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Ivaniski-Mello A, Zimmermann Casal M, Costa RR, Alberton CL, Martinez FG, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Quantifying physiological and biomechanical responses of shallow water walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:604-618. [PMID: 34979836 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2020786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the physiological and biomechanical alterations in shallow water walking (SWW) due to water depth and speed is important for health professionals to perform accurate exercise prescription. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to investigate the acute physiological and biomechanical responses of SWW at different immersion depths in comparison to dry land walking. The main result (initial search: 1960 studies; systematic review: 42 studies; meta-analysis: 22 studies) indicated that metabolic power was higher in the immersion depth levels of xiphoid process (standardized mean differences (SMD) = 0.90; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.26 to 1.54) and waist (SMD = 3.35; 95% CI: -0.18 to 6.87) in comparison to dry land. SWW at xiphoid and waist depths seems to be an adequate exercise if the objective is to increase the energy expenditure and cardiovascular demand while the lower limb impact forces are reduced in comparison to dry land walking. PROSPERO registration: CRD42018113040.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ivaniski-Mello
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Gomes Martinez
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Harrington JW, Anguiano-Hernandez JG, Kingston DC. Muscle activation and rating of perceived exertion of typically developing children during DRY and aquatic treadmill walking. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 68:102737. [PMID: 36549263 PMCID: PMC9868073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic treadmill gait training is a poorly understood rehabilitation method that alters bodyweight support, increases lower limb resistance, and assists with postural stability. This training could be an attractive tool for clinical populations with balance control issues or limited weight-bearing prescriptions for the lower limb. As a first step, the purpose of this study was to quantify differences in mean muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and semitendinosus, and perceived exertion (RPE) in typically developing children (7:8 M:F, age = 11.3 ± 4.1 years, 1.46 ± 0.18 m, and 44.2 ± 16.8 kg) during dry and aquatic treadmill walking at 75 %, 100 %, and 125 % self-selected speed. We hypothesized that the greatest mean muscle activity, normalized to percent maximum voluntary contraction and averaged across all strides, would be observed during 125 % dry treadmill walking and that aquatic treadmill walking would produce lower RPE. Overall, aquatic treadmill walking reduced mean medial gastrocnemius activity by 50.2 % (padj < 0.001), increased mean rectus femoris activity at least 32.8 % (padj < 0.006), and produced 78.0 % (padj = 0.007) greater RPE compared to dry treadmill walking. This study provides normative pediatric data for future aquatic treadmill walking studies in clinical populations to help inform gait rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Harrington
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, USA.
| | - Jose G Anguiano-Hernandez
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, USA.
| | - David C Kingston
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, USA.
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Phothirook P, Amatachaya S, Peungsuwan P. Muscle Activity and Co-Activation of Gait Cycle during Walking in Water and on Land in People with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1854. [PMID: 36767224 PMCID: PMC9914649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the muscle activity and co-activation index (CoA) of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), gastrocnemius medialis (GM,) and tibialis anterior (TA) during walking on land and in water in healthy adolescents compared with those with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy (CP) adolescents. METHODS Four healthy individuals (median; age: 14 years, height: 1.57 cm, BMI: 16.58 kg/m2) and nine CP individuals (median; age: 15 years, height: 1.42 cm, BMI: 17.82 kg/m2) participated in this study and performed three walking trials under both conditions. An electromyography (EMG) collection was recorded with a wireless system Cometa miniwave infinity waterproof device, and the signals were collected using customized software named EMG and Motion Tools, Inc. software version 7 (Cometa slr, Milan, Italy) and was synchronized with an underwater VDO camera. RESULTS A significant decrease in the muscle activity of all muscles and CoA of RF/BF muscles, but an increase in TA/GM was observed within the CP group while walking in water during the stance phase. Between groups, there was a lower CoA of RF/BF and a greater CoA of TA/GM during the stance phase while walking in water and on land in the CP group. A non-significant difference was observed within the healthy group. CONCLUSION Walking in water can decrease muscle activity in lower limbs and co-activation of thigh muscles in people with spastic CP, whereas CoA muscles around ankle joints increased to stabilize foot weight acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariyaporn Phothirook
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sugalya Amatachaya
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Punnee Peungsuwan
