the wrong tissue function or biochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reesink H, Watts A, Mohammed H, Jay G, Nixon A. Lubricin/proteoglycan 4 increases in both experimental and naturally occurring equine osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:128-137. [PMID: 27498214 PMCID: PMC5489058 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goals of this study were (1) to quantify proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) gene expression; (2) to assess lubricin immunostaining; and (3) to measure synovial fluid lubricin concentrations in clinical and experimental models of equine carpal osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN Lubricin synovial fluid concentrations and cartilage and synovial membrane PRG4 expression were analyzed in research horses undergoing experimental OA induction (n = 8) and in equine clinical patients with carpal OA (n = 58). Lubricin concentrations were measured using a custom sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and PRG4 expression was quantified using qRT-PCR. Lubricin immunostaining was assessed in synovial membrane and osteochondral sections in the experimental model. RESULTS Lubricin concentrations increased in synovial fluid following induction of OA, peaking at 21 days post-operatively in OA joints vs sham-operated controls (331 ± 69 μg/mL vs 110 ± 19 μg/mL, P = 0.001). Lubricin concentrations also increased in horses with naturally occurring OA as compared to control joints (152 ± 32 μg/mL vs 68 ± 4 μg/mL, P = 0.003). Synovial membrane PRG4 expression increased nearly 2-fold in naturally occurring OA (P = 0.003), whereas cartilage PRG4 expression decreased 2.5-fold (P = 0.025). Lubricin immunostaining was more pronounced in synovial membrane from OA joints as compared to controls, with intense lubricin localization to sites of cartilage damage. CONCLUSIONS Although PRG4 gene expression decreases in OA cartilage, synovial membrane PRG4 expression, synovial fluid lubricin concentrations and lubricin immunostaining all increase in an equine OA model. Lubricin may be elevated to protect joints from post-traumatic OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H.L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: H.L. Reesink, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Fax: 1-607-253-3787. (A.J. Nixon)
| | - A.E. Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H.O. Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - G.D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA,Department of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 12903, USA
| | - A.J. Nixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: A.J. Nixon, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Fax: 1-607-253-3787, (H.L. Reesink)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The extent of ageing in the musculoskeletal system during the life course affects the quality and length of life. Loss of bone, degraded articular cartilage, and degenerate, narrowed intervertebral discs are primary features of an ageing skeleton, and together they contribute to pain and loss of mobility. This review covers the cellular constituents that make up some key components of the musculoskeletal system and summarizes discussion from the 2015 Aarhus Regenerative Orthopaedic Symposium (AROS) (Regeneration in the Ageing Population) about how each particular cell type alters within the ageing skeletal microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Roberts
- Spinal Studies and ISTM, Keele University, and Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, UK
| | - Pauline Colombier
- INSERM U791-LIOAD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Aneka Sowman
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Mennan
- Spinal Studies and ISTM, Keele University, and Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, UK
| | - Jan H D Rölfing
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory and Departments of Orthopaedics, Aarhus and Aalborg University Hospitals, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- INSERM U791-LIOAD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - James R Edwards
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peng G, McNary SM, Athanasiou KA, Reddi AH. The distribution of superficial zone protein (SZP)/lubricin/PRG4 and boundary mode frictional properties of the bovine diarthrodial joint. J Biomech 2015; 48:3406-12. [PMID: 26117076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The diarthrodial, knee joint is a remarkably efficient bearing system; articulating cartilage surfaces provide nearly frictionless performance with minimal wear. The low friction properties of the cartilage surfaces are due in part to the boundary lubricant, superficial zone protein (SZP); also known as lubricin or proteoglycan 4 (PRG4). In previous work, SZP localization and cartilage friction were examined across the femoral condyles. Studies in the literature have also individually investigated the other tissues that comprise the human knee and four-legged animal stifle joint, such as the meniscus or patella. However, comparisons between individual studies are limited due to the variable testing conditions employed. Friction is a system property that is dependent on the opposing articulating surface, entraining speed, and loading. A cross-comparison of the frictional properties and SZP localization across the knee/stifle joint tissues utilizing a common testing configuration is therefore needed. The objective of this investigation was to determine the friction coefficient and SZP localization of the tissues comprising the three compartments of the bovine stifle joint: patella, patellofemoral groove, femoral condyles, meniscus, tibial plateau, and anterior cruciate ligament. The boundary mode coefficient of friction was greater in tissues of the patellofemoral compartment than the lateral and medial tibiofemoral compartments. SZP immunolocalization followed this trend with reduced depth of staining and intensity in the patella and patellofemoral groove compared to the femoral condyles and tibial plateau. These results illustrate the important role of SZP in reducing friction in the tissues and compartments of the knee/stifle joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Peng
