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Ribeiro JA, Silva AF, Girault HH, Pereira CM. Electroanalytical applications of ITIES - A review. Talanta 2024; 280:126729. [PMID: 39180876 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) attracted considerable attention of the scientific community due to their vast applications, such as extraction, catalysis, partition studies and sensing. The aim of this Review is to highlight the potential of electrochemistry at the ITIES for analytical purposes, focusing on ITIES-based sensors for detection and quantification of chemically and biologically relevant (bio)molecules. We start by addressing the evolution of ITIES in terms of number of publications over the years along with an overview of their main applications (Chapter 1). Then, we provide a general historical perspective about pioneer voltammetric studies at water/oil systems (Chapter 2). After that, we discuss the most impacting improvements on ITIES sensing systems from both perspectives, set-up design (interface stabilization and miniaturization, selection of the organic solvent, etc.) and optimization of experimental conditions to improve selectivity and sensitivity (Chapter 3). In Chapter 4, we discuss the analytical applications of ITIES for electrochemical sensing of several types of analytes, including drugs, pesticides, proteins, among others. Finally, we highlight the present achievements of ITIES as analytical tool and provide future challenges and perspectives for this technology (Chapter 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Ribeiro
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - A Fernando Silva
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - H H Girault
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlos M Pereira
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
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Shkinev VM, Martynov LY, Trofimov DA, Dolgonosov AM. Ion Exchanger-Filled Track Membranes with Asymmetric Pores for the Electrochemical Determination of Acetylcholine Chloride. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Ametryn detection by proton assisted transfer at a single micro-interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Viada BN, Yudi LM, Arrigan DWM. Detection of perfluorooctane sulfonate by ion-transfer stripping voltammetry at an array of microinterfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. Analyst 2020; 145:5776-5786. [PMID: 32672287 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a category of persistent environmental contaminants that have been linked to health issues in humans. In this work, we investigate the detection of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS-), one such PFAS, by ion-transfer voltammetry at an array of microinterfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (μITIES). Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) indicated the ion-transfer behaviour and detection of PFOS-, with the latter enabling detection at picomolar concentrations. Using a 5 min preconcentration time, during which PFOS- was preconcentrated into the organic phase of the μITIES array, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 nM (0.015 μg L-1) in aqueous electrolyte was achieved. This performance is attributed to the enhanced mass transport (radial diffusion) to the μITIES that occurs during preconcentration. To investigate the potentiality for applications of this analytical approach to environmental samples, measurements in a range of water matrices were investigated. Drinking water, laboratory tap water and seawater matrices were assessed by spiking with PFOS- over the 0.1-1 nM range. A matrix effect was observed, with changes in sensitivity and LOD relative to those in pure aqueous electrolyte solutions. Such matrix effects need to be considered in designing applications of these PFOS- measurements to environmental samples. The results presented here indicate that DPSV at a μITIES array can form the basis for a fast and sensitive screening method for PFOS- contamination that is suited to portable and on-site applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín N Viada
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
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5
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Izadyar A. Stripping Voltammetry at the Interface between two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions: A Review Paper. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry and Physics; Arkansas State University, PO Box 419; State University; AR 72467 USA