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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A Study Comparing Gait and Lower Limb Muscle Activity During Aquatic Treadmill Running With Different Water Depth and Land Treadmill Running. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:39-50. [PMID: 36196338 PMCID: PMC9465725 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aquatic treadmill running is a partial weight-bearing exercise for rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface electromyography activities of the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and medial head of gastrocnemius, and gait kinematics during aquatic treadmill running in water levels at waist, mid-thigh and mid-shin and on land. Seventeen healthy subjects (9 males and 8 females) were recruited by convenience sampling. Participants performed 2-min aquatic treadmill running at a specific speed for each water depth. The test speed was selected based upon the speed that elicited 110 steps per min. The surface electromyography data of lower limb muscles and the joint angles at three different water depths and on land were collected to evaluate the muscle activity and gait kinematics using a waterproofed surface electromyography system and inertial measurement unit for each muscle. Results showed that rectus femoris electromyography was different between depths during the swing and stance phases. Likewise, biceps femoris and tibialis anterior electromyography were different between depths for the swing phase. However, it was not the case for gastrocnemius electromyography. Peak flexion angles in both left and right hips were different between depths. A significant increase in a stance/swing ratio was observed with rising water depths. Water depth influenced muscle activity as well as kinematics. Aquatic treadmill running in the mid-thigh level should be further evaluated for its effectiveness, training value and applicability.
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Yokoyama H, Kato T, Kaneko N, Kobayashi H, Hoshino M, Kokubun T, Nakazawa K. Basic locomotor muscle synergies used in land walking are finely tuned during underwater walking. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18480. [PMID: 34531519 PMCID: PMC8446023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Underwater walking is one of the most common hydrotherapeutic exercises. Therefore, understanding muscular control during underwater walking is important for optimizing training regimens. The effects of the water environment on walking are mainly related to the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic theories of buoyancy and drag force. To date, muscular control during underwater walking has been investigated at the individual muscle level. However, it is recognized that the human nervous system modularly controls multiple muscles through muscle synergies, which are sets of muscles that work together. We found that the same set of muscle synergies was shared between the two walking tasks. However, some task-dependent modulation was found in the activation combination across muscles and temporal activation patterns of the muscle synergies. The results suggest that the human nervous system modulates activation of lower-limb muscles during water walking by finely tuning basic locomotor muscle synergies that are used during land walking to meet the biomechanical requirements for walking in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Yokoyama
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Motonori Hoshino
- College, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Kokubun
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, 343-8540, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Evans JD, Panebianco GP, Psycharakis S. Effect of water depth on muscle activity and stride duration when walking in the water at different speeds. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1944-1951. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1909810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James David Evans
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giulia P Panebianco
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stelios Psycharakis
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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A review on muscle activation behaviour during gait in shallow water and deep-water running and surface electromyography procedures. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:432-441. [PMID: 33218545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface electromyography (sEMG) can provide information on muscle activation patterns during gait. OBJECTIVES To characterize electromyographic activity during gait in shallow water and during deep-water running compare to on land and to review and analyse underwater surface-electromyographic (sEMG) procedures. SEARCH METHODS Eight databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE, SPORT Discus, CINAHL, SCOPUS, SCIELO, and LILACS) were searched from their inception to the December of 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA The selected studies had to be related to electromyographic analysis of gait in an aquatic environment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed by two independent reviewers and divided into four groups. RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Lower muscle activation was found with treadmill water walking compared to treadmill land walking. With deep-water running, the leg muscles (tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius lateralis) have lower muscle activation when compared to on land running, but the trunk and thigh muscles have higher activation. CONCLUSION If gait is performed on an aquatic treadmill, the muscles assessed had lower muscle activation when compared to land. During deep-water running activities, lower activation of the distal leg muscles and a higher activation thigh muscles were found when compared to on land. Studies did not follow standard processes in sEMG procedures.