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sean M McNary
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - A Hari Reddi
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Teeple E, Aslani K, Shalvoy MR, Medrano JE, Zhang L, Machan JT, Fleming BC, Jay GD. Lubricin deficiency in the murine lumbar intervertebral disc results in elevated torsional apparent modulus. J Biomech 2015; 48:2210-3. [PMID: 25907550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical consequences of proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) deficiency on intervertebral disc mechanics using a Prg4 knockout mouse model. Prg4, also called lubricin, was first identified as the boundary lubricant in synovial fluid but has subsequently been localized within a number of musculoskeletal tissues in areas subjected to shear and tensile stresses, including the intervertebral disc. The function of lubricin in the intervertebral disc has not been determined. Lumbar level 1-2 vertebral body-disc-vertebral body motion segments were isolated from Prg4 null mice and wild type (WT) litter mate controls. Disc dimensions were measured and motion segments were tested in axial loading and torsion. Torque measurements and disc dimensions were used to calculate the torsional apparent modulus for discs from Prg4 null and WT discs. Discs from Prg4 null mice had a significantly smaller mean transverse disc area (p=0.0057), with a significantly larger proportion of this area occupied by the nucleus pulposus (p<0.0001), compared to WT specimens. Apparent torsional moduli were found to be elevated in Prg4 null lumbar discs compared to WT controls at 10-10° (p=0.0048) and 10-30° (p=0.0127) rotation. This study suggests a functional role for Prg4 in the murine intervertebral disc. The absence of Prg4 was associated with an increased apparent torsional modulus and the structural consequences of Prg4 deficiency in the intervertebral disc, with expansion of the area of the nucleus pulposus relative to the transverse disc area in Prg4 null specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Teeple
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, OrACORe Group, 75 Francis St, BC-4016, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
| | - Koosha Aslani
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Matthew R Shalvoy
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jade E Medrano
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jason T Machan
- Lifespan Biostatistics Core, Lifespan Hospital System, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Orthopaedics & Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Braden C Fleming
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Risbud MV, Schoepflin ZR, Mwale F, Kandel RA, Grad S, Iatridis JC, Sakai D, Hoyland JA. Defining the phenotype of young healthy nucleus pulposus cells: recommendations of the Spine Research Interest Group at the 2014 annual ORS meeting. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:283-93. [PMID: 25411088 PMCID: PMC4399824 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain is a major physical and socioeconomic problem. Degeneration of the intervertebral disc and especially that of nucleus pulposus (NP) has been linked to low back pain. In spite of much research focusing on the NP, consensus among the research community is lacking in defining the NP cell phenotype. A consensus agreement will allow easier distinguishing of NP cells from annulus fibrosus (AF) cells and endplate chondrocytes, a better gauge of therapeutic success, and a better guidance of tissue-engineering-based regenerative strategies that attempt to replace lost NP tissue. Most importantly, a clear definition will further the understanding of physiology and function of NP cells, ultimately driving development of novel cell-based therapeutic modalities. The Spine Research Interest Group at the 2014 Annual ORS Meeting in New Orleans convened with the task of compiling a working definition of the NP cell phenotype with hope that a consensus statement will propel disc research forward into the future. Based on evaluation of recent studies describing characteristic NP markers and their physiologic relevance, we make the recommendation of the following healthy NP phenotypic markers: stabilized expression of HIF-1α, GLUT-1, aggrecan/collagen II ratio >20, Shh, Brachyury, KRT18/19, CA12, and CD24.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
| | - Zachary R. Schoepflin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
| | - Fackson Mwale
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Rita A. Kandel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lunenfeld Tannenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James C. Iatridis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Judith A. Hoyland
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Colombier P, Clouet J, Hamel O, Lescaudron L, Guicheux J. The lumbar intervertebral disc: From embryonic development to degeneration. Joint Bone Spine 2014; 81:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
20
|
Sivan SS, Hayes AJ, Wachtel E, Caterson B, Merkher Y, Maroudas A, Brown S, Roberts S. Biochemical composition and turnover of the extracellular matrix of the normal and degenerate intervertebral disc. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2013; 23 Suppl 3:S344-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-013-2767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
21
|
