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Jo Y, Lee SJ, Bia MM, Choe S, Jeong DH. First Report of Sarcocystis pilosa from a Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes) Released for the Re-Introduction Project in South Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:89. [PMID: 38200820 PMCID: PMC10778215 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a known host for various parasites, including numerous helminths and protozoans. Among these, certain species in the genus Sarcocystis (phylum Apicomplexa) have been documented to possess the capability to infect red foxes as definitive hosts. In South Korea, red foxes have been introduced and released as part of a re-introduction program. However, two months after its release, one of the foxes was found dead because of illegal trapping. The fox was necropsied, and a subsequent coprological study revealed oocysts of Sarcocystis sp. in the intestinal contents. The oocysts were identified as Sarcocystis pilosa based on the 18S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene sequences. It exhibited a 99.7-100% identity with 18S rRNA gene sequences and 99.1-99.8% identity with cox1 gene sequences from other previously reported S. pilosa samples. Additionally, it showed identities of 95.4-96.4% and 91.1-91.5% with the cox1 gene sequences of S. hjorti and S. gjerdei, while demonstrating 99.6 and 98.1% identity with the 18S rRNA gene sequences of S. hjorti and S. gjerdei, respectively. This is the first report from mainland Asia, excluding the Japanese archipelago, indicating that the life cycle of S. pilosa persists in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghoon Jo
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sook Jin Lee
- National Park Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Yeongju 36015, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mohammed Mebarek Bia
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Parasite Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Parasite Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Hyuk Jeong
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
- The Wildlife Center of Chungbuk, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
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Ahn H, Jeong DH, Lee G, Lee SJ, Yang JJ, Kim YH, Hahn TW, Choi S, Lee GS. Characterization of Inflammasomes and Their Regulation in the Red Fox. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3842. [PMID: 38136879 PMCID: PMC10741141 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammasomes recognize endogenous and exogenous danger signals, and subsequently induce the secretion of IL-1β. Studying inflammasomes in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is crucial for wildlife veterinary medicine, as it can help control inflammatory diseases in foxes. METHODS We investigated the activation and intracellular mechanisms of three inflammasomes (NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRC4) in fox peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), using established triggers and inhibitors derived from humans and mice. RESULTS Fox PBMCs exhibited normal activation and induction of IL-1β secretion in response to representative inflammasome triggers (ATP and nigericin for NLRP3, dsDNA for AIM2, flagellin for NLRC4). Additionally, PBMCs showed normal IL-1β secretion when inoculated with inflammasome-activating bacteria. In inhibitors of the inflammasome signaling pathway, fox inflammasome activation was compared with mouse inflammasomes. MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inhibitor, suppressed the secretion of dsDNA- and flagellin-mediated IL-1β in foxes, unlike mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that NLRP3 may have a common role in dsDNA- and flagellin-mediated inflammasome activation in the red fox. It implies that this fox inflammasome biology can be applied to the treatment of inflammasome-mediated diseases in the red fox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijeong Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (H.A.); (G.L.); (Y.-H.K.); (T.-W.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Dong-Hyuk Jeong
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gilyoung Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (H.A.); (G.L.); (Y.-H.K.); (T.-W.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Suk-Jin Lee
- National Park Institute of Wildlife Conservation, Gurye 57616, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-J.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Jin Yang
- National Park Institute of Wildlife Conservation, Gurye 57616, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-J.Y.)
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (H.A.); (G.L.); (Y.-H.K.); (T.-W.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (H.A.); (G.L.); (Y.-H.K.); (T.-W.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (H.A.); (G.L.); (Y.-H.K.); (T.-W.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (H.A.); (G.L.); (Y.-H.K.); (T.-W.H.); (S.C.)