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Cuesta-Vargas Á, Martín-Martín J, Pérez-Cruzado D, Cano-Herrera CL, Güeita Rodríguez J, Merchán-Baeza JA, González-Sánchez M. Muscle Activation and Distribution during Four Test/Functional Tasks: A Comparison between Dry-Land and Aquatic Environments for Healthy Older and Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134696. [PMID: 32629839 PMCID: PMC7370020 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of rehabilitation protocols carried out in water has been progressively increasing due to the favorable physical properties of the water. Electromyography allows one to register muscle activity even under water. AIM To compare muscle activity between two groups (healthy young adults (HYA) and healthy older adults (HOA)) in two different environments (dry land and aquatic) using surface electromyography during the execution of four different test/functional movements. METHODS Analytical cross-sectional study. HYA and HOA carried out four functional tasks (Step Up and Down, Sit To Stand test, Gait Initiation and Turns During Gait) in two different environments (dry land and aquatic). Absolute and relative muscle activation was compared between each group and between each environment. In addition, the stability of the measured was calculated through a test-retest (ICC 2:1). RESULTS Within the same environment there were significant differences between young and older adults in three of the four functional tasks. In contrast, in the gait initiation, hardly any significant differences were found between the two groups analysed, except for the soleus and the anterior tibial. Measurement stability ranged from good to excellent. CONCLUSIONS Level of the musculature involvement presents an entirely different distribution when the test/functional task is performed on dry land or in water. There are differences both in the relative activation of the musculature and in the distribution of the partition of the muscles comparing older and young adults within the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ántonio Cuesta-Vargas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Biomedical Reseach Institute of Málaga, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (C.L.C.-H.); (M.G.-S.)
- School of Clinical Sciences of the Faculty of Health, The Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
- Correspondence: (Á.C.-V.); (J.A.M.-B.)
| | - Jaime Martín-Martín
- Legal Medicine Area, Department of Human Anatomy, Legal Medicine and History of Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - David Pérez-Cruzado
- Departmen of Occupational Therapy, Catholic University of Murcia, D 30109 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Carlos L. Cano-Herrera
- Department of Physiotherapy, Biomedical Reseach Institute of Málaga, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (C.L.C.-H.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Javier Güeita Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain;
- Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science, Rey Juan Carlos University (Hum&QRinHS), 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Merchán-Baeza
- Research group on Methodology, Methods, Models and Outcomes of Health and Social Sciences (M3O), Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVIC-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.C.-V.); (J.A.M.-B.)
| | - Manuel González-Sánchez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Biomedical Reseach Institute of Málaga, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (C.L.C.-H.); (M.G.-S.)
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Effects of Water Immersion on Squat and Split Squat Kinematics in Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2019; 27:398-405. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Effects of a 6-Week Aquatic Treadmill Exercise Program on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Walking Endurance in Subacute Stroke Patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2018; 38:314-319. [DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jung T, Kim Y, Lim H, Vrongistinos K. The influence of water depth on kinematic and spatiotemporal gait parameters during aquatic treadmill walking. Sports Biomech 2018; 18:297-307. [PMID: 29334869 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2017.1409255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic and spatiotemporal variables of aquatic treadmill walking at three different water depths. A total of 15 healthy individuals completed three two-minute walking trials at three different water depths. The aquatic treadmill walking was conducted at waist-depth, chest-depth and neck-depth, while a customised 3-D underwater motion analysis system captured their walking. Each participant's self-selected walking speed at the waist level was used as a reference speed, which was applied to the remaining two test conditions. A repeated measures ANOVA showed statistically significant differences among the three walking conditions in stride length, cadence, peak hip extension, hip range of motion (ROM), peak ankle plantar flexion and ankle ROM (All p values < 0.05). The participants walked with increased stride length and decreased cadence during neck level as compared to waist and chest level. They also showed increased ankle ROM and decreased hip ROM as the water depth rose from waist and chest to the neck level. However, our study found no significant difference between waist and chest level water in all variables. Hydrodynamics, such as buoyancy and drag force, in response to changes in water depths, can affect gait patterns during aquatic treadmill walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyou Jung