Shoukry M, Li J, Pei M. Reconstruction of an in vitro niche for the transition from intervertebral disc development to nucleus pulposus regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1162-76. [PMID: 23259403 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus pulposus (NP) plays a prominent role in both the onset and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration. While autologous repair strategies have demonstrated some success, their in vitro culture system is outdated and insufficient for maintaining optimally functioning cells through the required extensive passaging. Consequently, the final population of cells may be unsuitable for the overwhelming task of repairing tissue in vivo and could result in subpar clinical outcomes. Recent work has identified synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) as a potentially important new candidate. This population of precursors can promote matrix regeneration and additionally restore the balance of catabolic and anabolic metabolism of surrounding cells. Another promising application is their ability to produce an extracellular matrix in vitro that can be modified via decellularization to produce a tissue-specific substrate for efficient cell expansion, while retaining chondrogenic potential. When combined with hypoxia, soluble factors, and other environmental regulators, the resultant complex microenvironment will more closely resemble the in vivo niche, which further improves the cell capacity, even after extensive passaging. In this review, the adaptive mechanisms NP cells utilize in vivo are considered for insight into what factors are important for constructing a tissue-specific in vitro niche. Evidence for the use of SDSCs for NP regeneration is also discussed. Many aspects of NP behavior are still unknown, which could lead to future work yielding key information on producing sufficient numbers of a high-quality NP-specific population that is able to regenerate deteriorated NP in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shoukry
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9196, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Musumeci G, Loreto C, Carnazza ML, Cardile V, Leonardi R. Acute injury affects lubricin expression in knee menisci: an immunohistochemical study. Ann Anat 2012; 195:151-8. [PMID: 23083677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time lubricin expression in intact menisci and in menisci from patients with recent knee joint injury using histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and gene expression analysis, to provide insights into pathological processes affecting meniscal tissue. Lubricin expression was studied in vivo in 20 patients (14 males and 6 females) with recent joint injury subjected to arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and in vitro in fibroblast-like cells from meniscus tissue to establish whether it is down-regulated following acute traumatic knee injury. The control group consisted of cadaver donors with normal menisci. Histology demonstrated a normal tissue without structural changes in control samples and structural alterations and clefts in injured menisci. Very strong lubricin immunohistochemical staining was observed in intact menisci; in contrast weak staining was seen in injured menisci. Western blot and mRNA expression analysis also demonstrated strong lubricin expression in control cells and a negligible amount of lubricin in injured fibroblast-like cells. Our data provide information concerning the immediate in vivo response to injury of human knee menisci by documenting early changes in the boundary-lubricating ability of synovial fluid and articular cartilage integrity. These findings may provide the biological basis for developing novel medical therapies to be applied before surgical treatment to preserve tissue function and prevent cartilage damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Önnerfjord P, Khabut A, Reinholt FP, Svensson O, Heinegård D. Quantitative proteomic analysis of eight cartilaginous tissues reveals characteristic differences as well as similarities between subgroups. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18913-24. [PMID: 22493511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.298968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human synovial joints display a characteristic anatomic distribution of arthritis, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the metacarpophalangeal and proximal finger joints, but rarely the distal finger joints, whereas osteoarthritis occurs in the distal and proximal finger joints. Pelvospondylitis has a selective localization to the spine and sacroiliac joints. Is this tropism due to differences between the cartilages at the molecular level? To substantiate this concept the present study provides a background detailed compositional analysis by relative quantification of extracellular matrix proteins in articular cartilages, meniscus, intervertebral disc, rib, and tracheal cartilages on samples from 5-6 different individuals using an optimized approach for proteomics. Tissue extraction followed by trypsin digestion and two-dimensional LC separations coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, relative quantification with isobaric labeling, iTRAQ(TM), was used to compare the relative abundance of about 150 proteins. There were clear differences in protein patterns between different kinds of cartilages. Matrilin-1 and epiphycan were specific for rib and trachea, whereas asporin was particularly abundant in the meniscus. Interestingly, lubricin was prominent in the intervertebral disc, especially in the nucleus pulposus. Fibromodulin and lumican showed distributions that were mirror images of one other. Analyses of the insoluble residues from guanidine extraction revealed that a fraction of several proteins remained unextracted, e.g. asporin, CILP, and COMP, indicating cross-linking. Distinct differences in protein patterns may relate to different tissue mechanical properties, and to the intriguing tropism in different patterns of joint pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Önnerfjord