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Xie L, Huang X, Su B. Portable Sensor for the Detection of Choline and Its Derivatives Based on Silica Isoporous Membrane and Gellified Nanointerfaces. ACS Sens 2017; 2:803-809. [PMID: 28723110 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A portable amperometric ion sensor was fabricated by integrating silica isoporous membrane (SIM) and organogel composed of polyvinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane (PVC-DCE) on a 3D-printed polymer chip. The detection of ionic species in aqueous samples could be accomplished by adding a microliter of sample droplet to the sensor and by identifying the ion-transfer potential and current magnitude at the water/organogel interface array templated by SIM. Thanks to the ultrasmall channel size (2-3 nm in diameter), high channel density (4 × 108 μm-2), and ultrathin thickness (80 nm) of SIM, the ensemble of nanoscopic water/organogel (nano-W/Gel) interface array behaved like a microinterface with two back-to-back hemispherical mass diffusion zones. So, the heterogeneous ion-transfer across the nano-W/Gel interface array generated a steady-state sigmoidal current wave. The detection of choline (Ch) and its derivatives, including acetylcholine (ACh), benzoylcholine (BCh), and atropine (AP), in aqueous samples was examined with this portable sensor. Using differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV), the quantification of these analytes was achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 1 μM. Moreover, the portable ion sensor was insensitive to various potential interferents that might coexist in vivo, owing to size-/charge-based selectivity and antifouling capacity of SIM. With this priority, the portable ion sensor was able to quantitatively determine Ch and its derivatives in diluted urine and blood samples. The LODs for Ch, ACh, AP, and BCh in urine were 1.12, 1.30, 1.08, and 0.99 μM, and those for blood samples were 3.61, 3.38, 2.32, and 1.81 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiqi Xie
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Lee HJ, Arrigan DWM, Karim MN, Kim H. Amperometric Ion Sensing Approaches at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces for Inorganic, Organic and Biological Ions. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has become an invaluable tool for the selective and sensitive detection of cationic and anionic species, including charged drug molecules and proteins. In addition, neutral molecules can also be detected at the ITIES via enzymatic reactions. This chapter highlights recent developments towards creating a wide spectrum of sensing platforms involving ion transfer across the ITIES. As well as outlining the basic principles needed for performing these sensing applications, the development of ITIES-based detection strategies for inorganic, organic, and biological ions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Md. Nurul Karim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
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Arrigan D, Herzog G, Scanlon M, Strutwolf J. Bioanalytical Applications of Electrochemistry at Liquid-Liquid Microinterfaces. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b15576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 769:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Crespo GA, Bakker E. Dynamic electrochemistry with ionophore based ion-selective membranes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode. Talanta 2012; 63:21-32. [PMID: 18969401 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the development in ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode (ISE). The concept of polarizability of ITIES in a multi-ion system is outlined. Principle aspects of ion amperometry at ITIES are discussed including the use of amperometry as a tool for the clarification of the ion sensing mechanism, and for determining the concentrations of ions in the solution. The reference is made to recent amperometric measurements at the supported liquid membrane (SLM) and polymer composite liquid membranes (PCLM), which, together with the micro-hole supported ITIES, appear to be particularly suitable for realization of the amperometric ISE.
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Abstract
The main aspects related to the charge transfer reactions occurring at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are described. The particular topics to be discussed involve simple ion transfer. Focus is given on theoretical approaches, numerical simulations, and experimental methodologies. Concerning the theoretical procedures, different computational simulations related to simple ion transfer are reviewed. The main conclusions drawn from the most accepted models are described and analyzed in regard to their relevance for explaining different aspects of ion transfer. We describe numerical simulations implementing different approaches for solving the differential equations associated with the mass transport and charge transfer. These numerical simulations are correlated with selected experimental results; their usefulness in designing new experiments is summarized. Finally, many practical applications can be envisaged regarding the determination of physicochemical properties, electroanalysis, drug lipophilicity, and phase-transfer catalysis.