- a Department of Kinesiology , California State University , Northridge , CA , USA
| | - Yumi Kim
- a Department of Kinesiology , California State University , Northridge , CA , USA
| | - Hyosok Lim
- a Department of Kinesiology , California State University , Northridge , CA , USA
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Pourmoghaddam A, Dettmer M, O'Connor DP, Paloski WH, Layne CS. Measuring multiple neuromuscular activation using EMG - a generalizability analysis. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2016; 61:595-605. [PMID: 26684346 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2015-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of electromyography (EMG) data has been shown to be valuable in biomedical and clinical research. However, most analysis tools do not consider the non-linearity of EMG data or the synergistic effects of multiple neuromuscular activities. The SYNERGOS algorithm was developed to assess a single index based on non-linear analysis of multiple neuromuscular activation (MNA) of different muscles. This index has shown promising results in Parkinsonian gait, but it was yet to be explored whether the SYNERGOS index is generalizable. In this study, we evaluated generalizability of the SYNERGOS index over the course of several trials and over separate days with different walking speeds. Ten healthy adults aged from 18 to 40 years walked on a treadmill on two different days, while EMG data was collected from the upper and lower right leg. SYNERGOS indices were obtained and a generalizability analysis was conducted. The algorithm detected changes in MNA in response to altering gait speed and depicted a high generalizability coefficient ( ρ^2 ${\hat \rho ^2}$ ) of 0.823 with a standard error of 5.117 with nominal inter-trial or inter-day effects. We concluded SYNERGOS may be a valuable tool in EMG analysis due to its generalizability and its sensitivity to task modifications and associated neuromotor changes.
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Matsumoto S, Uema T, Ikeda K, Miyara K, Nishi T, Noma T, Shimodozono M. Effect of Underwater Exercise on Lower-Extremity Function and Quality of Life in Post-Stroke Patients: A Pilot Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 22:635-41. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2015.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Matsumoto
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kirishima City, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uema
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kirishima Rehabilitation Center of Kagoshima University Hospital, Kirishima City, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kirishima Rehabilitation Center of Kagoshima University Hospital, Kirishima City, Japan
| | - Kodai Miyara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kirishima Rehabilitation Center of Kagoshima University Hospital, Kirishima City, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Nishi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kirishima Rehabilitation Center of Kagoshima University Hospital, Kirishima City, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Noma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kirishima Rehabilitation Center of Kagoshima University Hospital, Kirishima City, Japan
| | - Megumi Shimodozono
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kirishima City, Japan
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Spatiotemporal, kinematic, force and muscle activation outcomes during gait and functional exercise in water compared to on land: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2016; 48:120-130. [PMID: 27236637 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercises replicating functional activities are commonly used in aquatic rehabilitation although it is not clear how the movement characteristics differ between the two environments. A systematic review was completed in order to compare the biomechanics of gait, closed kinetic chain and plyometric exercise when performed in water and on land. METHODS Databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Embase and the Cochrane library were searched. Studies were included where a functional lower limb activity was performed in water and on land with the same instructions. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for spatiotemporal, kinematic, force and muscle activation outcomes. FINDINGS 28 studies included walking or running (19 studies), stationary running (three), closed kinetic chain exercise (two), plyometric exercise (three) and timed-up and go (one). Very large effect sizes showed self-selected speed of walking (SMD >4.66) and vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) (SMD >1.91) in water were less than on land, however, lower limb range of movement and muscle activity were similar. VGRF in plyometric exercise was lower in water when landing but more similar between the two environments in propulsion. Maximal speed of movement for walking and stationary running was lower in water compared to on land (SMD>3.05), however was similar in propulsion in plyometric exercise. INTERPRETATION Drag forces may contribute to lower self-selected speed of walking. Monitoring speed of movement in water assists in determining the potential advantages or limitations of aquatic exercise and the task specificity to land-based function.
