1
|
Sun M, Smith GD. Photolytic Mass Loss of Humic Substances Measured with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:1623-1633. [PMID: 39166259 PMCID: PMC11331507 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory studies have shown that photolytic mass loss can be a significant sink for secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Here, we use a quartz crystal microbalance to measure mass loss of Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) and Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA), surrogates for SOA, exposed to 254, 300, and 405 nm radiation over the course of 24 h. We find that the photolytic mass loss rates of these materials are comparable to those for laboratory-generated limonene and toluene SOA material from the study of Baboomian et al, ACS Earth Space Chem. 2020, 4, 1078. Scaling our results to ambient conditions, we estimate that humic substances in aerosols can lose as much as 8% by mass in the first day of exposure in the atmosphere, equivalent to 0.025% of J NO2 , the photolysis rate of nitrogen dioxide. By using zero air instead of nitrogen, we also find that the presence of oxygen accelerates the photolytic mass loss rate by a factor of 2 to 4 at all wavelengths suggesting a potential role for reactive oxygen species. UV photolysis of an aqueous SRFA solution demonstrated both photobleaching at UV wavelengths and photoenhancement at visible wavelengths. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometric analysis showed that condensed-phase SRFA photolysis led to decreased intensity in the 100-300 m/z range while aqueous SRFA photolysis resulted in an increase in intensity in the same range. This work reaffirms that photolytic mass loss is a potentially significant sink for SOA, but only on the time scale of a day or two and demonstrates that SRHA and SRFA are suitable surrogates for atmospheric SOA with respect to photolytic mass loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geoffrey D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muraveva V, Lomadze N, Gordievskaya YD, Ortner P, Beta C, Santer S. Manipulation of artificial and living small objects by light driven diffusioosmotic flow. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18342. [PMID: 39112635 PMCID: PMC11306628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Here we report on light-triggered generation of local flow utilizing a bio-compatible non-ionic photo-active surfactant. The mechanism is based on diffusioosmotic phenomenon, where the gradient of relative concentration with respect to different chemical species near a surface leads to an osmotic pressure gradient driving liquid flow along the surface. The application of a photo-responsive surfactant allows for easy and reversible changes in concentration gradient by positioning a light source at the desired place. Along with the so-inscribed concentration gradient one can change reversible the direction and strength of the flow even in a closed system. The phenomenology of light-driven diffusioosmotic flow (LDDO) can be used in a rather flexible way: colloids can be gathered or dispersed and bio-compatibility extends the range of colloid types also to living microorganisms such as soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida. We show that DO flow can be considered a versatile method to set hydrodynamic conditions along the sample for investigating the motility of living cells. Further advantages of employing LDDO are the flexibility of flow generation in a reversible way and with spatiotemporal control, without the need to either change the channel geometry by loading a different device, or the periphery of pumps and connectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Muraveva
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nino Lomadze
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yulia D Gordievskaya
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philipp Ortner
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carsten Beta
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ortner P, Umlandt M, Lomadze N, Santer S, Bekir M. Artifact Correction of Light Induced Detuning in QCM-D Experiments. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15645-15655. [PMID: 37831755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) has become an efficient and versatile measurement technique for investigating in situ the external stimuli responsiveness such as pH, temperature, or chemical gradients of surface-active substances at solid-liquid interfaces. However, light responsive adsorption investigation is more challenging presumably since the quartz crystal itself reacts to optical stimulation, showing frequency and dissipation shifts known as light induced detuning (LID). This yields an effective measurement artifact and makes data interpretation with respect to dynamic interactions of light responsive materials rather challenging. Here we introduce a simple guideline for correcting the artifacts of the QCM sensor response on irradiation to ensure quantitative analysis for light responsive materials via OCM-D. We also show that the LID depends on the adsorption properties of the sensor and the solvent properties (ionic concentration or viscosity), providing a guideline to minimize impact of the LID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ortner
- Department of Smart Soft Matter, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maren Umlandt
- Department of Smart Soft Matter, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nino Lomadze
- Department of Smart Soft Matter, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Department of Smart Soft Matter, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marek Bekir
- Department of Smart Soft Matter, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Investigation on Mass Sensitivity of N-M Type Electrode Quartz Crystal Microbalance. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19092125. [PMID: 31071973 PMCID: PMC6539312 DOI: 10.3390/s19092125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mass sensitivity plays a crucial role in the practical application of quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs)-based quantitative analysis. n-m type QCMs have many applications, so it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the mass sensitivity and the electrode of the n-m type QCM. The performance of gold-plated films with different electrodes was studied by theoretical calculation and experiment. The results show that the mass sensitivity on the surface of the n electrode and the surface of the m electrode are essentially the same. Meanwhile, the mass sensitivity of n-m type QCMs varies with the diameter of the n and m electrodes. When the diameter of the n electrode is close to half the diameter of the m electrode, mass sensitivity is at maximum value. These results are important for the further designs and applications of n-m type QCMs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tomecek D, Hruska M, Fitl P, Vlcek J, Maresova E, Havlova S, Patrone L, Vrnata M. Phthalocyanine Photoregeneration for Low Power Consumption Chemiresistors. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2558-2565. [PMID: 30431256 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that the applicability of phthalocyanine chemiresistors suffers from long recovery time after NO2 exposure. This circumstance enforces the necessity to operate the sensors at elevated temperatures (150-200 °C), which shortens the sensor lifetime and increases its power consumption (regardless, a typical measurement period is longer than 15 min). In this paper, we propose a new method for fast and effective recovery by UV-vis illumination at a low temperature (55 °C). The method is based on short illumination following short NO2 exposure. To support and optimize the method, we investigated the effects of light in the wavelength and intensity ranges of 375-850 nm and 0.2-0.8 mW/mm2, respectively, on the rate of NO2 desorption from the phthalocyanine sensitive layer during the recovery period. This investigation was carried out for a set of phthalocyanine materials (ZnPc, CuPc, H2Pc, PbPc, and FePc) operating at slightly elevated temperatures (55-100 °C) and was further supported by the analysis of UV-vis and FTIR spectral changes. We found out that the light with the wavelength shorter than 550 nm significantly accelerates the NO2 desorption from ZnPc, CuPc, and FePc, and allows bringing the measurement period under 2 min and decreasing the sensor power consumption by 75%. Possible mechanisms of the light-stimulated desorption are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Tomecek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague;
Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 − Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hruska
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague;
Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 − Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Premysl Fitl
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague;
Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 − Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vlcek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague;
Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 − Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Maresova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague;
Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 − Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Havlova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague;
Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 − Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Lionel Patrone
- Aix Marseille
Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP UMR 7334, Yncréa
Méditerranée, ISEN Toulon, Maison du Numérique
et de l’Innovation, Place G. Pompidou, 83000 Toulon, France
| | - Martin Vrnata
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague;
Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 − Dejvice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang X, Bai Q, Pan W, Hu J. Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Approximately Uniform Sensitivity Distribution. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6367-6370. [PMID: 29730932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The nonuniformity of QCMs' mass sensitivity distribution is a disadvantage to practical applications. Through theoretical calculations, we found that common ring electrode QCMs could obtain approximately uniform sensitivity distribution by carefully selecting the inner and outer diameters and mass loading factor of the electrode. A series of experiments were carried out using 10 MHz ring electrode QCMs with an inner diameter of 2 mm, an outer diameter of 5 mm, and a loading factor R of 0.0044. The experimental results proved that its mass sensitivity distribution is approximately uniform. This special designed ring electrode QCMs is suitable and convenient for highly accurate measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhe Huang
- School of Automation Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan 611731 , China
| | - Qingsong Bai
- School of Automation Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan 611731 , China.,Electrical & Computer Engineering Department , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Wei Pan
- School of Automation Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan 611731 , China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- School of Automation Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan 611731 , China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Practical Model of Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Actual Applications. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081785. [PMID: 28771215 PMCID: PMC5579555 DOI: 10.3390/s17081785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A practical model of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is presented, which considers both the Gaussian distribution characteristic of mass sensitivity and the influence of electrodes on the mass sensitivity. The equivalent mass sensitivity of 5 MHz and 10 MHz AT-cut QCMs with different sized electrodes were calculated according to this practical model. The equivalent mass sensitivity of this practical model is different from the Sauerbrey’s mass sensitivity, and the error between them increases sharply as the electrode radius decreases. A series of experiments which plate rigid gold film onto QCMs were carried out and the experimental results proved this practical model is more valid and correct rather than the classical Sauerbrey equation. The practical model based on the equivalent mass sensitivity is convenient and accurate in actual measurements.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin CH, He YS, Lin CH, Fan GT, Chen HK. The use of a milli-whistle as a detector in gas analysis by gas chromatography. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:183-91. [PMID: 24420261 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review introduces a general understanding of the use of a milli-whistle as a gas chromatography (GC) detector in gas analysis, including our research on the methodology and theory associated with a number of different related applications. The milli-whistle is connected to the outlet of a GC capillary, and when the eluted gases and the GC carrier gas pass through it, a sound with a fundamental frequency is produced. The sound wave can be picked up by a microphone or an accelerometer, and after a fast Fourier transform, the online data obtained for frequency-change vs. retention time constitute a new method for detecting gases. The first part of this review discusses the fundamentals of the milli-whistle. Some modifications are also discussed, including various types of whistles and an attempt to maximize the sensitivity and stability of the method. The second part then focuses on several practical applications, including an analysis of hydrogen released from ammonia borane, inorganic gases produced from fireworks, the CO2/O2 ratio from expired human breath and a purity test for alcohols. These studies show that the GC-whistle method has great potential for use as a fast sampling ionization method, and for the direct analysis of biological and chemical samples at under ambient conditions.
Collapse
|