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Weiss L, Segoviano Arias P, Offner T, Hawkins SJ, Hassenklöver T, Manzini I. Distinct interhemispheric connectivity at the level of the olfactory bulb emerges during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:491-511. [PMID: 34580751 PMCID: PMC8595194 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During metamorphosis, the olfactory system of anuran tadpoles undergoes substantial restructuring. The main olfactory epithelium in the principal nasal cavity of Xenopus laevis tadpoles is associated with aquatic olfaction and transformed into the adult air-nose, while a new adult water-nose emerges in the middle cavity. Impacts of this metamorphic remodeling on odor processing, behavior, and network structure are still unexplored. Here, we used neuronal tracings, calcium imaging, and behavioral experiments to examine the functional connectivity between the epithelium and the main olfactory bulb during metamorphosis. In tadpoles, olfactory receptor neurons in the principal cavity project axons to glomeruli in the ventral main olfactory bulb. These projections are gradually replaced by receptor neuron axons from the newly forming middle cavity epithelium. Despite this reorganization in the ventral bulb, two spatially segregated odor processing streams remain undisrupted and behavioral responses to waterborne odorants are unchanged. Contemporaneously, new receptor neurons in the remodeling principal cavity innervate the emerging dorsal part of the bulb, which displays distinct wiring features. Glomeruli around its midline are innervated from the left and right nasal epithelia. Additionally, postsynaptic projection neurons in the dorsal bulb predominantly connect to multiple glomeruli, while half of projection neurons in the ventral bulb are uni-glomerular. Our results show that the “water system” remains functional despite metamorphic reconstruction. The network differences between the dorsal and ventral olfactory bulb imply a higher degree of odor integration in the dorsal main olfactory bulb. This is possibly connected with the processing of different odorants, airborne vs. waterborne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Weiss
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Paola Segoviano Arias
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Offner
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara Joy Hawkins
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hassenklöver
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Faillace ACL, Vieira KRA, Santana MIS. Computed tomographic and gross anatomy of the head of the blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:192-205. [PMID: 32931032 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The blue-fronted Amazon parrot is an extremely popular pet bird in Brazil. These birds are commonly raised in captivity and are often seen in veterinary practice. Modern imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), which had not been widely used in wild and exotic bird medicine until recently, are now becoming more popular due to wider availability and higher diagnostic accuracy. However, proper interpretation of tomographic findings requires species-specific anatomical references. Studies investigating normal tomographic anatomy of parrots are scarce. This study set out to describe the normal anatomy of the head of the blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) using conventional CT. Anatomical descriptions may contribute to future comparative morphology studies and assist in clinical practice. The head of the blue-fronted Amazon parrot is structurally similar to other bird species. Major differences detected were are as follows: size and position of nasal conchae (long middle concha and small caudal concha located at the end of the nasal cavity), infraorbital sinus aperture located on the lateral aspect of the nasal cavity, presence of a nasopharyngeal duct connecting the nasal and oral cavities, longer infraorbital sinus with a larger number of caudal compartments and paraglossum with morphological features unique to psittacines. High-quality CT images were vital for identification and detailed description of most head structures. Multiplanar reconstruction was a useful tool for complete visualization of the head. However, conventional CT images were not good enough for visualization of the inner ear and related structures, as well the paratympanic sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Lourenço Faillace
- Wild Animal Anatomy Research Laboratory, School of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Kássia Regina Aguiar Vieira
- Wild Animal Anatomy Research Laboratory, School of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ismar Silva Santana
- Wild Animal Anatomy Research Laboratory, School of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Farouk SM, Hassan SA, Emam MA. Histochemical and surface ultrastructural characteristics of the nasal cavity of laughing dove. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 46:592-599. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Farouk
- Department of Cytology and Histology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Suez Canal University; Ismailia Egypt
| | - S. A. Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Suez Canal University; Ismailia Egypt
| | - M. A. Emam
- Department of Histology and Cytology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Benha University; Moshtohor Egypt
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Onyono PN, Kavoi BM, Kiama SG, Makanya AN. Functional Morphology of the Olfactory Mucosa and Olfactory Bulb in Fossorial Rodents: The East African Root Rat (Tachyoryctes splendens) and the Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus glaber). Tissue Cell 2017; 49:612-621. [PMID: 28780992 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Optimal functioning of the olfactory system is critical for survival of fossorial rodents in their subterranean lifestyle. This study examines the structure of the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb of two fossorial rodents exhibiting distinct social behaviors, the East African root rat and the naked mole rat. The social naked mole rat displayed simpler ethmoturbinates consisting of dorsomedial and broad discoid/flaplike parts that projected rostrally from the ethmoid bone. In the solitary root rat however, the ethmoturbinates were highly complex and exhibited elaborate branching which greatly increased the olfactory surface area. In addition, when correlated with the whole brain, the volume of the olfactory bulbs was greater in the root rat (4.24×10-2) than in the naked mole rat (3.92×10-2). Results of this study suggest that the olfactory system of the root rat is better specialized than that of the naked mole rat indicating a higher level of dependence on this system since it leads a solitary life. The naked mole rat to the contrary may have compensated for its relatively inferior olfactory system by living in groups in a social system. These findings demonstrate that structure of the olfactory system of fossorial mammals is dictated by both behavior and habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Onyono
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Egerton University, P.O. BOX 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.