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Yang HJ, Choi JD. Effects of Underwater Treadmill Gait Training on Gait, Balance, and Pulmonary Function in Stroke Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12674/ptk.2015.22.4.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Matsuda Y, Hirano M, Yamada Y, Ikuta Y, Nomura T, Tanaka H, Oda S. Lower muscle co-contraction in flutter kicking for competitive swimmers. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 45:40-52. [PMID: 26590483 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in muscle activation pattern and co-contraction of the rectus and biceps femoris in flutter-kick swimming between competitive and recreational swimmers, to better understand the mechanism of repetitive kicking movements during swimming. Ten competitive and 10 recreational swimmers swam using flutter kicks at three different velocities (100%, 90%, and 80% of their maximal velocity) in a swimming flume. Surface electromyographic signals (EMG) were obtained from the rectus (RF) and biceps femoris (BF), and lower limb kinematic data were obtained at the same time. The beginning and ending of one kick cycle was defined as when the right lateral malleolus reached its highest position in the vertical axis. The offset timing of muscle activation of RF in the recreational swimmers was significantly later at all velocities than in the competitive swimmers (47-48% and 26-33% of kick time of one cycle for recreational and competitive swimmers, respectively), although the kinematic data and other activation timing of RF and BF did not differ between groups. A higher integrated EMG of RF during hip extension and knee extension induced a higher level of muscle co-contraction between RF and BF in the recreational swimmers. These results suggest that long-term competitive swimming training can induce an effective muscle activation pattern in the upper legs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Matsuda
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masami Hirano
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikuta
- Graduate School of Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruo Nomura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Central Research Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Oda
- Faculty of Health and Well-being, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
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Nishiyori R, Lai B, Lee DK, Vrongistinos K, Jung T. The Use of Cuff Weights for Aquatic Gait Training in People Post-Stroke with Hemiparesis. PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:47-53. [DOI: 10.1002/pri.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Byron Lai
- Kinesiology; California State University, Northridge; Northridge CA USA
| | | | | | - Taeyou Jung
- Kinesiology; California State University, Northridge; Northridge CA USA
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Brody LT. Knee osteoarthritis: Clinical connections to articular cartilage structure and function. Phys Ther Sport 2014; 16:301-16. [PMID: 25783021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a unique biphasic material that supports a lifetime of compressive and shear forces across joints. When articular cartilage deteriorates, whether due to injury, wear and tear or normal aging, osteoarthritis and resultant pain can ensue. Understanding the basic science of the structure and biomechanics of articular cartilage can help clinicians guide their patients to appropriate activity and loading choices. The purpose of this article is to examine how articular cartilage structure and mechanics, may interact with risk factors to contribute to OA and how this interaction provides guidelines for intervention choices This paper will review the microstructure of articular cartilage, its mechanical properties and link this information to clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Thein Brody
- University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Research Park Clinic, 621 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Orthopaedic and Sports Science, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, 122 East 1700 South, Bldg. C, Provo, UT 84606, USA.
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19
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Cuesta-Vargas AI, Cano-Herrera CL. Surface electromyography during physical exercise in water: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:15. [PMID: 24731774 PMCID: PMC4129181 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquatic exercise has been widely used for rehabilitation and functional recovery due to its physical and physiological benefits. However, there is a high variability in reporting on the muscle activity from surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals. The aim of this study is to present an updated review of the literature on the state of the art of muscle activity recorded using sEMG during activities and exercise performed by humans in water. METHODS A literature search was performed to identify studies of aquatic exercise movement. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were selected for critical appraisal. Sample size, functional tasks analyzed, and muscles recorded were studied for each paper. The clinical contribution of the paper was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Muscle activity tends to be lower in water-based compared to land-based activity; however more research is needed to understand why. Approaches from basic and applied sciences could support the understanding of relevant aspects for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ignacio Cuesta-Vargas
- Departamento de Psiquiatria y Fisioterapia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Malaga (IBIMA), Grupo de Clinimetria (AE-14), Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Av/ Arquitecto Peñalosa s/n (Teatinos Campus Expansion), 29009 Malaga, Spain
