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Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Hamouzová P, Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Čížek P. The tongue of the red panda ( Ailurus fulgens fulgens Cuvier, 1825)-a stereoscopy, light microscopy and ultrastructural analysis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12559. [PMID: 34900445 PMCID: PMC8627657 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of recent molecular studies, there are two phylogenetic species of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens): Ailurus fulgens fulgens and Ailurus fulgens styani. The red panda belongs to the endangered species living in the wild only in Asia and is included in the CITES list. Although the biology and diet of this species has been extensively described, the histological structure of the tongue and lingual glands has not yet been characterized in detail in relation to the lifestyle of this mammal under specific conditions and as a basis for comparative anatomical studies of the biodiversity of endemic species. Study samples were collected from two adult males of Ailurus fulgens f. held in Wrocław Zoological Garden. Both tongues were examined macroscopically; moreover, samples with lingual papillae for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were collected from the apex, body and root of the tongue. Both tongues of the Ailurus fulgens f. males were approximately 9 cm long. The dorsal lingual surface was covered with mechanical and gustatory lingual papillae. Filiform papillae were observed on the apex and the body of the tongue, while small conical papillae were observed on the root of the tongue. An elongated, 1-1.5 cm long cylinder-shaped lyssa was observed in the ventral part of the apex. Moreover, most numerous and largest round in shape fungiform papillae were observed on the apex and on the border of the body and root of the tongue, located directly rostrally to 12-13 round and oval in shape vallate papillae. The SEM study showed that filiform papillae on the apex had several long secondary processes, while filiform papillae on the body of the tongue were taller and their secondary papillae were shorter than the equivalent structures on the apex of the tongue. The SEM study showed numerous taste pores on the surface of the fungiform papilla, while irregular surface of the vallate papillae, however some of them had smoother surface. Mixed glands (comprised of mucous acini and serous acini) were present within the vallum (within the connective tissue core) of the vallate papilla. Beneath the papillae more serous glands were observed, while the posterior lingual glands in the caudal part of the root of the tongue were mucoserous (mucous units were prevalent). A characteristic feature of the tongue of Ailurus fulgens f. was the presence of lyssa, which is comparable to other representatives of Carnivora, but the number of vallate papillae was individually variable. The lack of strongly developed mechanical conical papillae probably may be related to the type of plant food that is particularly dominant in red panda. Further differences between Ailurus fulgens f. and Ailurus fulgens s. cannot be excluded. The results of these studies may be useful especially for veterinarians specializing in working with exotic animals and people dealing with wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Pavla Hamouzová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Petr Čížek
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Iwasaki SI, Erdoğan S, Asami T. Evolutionary Specialization of the Tongue in Vertebrates: Structure and Function. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jackowiak H, Skubis J, Łakomy P, Nasiadka P, Godynicki S. Anatomy of the tongue and microstructure of the lingual papillae in the fallow deer Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758). Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sadeghinezhad J, Sheibani MT, Memarian I, Chiocchetti R. Morphological Study of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) Tongue. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 46:240-248. [PMID: 28120342 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study described the morphological features of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) tongue using light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The keratinized filiform papillae were distributed all over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue and contained small processes. They were changed into a cylindrical shape in the body and conical shape in the root. The fungiform papillae were found on the apex and margin of the tongue. Few taste pores were observed on the dorsal surface of each papilla. The foliate papillae on the margins of the tongue were composed of several laminae and epithelial fissures. Taste buds were not seen within the non-keratinized epithelium. The vallate papillae were six in total and arranged in a "V" shape just rostral to the root. Each papilla was surrounded by a groove and pad. Taste buds were seen within their lateral walls. Lyssa was visible on the ventral surface of the tongue tip and was found as cartilaginous tissue surrounded by thin connective tissue fibres. The core of the tongue was composed of lingual glands, skeletal muscle and connective tissue. These glands were confined to the posterior portion of the tongue and were composed of many serous cells and a few mucous cells. The results of this study contributed to the knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the tongue of wild mammals and provided data for the comparison with other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - M T Sheibani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - I Memarian
- Tehran Zoo and Pardisan Rehabilitation Centre, 1484613111, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra n° 50, 40064, Ozzano dell 'Emilia (Bo), Italy
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Sun WL, Wang SJ, Wang Z, Liu HL, Zhong W, Yang YH, Li GY. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Neovison vison (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 27:1840-1841. [PMID: 25319300 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.971250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The phylogenetic and taxonomic position of the American mink Neovison vison have long been unclear. In this paper, the complete mitogenome of N. vison was sequenced and characterized. The total length was 16,594 bp and typically consists of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNA, a large control region (CR) and a light-strand replication origin (OL). Gene contents, locations, and arrangements were identical to those of typical vertebrate. The overall base composition is 33.6%, 25.4%, 27.8% and 13.3% for A, C, T and G, respectively, with a moderate bias on AT content (61.4%). This result is expected to provide useful molecular data and contribute to further taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of Mustelidae and Carnivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Sun
- a Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Changchun , P.R. China
- b State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals , Changchun , P.R. China , and
| | | | - Zhuo Wang
- a Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Changchun , P.R. China
- b State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals , Changchun , P.R. China , and
| | - Han-Lu Liu
- a Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Changchun , P.R. China
- b State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals , Changchun , P.R. China , and
| | - Wei Zhong
- a Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Changchun , P.R. China
- b State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals , Changchun , P.R. China , and
| | - Ya-Han Yang
- a Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Changchun , P.R. China
- b State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals , Changchun , P.R. China , and
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- a Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Changchun , P.R. China
- b State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals , Changchun , P.R. China , and
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