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Differential pulse stripping voltammetry of moderately hydrophobic ions based on hydrophobic ionic liquid membranes supported on the Ag/AgCl electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Strutwolf J, Arrigan DWM. Optimisation of the conditions for stripping voltammetric analysis at liquid–liquid interfaces supported at micropore arrays: a computational simulation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1625-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Strutwolf J, Scanlon MD, Arrigan DW. The performance of differential pulse stripping voltammetry at micro-liquid–liquid interface arrays. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Kim Y, Rodgers PJ, Ishimatsu R, Amemiya S. Subnanomolar Ion Detection by Stripping Voltammetry with Solid-Supported Thin Polymeric Membrane. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7262-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900995a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Patrick J. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Ryoichi Ishimatsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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Herzog G, McMahon B, Lefoix M, Mullins ND, Collins CJ, Moynihan HA, Arrigan DW. Electrochemistry of dopamine at the polarised liquid|liquid interface facilitated by an homo-oxo-calix[3]arene ionophore. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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A review of recent advances in electrochemically modulated extraction methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:835-45. [PMID: 18800180 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of electrochemistry and electrical behavior as a control and manipulation factor in analyte extractions is reviewed. Electromodulated extractions of ionic and neutral analytes are possible using this general approach. Extractions based on solid-liquid, liquid-liquid and membrane behaviors have been demonstrated and reported together with analyte extractions from real matrices and interfacing with instrumental detection methods. The electromodulation strategy offers great opportunities for selectivity in sample preparation.
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Kim Y, Amemiya S. Stripping analysis of nanomolar perchlorate in drinking water with a voltammetric ion-selective electrode based on thin-layer liquid membrane. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6056-65. [PMID: 18613700 DOI: 10.1021/ac8008687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive analytical method is required for the assessment of nanomolar perchlorate contamination in drinking water as an emerging environmental problem. We developed the novel approach based on a voltammetric ion-selective electrode to enable the electrochemical detection of "redox-inactive" perchlorate at a nanomolar level without its electrolysis. The perchlorate-selective electrode is based on the submicrometer-thick plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane spin-coated on the poly(3-octylthiophene)-modified gold electrode. The liquid membrane serves as the first thin-layer cell for ion-transfer stripping voltammetry to give low detection limits of 0.2-0.5 nM perchlorate in deionized water, commercial bottled water, and tap water under a rotating electrode configuration. The detection limits are not only much lower than the action limit (approximately 246 nM) set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency but also are comparable to the detection limits of the most sensitive analytical methods for detecting perchlorate, that is, ion chromatography coupled with a suppressed conductivity detector (0.55 nM) or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (0.20-0.25 nM). The mass transfer of perchlorate in the thin-layer liquid membrane and aqueous sample as well as its transfer at the interface between the two phases were studied experimentally and theoretically to achieve the low detection limits. The advantages of ion-transfer stripping voltammetry with a thin-layer liquid membrane against traditional ion-selective potentiometry are demonstrated in terms of a detection limit, a response time, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Zazpe R, Hibert C, O'Brien J, Lanyon YH, Arrigan DWM. Ion-transfer voltammetry at silicon membrane-based arrays of micro-liquid-liquid interfaces. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1732-1737. [PMID: 18030394 DOI: 10.1039/b712601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microporous silicon membranes, fabricated by lithographic patterning and wet and dry silicon etching processes, were used to create arrays of micro-scale interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (muITIES) for ion-transfer voltammetry. These membranes served the dual functions of interface stabilization and enhancement of the rate of mass-transport to the interface. The pore radii were 6.5 microm, 12.8 microm and 26.6 microm; the pore-pore separations were ca. 20- to 40-times the pore radii and the membrane thickness was 100 microm. Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) was used for pore drilling through the silicon, which had been previously selectively thinned by potassium hydroxide etching. DRIE produces hydrophobic fluorocarbon-coated internal pore walls. The small pore sizes and large pore-pore separations used resulted in steady-state voltammograms for the transfer of tetramethylammonium cation (TMA(+)) from the aqueous to the organic phase, whereas the reverse voltammetric sweeps were peak-shaped. These asymmetric voltammograms are consistent with the location of the ITIES at the aqueous side of the silicon membrane such that the organic phase fills the micropores. Comparison of the experimental currents to calculated currents for an inlaid disc micro-interface revealed that the interfaces were slightly recessed, up to 10 microm (or 10% of the pore length) in one case. Facilitated ion transfer, with an organic-phase ionophore, confirmed the location of the organic phase within the pores. These microporous silicon membranes offer opportunities for various analytical operations, including enhancing the rate of mass transport to ITIES-based sensing devices and stabilization of the ITIES for hydrodynamic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zazpe
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College, Cork, Ireland
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Berduque A, Scanlon MD, Collins CJ, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemistry of non-redox-active poly(propylenimine) and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers at liquid-liquid interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:7356-64. [PMID: 17516665 DOI: 10.1021/la063294w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemistry of a series of dendrimers was examined at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES), enabling study of non-redox-active dendrimers. Different generations of poly(propylenimine) (DAB-AM-n) and poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were studied. In their protonated states, the dendrimers were transferred across the ITIES, with the electrochemical behavior observed depending on the dendrimer family, the generation number, and the experimental pH. The electrochemistry of the lower generations studied was characterized by well-defined peaks for both dendrimer families and with small peak-peak separations in the case of the PAMAM family. The voltammetry of the higher generations was more complex, showing distorted voltammograms and instability of the interface. The charges of the transferring dendrimers were calculated by convolution of the voltammetric data and were similar to the theoretical charges for DAB-AM-n. For PAMAM, only the lowest generation exhibited reversible behavior, with higher generations having irreversible behavior. Using cyclic voltammetry, low micromolar concentrations of the dendrimers were detected. The results show that electrochemistry at the ITIES can be a useful method for characterization of ionizable dendrimers and that voltammetry can be a simple method for detection of low concentrations of these multicharged species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Berduque
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College, Cork, Ireland
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22
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Ionode detection and capillary electrophoresis integrated on a polymer micro-chip. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Application of electrodes modified with ion-exchange polymers for the amperometric detection of non-redox cations and anions in combination to ion chromatography. Electrochim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wilke S, Schürz R, Wang H. Amperometric Ion Detection in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis by Ion Transfer across a Liquid−Liquid Microinterface. Anal Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ac0011890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wilke
- Department of Chemistry (Merseburg), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Ronald Schürz
- Department of Chemistry (Merseburg), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Hanming Wang
- Department of Chemistry (Merseburg), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany
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Senda M, Katano H, Kubota Y. Stripping Analysis Using Ion-Transfer Voltammetry at Liquid/Liquid Interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20010445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Principles and theory of stripping ion-transfer voltammetry at the organic solvent (O)/water (W) interface are described, in which a thin O-film is used to preconcentrate an ionic substance by electroextraction followed by stripping analysis using linear sweep voltammetry or normal pulse voltammetry. For ease of handling, the thin O-film was gelled by adding poly(vinyl chloride) to make an O-gel electrode. Lead(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) ions behave reversibly or quasi-reversibly in voltammetric transfer at the O/W interface assisted by 5,6-diphenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazine (DPT) present in the O-phase. Thus, these ions at trace levels can be determined using stripping ion-transfer voltammetry with the O(DPT)-gel electrode. The detection limit was as low as a few tens of nmol/l of these ions. Simultaneous determination of two or more ions is possible when their half-wave potentials of ion transfer are reasonably separated.