- School of Clinical Sciences of the Faculty of Health at the Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlos Leonardo Cano-Herrera
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Av/ Arquitecto Peñalosa s/n (Teatinos Campus Expansion), 29009 Málaga, Spain
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Alberton CL, Cadore EL, Pinto SS, Tartaruga MP, da Silva EM, Kruel LFM. Cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses to stationary running performed in water and on dry land. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:1157-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Analysis of various conditions in order to measure electromyography of isometric contractions in water and on air. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:988-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Electromyographic signal and force comparisons during maximal voluntary isometric contraction in water and on dry land. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1075-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Jung T, Lee D, Charalambous C, Vrongistinos K. The Influence of Applying Additional Weight to the Affected Leg on Gait Patterns During Aquatic Treadmill Walking in People Poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Effects of aquatic exercise training using water-resistance equipment in elderly. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:957-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Silva EMD, Kruel LFM. Caminhada em ambiente aquático e terrestre: revisão de literatura sobre a comparação das respostas neuromusculares e cardiorrespiratórias. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922008000600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a comparação das respostas neuromusculares e cardiorrespiratórias durante a caminhada em meio aquático e em meio terrestre. As respostas foram apresentadas para a caminhada em piscina rasa e para a caminhada em piscina funda. Em relação à caminhada em piscina rasa, as respostas neuromusculares (sinal EMG) e cardiorrespiratórias (FC e VO2) são muito dependentes da velocidade do exercício. As respostas neuromusculares podem ser menores no meio aquático quando a velocidade da caminhada é menor nesse ambiente. Por outro lado, quando o exercício é realizado com velocidades similares, a atividade dos músculos propulsores pode ser superior durante a caminhada aquática. Da mesma forma, respostas cardiorrespiratórias maiores são registradas no exercício aquático quando velocidades similares de caminhada são utilizadas. Contudo, com velocidades menores, essas respostas são semelhantes ou menores que as encontradas em meio terrestre. No que diz respeito à caminhada em piscina funda, as respostas neuromusculares diferem daquelas encontradas durante a caminhada em meio terrestre devido à ausência das forças de reação com o solo. Essa característica possivelmente modifica os músculos envolvidos na produção de força propulsiva nesse exercício. Além do mais, durante a caminhada em piscina funda, as respostas cardiorrespiratórias parecem sempre mais baixas devido à grande redução no peso hidrostático e à menor atividade dos músculos posturais e pela utilização do cinturão flutuador nessa modalidade.
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Kyvelidou A, Kurz MJ, Ehlers JL, Stergiou N. Aging and partial body weight support affects gait variability. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2008; 5:22. [PMID: 18803851 PMCID: PMC2564959 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging leads to increases in gait variability which may explain the large incidence of falls in the elderly. Body weight support training may be utilized to improve gait in the elderly and minimize falls. However, before initiating rehabilitation protocols, baseline studies are needed to identify the effect of body weight support on elderly gait variability. Our purpose was to determine the kinematic variability of the lower extremities in young and elderly healthy females at changing levels of body weight support during walking. Methods Ten young and ten elderly females walked on a treadmill for two minutes with a body weight support (BWS) system under four different conditions: 1 g, 0.9 g, 0.8 g, and 0.7 g. Three-dimensional kinematics was captured at 60 Hz with a Peak Performance high speed video system. Magnitude and structure of variability of the sagittal plane angular kinematics of the right lower extremity was analyzed using both linear (magnitude; standard deviations and coefficient of variations) and nonlinear (structure; Lyapunov exponents) measures. A two way mixed ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of age and BWS on variability. Results Linear analysis showed that the elderly presented significantly more variability at the hip and knee joint than the young females. Moreover, higher levels of BWS presented increased variability at all joints as found in both the linear and nonlinear measures utilized. Conclusion Increased levels of BWS increased lower extremity kinematic variability. If the intent of BWS training is to decrease variability in gait patterns, this did not occur based on our results. However, we did not perform a training study. Thus, it is possible that after several weeks of training and increased habituation, these initial increased variability values will decrease. This assumption needs to be addressed in future investigation with both "healthy" elderly and elderly fallers. In addition, it is possible that BWS training can have a positive transfer effect by bringing overground kinematic variability to healthy normative levels, which also needs to be explored in future studies.
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