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Poniewierza P, Panek G. Cervical Cancer Prophylaxis—State-of-the-Art and Perspectives. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071325. [PMID: 35885852 PMCID: PMC9319342 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Each year 604,127 new cases of cervical cancer (CC) are diagnosed, and 341,831 individuals die from the disease. It is the fourth most common cancer among women and the fourth most common cause of death from female cancers worldwide. The pathogenesis of CC is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and consists of several steps involving cell proliferation outside the human body’s control mechanisms. Strategies to prevent CC are based on screening and vaccination. Scope of the Review: The aim of this paper was to collect and analyze the available literature on the issue of CC prevention and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its implementation. For this purpose, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using keywords, such as “cervical cancer”; “HPV”; “prevention”; “prophylaxis”; “vaccination”; “screening” and “COVID-19” in different variations. Only articles published since 2018 were included in the study. Conclusions: Selected European countries have different CC prevention programs funded by national budgets. This translates into observed differences in the risk of death from CC (age-standardized rate Malta = 1.1, Poland = 5.9). COVID-19 pandemic due to disruption of CC screening may exacerbate these differences in the future. To improve the situation, new screening methods, such as p16/Ki67, HPV self-testing, and the use of artificial intelligence in colposcopic assessment, should be disseminated, as well as free HPV vaccination programs implemented in all countries. The search for new solutions is not without significance and entails ultra-sensitive screening tests for risk groups (mRNA E6/E7, SOX1/SOX14), HPV vaccines with shorter dosing schedules, and new therapeutic pathways using nanotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Poniewierza
- Medicover SP ZOO Company, Aleje Jerozolimskie 96, 00-807 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Grzegorz Panek
- Department of Oncologic Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland;
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Rostkowska OM, Peters A, Montvidas J, Magdas TM, Rensen L, Zgliczyński WS, Durlik M, Pelzer BW. Attitudes and Knowledge of European Medical Students and Early Graduates about Vaccination and Self-Reported Vaccination Coverage-Multinational Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3595. [PMID: 33808446 PMCID: PMC8036942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most useful preventive interventions in healthcare. The purpose of our study was to gain overview of the opinions, knowledge, and engagement in vaccination practices among medical students (MS) and junior doctors (JD) in Europe. The survey was distributed from March 2016 until August 2016 via the e-mail and social media of the European Medical Students' Association. In total, 1821 responses from MS and JD from 34 countries in the European region were analysed. The majority of respondents agreed that vaccines are useful (98.7%) and effective (97.2%). Although the necessity of revaccination was supported by 99.2%, only 68.0% of the respondents went through with it. Even though the potential benefit of the flu vaccination seems to be acknowledged by our participants, only 22.1% of MS and JD declared getting the flu shot every or every other season. MS and JD were in favour of specific mandatory vaccination for medical staff (86.0%) and medical students (82.7%). Furthermore, we analysed the self-reported vaccination coverage of our participants regarding 19 vaccines. Of the respondents, 89.5% claimed to provide advice about vaccination to their friends and family. In conclusion, European MS and JD have a very positive attitude towards vaccination. However, their behaviour and knowledge demonstrate certain gaps which should be further addressed in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M. Rostkowska
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland;
- European Medical Students’ Association (EMSA), Rue Guimard 15, 1040 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (J.M.); (T.M.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Alexandra Peters
- European Medical Students’ Association (EMSA), Rue Guimard 15, 1040 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (J.M.); (T.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Porz am Rhein, Urbacher Weg 19, 51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Montvidas
- European Medical Students’ Association (EMSA), Rue Guimard 15, 1040 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (J.M.); (T.M.M.); (L.R.)
- LUHS Hospital Kaunas, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tudor M. Magdas
- European Medical Students’ Association (EMSA), Rue Guimard 15, 1040 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (J.M.); (T.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Strada Victor Babeș 8, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Leon Rensen
- European Medical Students’ Association (EMSA), Rue Guimard 15, 1040 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (J.M.); (T.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Leiden University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leiden, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech S. Zgliczyński
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Kleczewska 61/63, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Durlik
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Benedikt W. Pelzer
- European Medical Students’ Association (EMSA), Rue Guimard 15, 1040 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (J.M.); (T.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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