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Heiligenthal L, van der Loh M, Polack M, Blaha ME, Moschütz S, Keim A, Sträter N, Belder D. Analysis of double-emulsion droplets with ESI mass spectrometry for monitoring lipase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis at nanoliter scale. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6977-6987. [PMID: 35995875 PMCID: PMC9436884 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic double-emulsion droplets allow the realization and study of biphasic chemical processes such as chemical reactions or extractions on the nanoliter scale. Double emulsions of the rare type (o1/w/o2) are used here to realize a lipase-catalyzed reaction in the non-polar phase. The surrounding aqueous phase induces the transfer of the hydrophilic product from the core oil phase, allowing on-the-fly MS analysis in single double droplets. A microfluidic two-step emulsification process is developed to generate the (o1/w/o2) double-emulsion droplets. In this first example of microfluidic double-emulsion MS coupling, we show in proof-of-concept experiments that the chemical composition of the water layer can be read online using ESI–MS. Double-emulsion droplets were further employed as two-phase micro-reactors for the hydrolysis of the lipophilic ester p-nitrophenyl palmitate catalyzed by the Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB). Finally, the formation of the hydrophilic reaction product p-nitrophenol within the double-emulsion droplet micro-reactors is verified by subjecting the double-emulsion droplets to online ESI–MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heiligenthal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie van der Loh
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Polack
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian E Blaha
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Moschütz
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Keim
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Hartvig RA, Méndez MA, Weert MVD, Jorgensen L, Østergaard J, Girault HH, Jensen H. Interfacial Complexes between a Protein and Lipophilic Ions at an Oil−Water Interface. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7699-705. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101528r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rune A. Hartvig
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel A. Méndez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco van de Weert
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lene Jorgensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Méndez MA, Prudent M, Su B, Girault HH. Peptide−Phospholipid Complex Formation at Liquid−Liquid Interfaces. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9499-507. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Méndez
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Prudent
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bin Su
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Watarai H, Oyama H. In Situ Measurements of Aggregation and Disaggregation of Cu(II) Complex at Liquid/Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8348-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8008719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Watarai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Oyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
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A NMR, X-ray, and DFT combined study on the regio-chemistry of nucleophilic addition to platinum(II) coordinated terminal olefins. J Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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PRUDENT M, MÉNDEZ MA, GIRAULT HH. Biphasic Electrospray Ionization for the Study of Interfacial Complexes. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1399-404. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel PRUDENT
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Manuel A. MÉNDEZ
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Hubert H. GIRAULT
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
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Oyama H, Ohashi A, Watarai H. Complex Formation of Copper(II) and Iron(II) with Octadecyloxythiazolylazophenol at the Heptane-Water Interface. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:1543-7. [PMID: 15566147 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The complex formation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) with a hydrophobic ligand, 5-(octadecyloxy)-2-(2-thiazolylazo)phenol (TARC18), was investigated in the heptane/water system by the high-speed stirring spectrometry and the micro-two phase flow ESI/MS method. At first, the dissociation constant of TARC18 at the heptane/water interface was determined as pKa = 7.11. The interfacial complexation of the ligand with Cu(II) and Fe(II) under stirred conditions progressed with an increase of the pH. The experimental results showed that a 1:1 complex of Cu(II) and TARC18 was formed at the interface, but was hardly extracted into the heptane phase. On the other hand, the 1:2 complex of Fe(II) with TARC18 formed at the interface was significantly extracted into the heptane phase. The extraction constants and interfacial complex formation constants were estimated for the two systems from the experimental results, and all of the reaction schemes, including the interfacial reactions, were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Oyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Ku BK, Fernandez de la Mora J, Saucy DA, Alexander JN. Mass Distribution Measurement of Water-Insoluble Polymers by Charge-Reduced Electrospray Mobility Analysis. Anal Chem 2003; 76:814-22. [PMID: 14750880 DOI: 10.1021/ac034594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) seeded with 5% trifluoroacetic acid is identified as a singular buffer, polar enough to produce fine electrospray drops, yet having excellent solubility for many industrial polymers such as polystyrene (PSR) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Four PSR mass standards (M = 9.2, 34.5, 68, and 170 kDa) with narrow mass distributions are electrosprayed from their solutions in this buffer. The high charge on the resulting ions is reduced to unity with a radioactive source, whereby their electrical mobility distributions, determined by a differential mobility analyzer, yield unambiguously their size distribution. Each standard produces (at high solution concentration) several mobility peaks associated with the formation of particles containing from one to six polymer molecules, used to establish a relation Z(M) between electrical mobility Z and polymer mass. Within the indeterminacy given by inaccuracies in the nominal masses of the standards, this relation indicates that the polymers form spherical balls with a density close to the bulk density of polystyrene, as seen previously with poly(ethylene glycol) chains. Good mobility spectra from the same buffer are also obtained for PMMA (M = 49 kDa). Because NMP is less conductive and contains more involatile impurities than common aqueous buffers, the electrospray ions formed tend to carry a small contaminant crust, which distorts the inferred mass distribution unless a high spray quality is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon Ki Ku
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA.
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Watarai H, Tsukahara S, Nagatani H, Ohashi A. Interfacial Nanochemistry in Liquid–Liquid Extraction Systems. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.76.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:765-776. [PMID: 12125010 DOI: 10.1002/jms.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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