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Chen Y, Miura Y, Sakurai T, Chen Z, Shrestha R, Kato S, Okada E, Ukawa S, Nakagawa T, Nakamura K, Tamakoshi A, Chiba H, Imai H, Minami H, Mizuta M, Hui SP. Comparison of dimension reduction methods on fatty acids food source study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18748. [PMID: 34548525 PMCID: PMC8455623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum fatty acids (FAs) exist in the four lipid fractions of triglycerides (TGs), phospholipids (PLs), cholesteryl esters (CEs) and free fatty acids (FFAs). Total fatty acids (TFAs) indicate the sum of FAs in them. In this study, four statistical analysis methods, which are independent component analysis (ICA), factor analysis, common principal component analysis (CPCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were conducted to uncover food sources of FAs among the four lipid fractions (CE, FFA, and TG + PL). Among the methods, ICA provided the most suggestive results. To distinguish the animal fat intake from endogenous fatty acids, FFA variables in ICA and factor analysis were studied. ICA provided more distinct suggestions of FA food sources (endogenous, plant oil intake, animal fat intake, and fish oil intake) than factor analysis. Moreover, ICA was discovered as a new approach to distinguish animal FAs from endogenous FAs, which will have an impact on epidemiological studies. In addition, the correlation coefficients between a published dataset of food FA compositions and the loading values obtained in the present ICA study suggested specific foods as serum FA sources. In conclusion, we found that ICA is a useful tool to uncover food sources of serum FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miura
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakurai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Rojeet Shrestha
- Patients Choice Laboratories, 7026 Corporate Dr, Indianapolis, IN, 46278, USA
| | - Sota Kato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Emiko Okada
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ukawa
- Research Unit of Advanced Interdisciplinary Care Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | | | - Koshi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Sapporo, 007-0894, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Imai
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Computer Science and Information Technology Mathematical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Minami
- Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0811, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizuta
- Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0811, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan.
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