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, BMC-C12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang D, Cheriyan T, Martin SD, Schmid TM, Spector M. Lubricin Distribution in the Menisci and Labra of Human Osteoarthritic Joints. Cartilage 2012; 3:165-72. [PMID: 26069629 PMCID: PMC4297123 DOI: 10.1177/1947603511429699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lubricin is the principal boundary lubricant on articular cartilage. We aimed to describe the distribution of lubricin in the other articulating structures in the human knee and hip-menisci and labra-and to relate this distribution to the degree of tissue degeneration. METHODS Eighteen menisci and 6 labra were obtained from patients with osteoarthritis undergoing total knee and total hip replacements, respectively. Macroscopically intact specimens were fixed in formalin and processed for H&E staining and immunohistochemical evaluation with an antilubricin monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Lubricin was found in all tissues as a discrete layer on the tissue surface, within the extracellular matrix, and intracellularly, indicating that it plays a role in the tribology of these tissues in human subjects, and can be synthesized by cells within the tissues. While none of the samples displayed macroscopic tears, approximately 40% of the surface of the menisci and 80% of the surface of the labra displayed microscopic fibrillations and slight fraying. There was no effect of the degenerative changes on the distribution of lubricin. CONCLUSIONS Lubricin coats nearly the entirety of the surfaces of menisci and labra, including microfibrillations and tears, with possible implications towards the tribology of the tissues and healing of tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafang Zhang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Tissue Engineering, Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Cheriyan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Tissue Engineering, Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott D. Martin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Myron Spector
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Tissue Engineering, Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shapiro IM, Vresilovic EJ, Risbud MV. Is the spinal motion segment a diarthrodial polyaxial joint: what a nice nucleus like you doing in a joint like this? Bone 2012; 50:771-6. [PMID: 22197996 PMCID: PMC3278538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This review challenges an earlier view that the intervertebral joint could not be classified as a diarthrodial joint and should remain as an amphiarthrosis. However, a careful analysis of the relevant literature and in light of more recent studies, it is clear that while some differences exist between the spinal articulation and the generic synovial joint, there are clear structural, functional and developmental similarities between the joints that in sum outweigh the differences. Further, since the intervertebral motion segment displays movement in three dimensions and the whole spine itself provides integrated rotatory movements, it is proposed that it should be classified not as an amphiarthrose, "a slightly moveable joint" but as a complex polyaxial joint. Hopefully, reclassification will encourage further analysis of the structure and function of the two types of overlapping joints and provide common new insights into diseases that afflict the many joints of the human skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irving M. Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Edward J Vresilovic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leonardi R, Musumeci G, Sicurezza E, Loreto C. Lubricin in human temporomandibular joint disc: an immunohistochemical study. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:614-9. [PMID: 22244189 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate, immunohistochemically, the presence and distribution of lubricin in human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs without any degenerative changes, obtained from autopsies, in order to elucidate the TMJ lubrication system and disc tribology. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for lubricin detection was carried out on 34 TMJ discs. Any disc had signs of degenerative or inflammatory joint disease nor disc were displaced. Sections were incubated with diluted rabbit polyclonal anti-lubricin antibody and scored according to the percentage of lubricin immunopositive cells. Three different TMJ disc tissue compartments taken from the intermediate zone were analysed, namely: the central region as well as the temporal (superior) and condylar (inferior) disc surfaces. The Friedman test, was used to compare lubricin at a protein level expression, amongst the regions of disc specimens. RESULTS Staining was noted within the TMJ disc cell populations in every disc tissue sample, however, the number of disc cells immunolabelled varied according to disc tissue regions. The percentage of immunostained cells, was statistically significant lower in the central region than in each disc surface (p<0.0001), whilst any statistically significant difference was found when comparing the two surfaces one another. CONCLUSIONS Lubricin is present in several location of TMJ disc being significantly more expressed at disc surfaces than in the central part.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Leonardi R, Rusu MC, Loreto F, Loreto C, Musumeci G. Immunolocalization and expression of lubricin in the bilaminar zone of the human temporomandibular joint disc. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:1-5. [PMID: 21955422 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lubricin, which is a boundary joint lubricant, was investigated immunohistochemically in the bilaminar zone (BZ) of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ), without any degenerative changes. Immunohistochemistry for lubricin detection was carried out on 33 TMJ discs obtained from 17 cadavers. Sections were incubated with diluted rabbit polyclonal anti-lubricin antibody and scored according to the percentage of lubricin immunopositive cells. Three different TMJ disc tissue compartments were analyzed, namely: the upper lamina, the inferior lamina and the loose connective tissue in the space between the laminae. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare protein expression (lubricin) among disc specimens' regions. Staining was noted within the TMJ disc cell populations in every disc tissue sample, with almost every cell immunolabeled by the lubricin antibody. The number of disc cells immunolabeled was almost the same in the 3 bilaminar zone regions. Positive extracellular matrix staining was also seen. The results of the present study suggest that lubricin is expressed in the TMJ disc bilaminar zone. Lubricin may have a role in normal disc posterior attachment physiology through the prevention of cellular adhesion as well as providing lubrication during normal bilaminar zone function.
