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Ellis EA, Goodheart JA, Hensley NM, González VL, Reda NJ, Rivers TJ, Morin JG, Torres E, Gerrish GA, Oakley TH. Sexual Signals Persist over Deep Time: Ancient Co-option of Bioluminescence for Courtship Displays in Cypridinid Ostracods. Syst Biol 2023; 72:264-274. [PMID: 35984328 PMCID: PMC10448971 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the diversity, beauty, and intricacy of sexually selected courtship displays command the attention of evolutionists, the longevity of these traits in deep time is poorly understood. Population-based theory suggests sexual selection could either lower or raise extinction risk, resulting in high or low persistence of lineages with sexually selected traits. Furthermore, empirical studies that directly estimate the longevity of sexually selected traits are uncommon. Sexually selected signals-including bioluminescent courtship-originated multiple times during evolution, allowing the empirical study of their longevity after careful phylogenetic and divergence time analyses. Here, we estimate the first transcriptome-based molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Cypridinidae. We report extreme longevity of bioluminescent courtship, a trait important in mate choice and probably under sexual selection. Our relaxed-clock estimates of divergence times coupled with stochastic character mapping show luminous courtship evolved only once in Cypridinidae-in a Sub-Tribe, we name Luxorina-at least 151 millions of years ago from cypridinid ancestors that used bioluminescence only in antipredator displays, defining a Tribe we name Luminini. This time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of cypridinids will serve as a foundation for integrative and comparative studies on the biochemistry, molecular evolution, courtship, diversification, and ecology of cypridinid bioluminescence. The persistence of luminous courtship for hundreds of millions of years suggests that sexual selection did not cause a rapid loss of associated traits, and that rates of speciation within the group exceeded extinction risk, which may contribute to the persistence of a diverse clade of signaling species. [Ancestral state reconstruction; Biodiversity; co-option; divergence time estimates; macroevolution; Ostracoda; phylogenomics; sexual selection.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Ellis
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jessica A Goodheart
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037,
USA
| | - Nicholai M Hensley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Vanessa L González
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution NW, Washington, DC
20560-0105, USA
| | - Nicholas J Reda
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La
Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Trevor J Rivers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas
Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - James G Morin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Gretchen A Gerrish
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La
Crosse, WI 54601, USA
- Trout Lake Station, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Boulder Junction, WI 54512, USA
| | - Todd H Oakley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Diversification of the shell shape and size in Baikal Candonidae ostracods inferred from molecular phylogeny. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2950. [PMID: 36806355 PMCID: PMC9941104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostracod shells are used extensively in paleontology, but we know little about their evolution, especially in ancient lakes. Lake Baikal (LB) is the world's most important stronghold of Candonidae diversity. These crustaceans radiated here rapidly (12-5 Ma) and with an unprecedented morphological diversity. We reconstruct their molecular phylogeny with 46 species and two markers (18S and 16S rRNA), and use it to estimate the evolution of the shell shape and size with landmark-based geometric morphometrics (LBGM). High posterior probabilities support four major clades, which differ in node depth and morphospace clustering. After removing a significant allometry, the first three principal components (PCs) describe about 88% of total variability, suggesting a strong integration. Reconstructed ancestral shapes are similar for all four clades, indicating that diversification happened after colonization. Major evolutionary changes occurred from trapezoidal to elongated shapes. Sister species are separated in morphospace, by centroid size, or both, as well as by vertical and horizontal distributions in LB. Ostracod shell is a strongly integrated structure that exhibits high evolvability, with some extreme shapes, although mostly along the first PC. This is the first study that combines molecular phylogeny and LBGM for ostracods and for any LB group.
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Pham HTM, Karanovic I. Four new Parasterope (Ostracoda, Myodocopina) from the Northwest Pacific and their phylogeny based on 16S rRNA. Zookeys 2022; 1095:13-42. [PMID: 35836690 PMCID: PMC9021157 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1095.77996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasterope Kornicker, 1975 is a marine ostracod genus with 49 species described so far, which makes it the most diverse representative of the subfamily Cylindroleberidinae, as well as the entire family Cylindroleberididae. Despite its global distribution no species are reported from South Korea. Three new species collected from the Korean coast of the Sea of Japan (Parasteropebusanensissp. nov., P.singulasp. nov., and P.sohisp. nov.), and one from the Japanese coast of the Pacific Ocean (P.sagamisp. nov.) are described. A taxonomic key to all named species from East Asia is provided. A phylogenetic tree is reconstructed based on partial 16S rRNA sequences of the four new species and other Cylindroleberidinae available from GenBank. Monophyly of Parasterope is supported by high posterior probabilities, but the phylogenetic analyses also indicate that some of the GenBank data attributed to this genus are probably misidentifications. A map of distribution and a checklist of all described Parasterope species are also provided.
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