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Telcİoğlu M, İbİş O, Aksöyek E, Özcan S, Moradİ M, Gürkan ÖFİ, Tez C. Genetic analysis of Iranian and Turkish red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes) based on mitochondrial DNA (D-loop) sequences. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2019.1639079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Telcİoğlu
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Osman İbİş
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Eren Aksöyek
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Servet Özcan
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Moradİ
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ömer Fİkret Gürkan
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Tez
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Zatoń-Dobrowolska M, Mucha A, Morrice D, Wierzbicki H, Moska M, Dobrowolski M. Admixture analyses and phylogeographic relationships reveal complete genetic distinctiveness of Polish farm and wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and the North American origin of farm-bred individuals. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:827-839. [PMID: 31083798 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies showed that many mtDNA haplotypes were shared among contemporary farm red foxes bred on different continents and the historical wild red foxes of North American origin. Therefore, in this study, the population genetic structure and phylogeographic relationships of Polish red foxes kept on fur farms and their wild conspecifics were investigated to assess the ancestry of the farm red foxes in Poland. A total of 330 tissue samples (200 from farm foxes and 130 from wild foxes) were used for the genetic analyses. Thirty microsatellite loci and two regions of mtDNA were used to assess the level of admixture between farm- and wild red foxes, to construct haplotype networks and create a phylogenetic tree. The genetic structure analysis clearly indicated two genetic clusters as being the most probable number of genetically distinct populations. The fixation index revealed a significant genetic distance between the farm- and wild red fox populations (FST = 0.27, p < 0.05). Haplotype networks based on frequencies showing relationships between concatenated haplotypes of Polish farm- and wild red foxes and the constructed phylogenetic tree clearly indicated two genetically distinct groups. The results of this study provide strong evidence confirming the North American origin of red foxes bred on Polish farms and the genetic distinctiveness of both studied populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Mucha
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - David Morrice
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Heliodor Wierzbicki
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Moska
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Dobrowolski
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Biogeography of Korea's top predator, the yellow-throated Marten: evolutionary history and population dynamics. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:23. [PMID: 30642240 PMCID: PMC6332909 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peninsulas often harvest high genetic diversity through repeated southward migrations of species during glacial maxima. Studies addressing within-species evolutionary responses to climate fluctuations in northeast Asia are limited compared to other regions of the world, and more so in the Korean Peninsula. In this study, we conducted the first population-level study of the yellow-throated marten, Martes flavigula, from the Korean Peninsula, Russian, Taiwanese and Chinese localities in a biogeographic framework using mitochondrial (cyt-b, nd2, cr) and nuclear gene sequencing (ghr). RESULTS Bayesian analyses revealed a rather young population, with a split from the most recent common ancestor at around 125 kya. Martes flavigula likely colonized the Korean Peninsula from Mainland China through the Yellow Sea twice, ca. 60 kya and 20 kya. Korean martens diversified during the Late Pleistocene with at least two dispersal events out of Korea, towards the southwest to Taiwan (ca. 80 kya) and towards the North into Russia and eastern China; most likely after the Last Glacial Maxima (ca. 20 kya). We argue that the lack of population structure and mixed populations is possibly a consequence of the high dispersal capability of the species. The Bayesian skyline plot revealed a population decline within the last 5000 years, suggesting potential negative biotic and anthropogenic effects in the area. We find that local populations are not genetically differentiated, therefore no perceptible population structure within Korea was found. CONCLUSIONS The topography and geography of the Korean Peninsula has played a pivotal role in its colonization. Connections between the Korean Peninsula and the Mainland through sea-level drops of the Yellow Sea at times of glacial maxima and the high dispersal capability of M. flavigula adds to the lack of geographical structure in this species and the paraphyly of Korean lineages.
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Murdoch JD, Davie H, Galbadrah M, Reading RP. Factors influencing red fox occupancy probability in central Mongolia. Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jo YS, Baccus JT. Case studies of the history and politics of wild canid restoration in Korea. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Seok Jo
- Natural Resources Management; Texas Tech University; Lubbock TX 79409 U.S.A
| | - John T. Baccus
- Natural Resources Management; Texas Tech University; Lubbock TX 79409 U.S.A
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Kinoshita G, Sato JJ, Meschersky IG, Pishchulina SL, Simakin LV, Rozhnov VV, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Denisova GA, Frisman LV, Kryukov AP, Hosoda T, Suzuki H. Colonization history of the sableMartes zibellina(Mammalia, Carnivora) on the marginal peninsula and islands of northeastern Eurasia. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chung CU, Kim YC, Kwon GH, Lee HJ, Lee BK. Structural Characteristics of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Dens in the Wild in Northeast China and in a Captive Facility in South Korea. MAMMAL STUDY 2015. [DOI: 10.3106/041.040.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kutschera VE, Lecomte N, Janke A, Selva N, Sokolov AA, Haun T, Steyer K, Nowak C, Hailer F. A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:114. [PMID: 23738594 PMCID: PMC3689046 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many boreo-temperate mammals have a Pleistocene fossil record throughout Eurasia and North America, but only few have a contemporary distribution that spans this large area. Examples of Holarctic-distributed carnivores are the brown bear, grey wolf, and red fox, all three ecological generalists with large dispersal capacity and a high adaptive flexibility. While the two former have been examined extensively across their ranges, no phylogeographic study of the red fox has been conducted across its entire Holarctic range. Moreover, no study included samples from central Asia, leaving a large sampling gap in the middle of the Eurasian landmass. RESULTS Here we provide the first mitochondrial DNA sequence data of red foxes from central Asia (Siberia), and new sequences from several European populations. In a range-wide synthesis of 729 red fox mitochondrial control region sequences, including 677 previously published and 52 newly obtained sequences, this manuscript describes the pattern and timing of major phylogeographic events in red foxes, using a Bayesian coalescence approach with multiple fossil tip and root calibration points. In a 335 bp alignment we found in total 175 unique haplotypes. All newly sequenced individuals belonged to the previously described Holarctic lineage. Our analyses confirmed the presence of three Nearctic- and two Japan-restricted lineages that were formed since the Mid/Late Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS The phylogeographic history of red foxes is highly similar to that previously described for grey wolves and brown bears, indicating that climatic fluctuations and habitat changes since the Pleistocene had similar effects on these highly mobile generalist species. All three species originally diversified in Eurasia and later colonized North America and Japan. North American lineages persisted through the last glacial maximum south of the ice sheets, meeting more recent colonizers from Beringia during postglacial expansion into the northern Nearctic. Both brown bears and red foxes colonized Japan's northern island Hokkaido at least three times, all lineages being most closely related to different mainland lineages. Red foxes, grey wolves, and brown bears thus represent an interesting case where species that occupy similar ecological niches also exhibit similar phylogeographic histories.
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