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Jadhav S, Bakker E. Selectivity behavior and multianalyte detection capability of voltammetric ionophore-based plasticized polymeric membrane sensors. Anal Chem 2001; 73:80-90. [PMID: 11195516 DOI: 10.1021/ac000569i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current response features ofvoltammetric ion-selective polymeric membranes doped with neutral ionophores in view of practical sensor development are elucidated. The membranes are designed to extract ions only under applied external potentials and interrogated by normal-pulse voltammetry and pulsed amperometry. They contain two polarizable interfaces to avoid loss of lipophilic ions at the sample side and to maximize the available potential window. A simple theoretical model is developed that describes the observed current at the end of an uptake pulse to the applied membrane potential, which is the sum of both boundary potentials (at the sample and inner electrolyte side) and the membrane internal iR drop. The results describe how the selectivity of the resulting sensor must be dependent on the applied potential. Evidently, the role of the applied potential is akin to incorporating lipophilic cationic and anionic sites with potentiometric ionophore-based membranes, which are well known to considerably affect membrane selectivity and to define the charge type of the assessed ions. This has important implications for sensor design, as the applied cell potential can be used to tune sensor selectivity. Theory also explains the role of the inner electrolyte on sensor behavior. A maximum measuring range is expected with ions in the inner electrolyte that are difficult to extract into the membrane. This corresponds to Kihara's experimental results and contrasts to common ion-selective electrode practice, where a salt of the analyte ion is normally present in the inner electrolyte. Separate and mixed solution experiments with membranes containing the sodium-selective ionophore tert-butyl calix[4]arene tetramethyl ester and the lithium ionophore ETH 1810 agree very well with theoretical expectations. Multianalyte detection capability with a single sensing membrane is demonstrated in a selectivity-modifying pulsed amperometric detection mode, where each applied voltage yields a different practical selectivity of the sensor. The sensor is altered from being sodium to potassium selective as the magnitude of the applied potential is repetitively varied within the pulse sequence. The sensors show high long-term stability under continuous measuring conditions over 15 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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Beriet C, Ferrigno R, Girault H. Simulation of the chronoamperometric response of a regular array of micro-disc electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Reymond F, Fermı́n D, Lee HJ, Girault HH. Electrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces: methodology and potential applications. Electrochim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Senda M, Katano H, Yamada M. Amperometric ion-selective electrode. Voltammetric theory and analytical applications at high concentration and trace levels. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jadhav S, Bakker E. Voltammetric and amperometric transduction for solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors. Anal Chem 1999; 71:3657-64. [PMID: 10489520 DOI: 10.1021/ac990195x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes basic response features of solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors with voltammetric and amperometric transduction. The model systems used here contain no ionophore for simplicity reasons. Reasonable simplifications of the theory are introduced that allow one to understand the response mechanism in view of a practical application of these sensors. It is shown that ion-sensing membranes preferentially contain no ion-exchanger properties in order to function optimally in a voltammetric mode. As with the systems studied by Kihara, both liquid-polymer interfaces of the membrane are preferably polarizable. Specifically, they contain the highly lipophilic electrolyte tetradodecylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (ETH 500) in the membrane to improve lifetime, increase the magnitude of the potential window, and prohibit exchange reactions with sample ions. An ohmic behavior that is associated with an assisted electrolyte-transfer process is observed only above a threshold potential which can be quantitatively predicted by theory. The threshold potential depends on the nature and activity of sample anions and cations in the sample and inner filling solution of the membrane electrode. Within the experimental conditions discussed in this paper, these sensors seem to measure sample ion activities, not concentrations, since the rate-limiting step is the diffusion of extracted ions away from the interface into the membrane bulk. Similarly, no effect of sample stirring on the measured current is observed. This contrasts to work done on liquid-liquid electrolyte-transfer reactions, where large diffusion coefficients in the organic phase often lead to substantial sample depletion effects. The detection of anions and cations with the same membrane is demonstrated in a cyclic voltammetric mode. Direct continuous detection of one type of anion is accomplished by pulsed amperometry to ensure a rapid, repetitive renewal of the membrane composition between measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Aubuur University, Alabama 36849, USA
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Amperometric ion-selective electrode. Voltammetric theory and analytical applications at high concentration and trace levels. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Josserand J, Morandini J, Lee HJ, Ferrigno R, Girault HH. Finite element simulation of ion transfer reactions at a single micro-liquid∣liquid interface supported on a thin polymer film. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Walcarius A, Mariaulle P, Louis C, Lamberts L. Amperometric Detection of Nonelectroactive Cations in Electrolyte-Free Flow Systems at Zeolite Modified Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199905)11:6<393::aid-elan393>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lee HJ, Beriet C, Girault HH. Amperometric detection of alkali metal ions on micro-fabricated composite polymer membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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