Collapse
|
28
|
Leonardi R, Almeida LE, Loreto C. Lubricin immunohistochemical expression in human temporomandibular joint disc with internal derangement. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:587-92. [PMID: 21352380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lubricin is a chondroprotective, mucinous glycoprotein which contribute to joint lubrication, especially to boundary lubrication and maintains joint integrity. The present investigation aimed to study the immunolocalization of lubricin in TMJ discs from patients affected by anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR) ADDwoR. Eighteen TMJ displaced disc affected by ADDwoR were processed immunohistochemically, with a polyclonal anti-lubricin antibody, used at 1:50 working dilution. The percentage of lubricin immunopositive cells (extent score = ES) and the extent of lubricin staining of the disc extracellular matrix (ECM), were evaluated. Each sample was scored for histopathological changes. Percentage of immunostained surface disc cells was the same (ES = 4) in both control and ADDwOR cells, being this data not statistically significant (P < 0.05). In pathological specimens the percentages of lubricin-stained cells was very high with an ES of 4 respect to control specimen, and this difference was statistically significant different (P > 0.05). The extracellular matrix (ECM) of discs at the disc surfaces of both pathological and normal specimens was very heavily stained (++++). Both the ES and ECM staining were not statistically correlated to the TMJ degeneration score according to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. According to our findings, a longstanding TMJ disc injury, affects lubricin expression in the TMJ disc tissue and not its surfaces, moreover, lubricin immunostaining is not correlated to TMJ disc histopathological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario, Catania, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Roberts S, Menage J, Flannery CR, Richardson JB. Lubricin: Its Presence in Repair Cartilage following Treatment with Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. Cartilage 2010; 1:298-305. [PMID: 26069560 PMCID: PMC4297061 DOI: 10.1177/1947603510370156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if lubricin was present in the surface layer of repair cartilage formed after autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). DESIGN Forty-three biopsies of repair tissue were taken from patients who had been treated with ACI 8 to 68 months previously (mean of 18.0 ± 14.4 months); 30 had flaps of periosteum and 13 of Chondro-Gide(®). Cryopreserved sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue, and immunostained for lubricin and type II collagen. The quality of repair tissue was scored via OsScore, and clinical improvement in patients was assessed via change in Lysholm score. Normal/control cartilage was studied for comparison (n = 5). RESULTS Patients' Lysholm scores improved from 48.1 ± 17 preoperatively to 69.5 ± 21.5 posttreatment. The thickness of repair tissue was 2.9 ± 1.7 mm compared with 2.3 ± 0.6 mm for control cartilage, with an OsScore of 6.7 ± 1.6 (8.9 ± 1.2 for controls). Ninety-eight percent of biopsies had staining for lubricin, with 84% having some in the surface layer (60% of periosteal treated and 100% of Chondro-Gide treated). The improvement in Lysholm score was not significantly different in patients with lubricin present at the surface compared with those without. CONCLUSION Lubricin was present in almost all samples of repair tissue formed post ACI, often in the surface layer, resembling the distribution that is seen in normal cartilage. The presence of lubricin in the upper layer is likely to have implications for the functioning of the tissue because, via its mucin-like repeats, it appears capable of reducing the friction that could arise in articulating joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Roberts
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK,Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK,Sally Roberts, Centre for Spinal Studies, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Janis Menage
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
| | - Carl R. Flannery
- Tissue Repair Research Unit, BioTherapeutics Division, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James B. Richardson
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK,Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|