| | - B M Kavoi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S G Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A N Makanya
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Abstract
The olfactory receptor organs and their primary centers are classified into
several types. The receptor organs are divided into fish-type olfactory epithelium (OE),
mammal-type OE, middle chamber epithelium (MCE), lower chamber epithelium (LCE), recess
epithelium, septal olfactory organ of Masera (SO), mammal-type vomeronasal organ (VNO) and
snake-type VNO. The fish-type OE is observed in flatfish and lungfish, while the
mammal-type OE is observed in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The MCE and LCE are
unique to Xenopus and turtles, respectively. The recess epithelium is
unique to lungfish. The SO is observed only in mammals. The mammal-type VNO is widely
observed in amphibians, lizards and mammals, while the snake-type VNO is unique to snakes.
The VNO itself is absent in turtles and birds. The mammal-type OE, MCE, LCE and recess
epithelium seem to be descendants of the fish-type OE that is derived from the putative
primitive OE. The VNO may be derived from the recess epithelium or fish-type OE and
differentiate into the mammal-type VNO and snake-type VNO. The primary olfactory centers
are divided into mammal-type main olfactory bulbs (MOB), fish-type MOB and mammal-type
accessory olfactory bulbs (AOB). The mammal-type MOB first appears in amphibians and
succeeds to reptiles, birds and mammals. The fish-type MOB, which is unique to fish, may
be the ancestor of the mammal-type MOB. The mammal-type AOB is observed in amphibians,
lizards, snakes and mammals and may be the remnant of the fish-type MOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Yokosuka M. Histological properties of the glomerular layer in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb. Exp Anim 2012; 61:13-24. [PMID: 22293668 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.61.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the vomeronasal system (VS) originating from the vomeronasal organ (VNO; also called "Jacobson's organ") is considered to be a chemosensory system that recognizes "pheromone" signals. In the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), the primary center of the VS, the glomerular cell layer (GL) of the AOB is regarded as an important functional area in the transmission of pheromone signals from vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) of the VNO. In mice, the most frequently used animal model for the study of the VS, the GL of the AOB has several unique histological properties when compared with the main olfactory bulb (MOB): (i) each glomerular size is far smaller than in the MOB; (ii) many juxtaglomerular cells (JGCs) are GABA immunopositive, but subpopulations of cells distributed in the AOB are tyrosine hydroxylase- or calcium-binding protein immunopositive; and (iii) the dendritic branching pattern of the JGC in the AOB is heteromeric. The biological significance of the mammalian VS is still debated. The unique histological properties of the mouse AOB summerized in the present review may give some useful information that may help in understanding the function of the mammalian VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yokosuka
- Department of Comparative and Behavioral Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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KONDOH D, NASHIMOTO M, KANAYAMA S, NAKAMUTA N, TANIGUCHI K. Ultrastructural and Histochemical Properties of the Olfactory System in the Japanese Jungle Crow, Corvus macrorhynchos. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1007-14. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke KONDOH
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University
| | - Mai NASHIMOTO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Shunsaku KANAYAMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Nobuaki NAKAMUTA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University
| | - Kazuyuki TANIGUCHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University
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Taniguchi K, Saito S, Taniguchi K. Phylogenic outline of the olfactory system in vertebrates. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:139-47. [PMID: 20877153 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenic outline of the vertebrate olfactory system is summarized in the present review. In the fish and the birds, the olfactory system consists only of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the olfactory bulb (B). In the amphibians, reptiles and mammals, the olfactory system is subdivided into the main olfactory and the vomeronasal olfactory systems, and the former consists of the OE and the main olfactory bulb (MOB), while the latter the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). The subdivision of the olfactory system into the main and the vomeronasal olfactory systems may partly be induced by the difference between paraphyletic groups and monophyletic groups in the phylogeny of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Taniguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan.
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