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Naróg D, Sobkowiak A. Electrochemistry of Flavonoids. Molecules 2023; 28:7618. [PMID: 38005343 PMCID: PMC10674230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents a description of the available data from the literature on the electrochemical properties of flavonoids. The emphasis has been placed on the mechanism of oxidation processes and an attempt was made to find a general relation between the observed reaction paths and the structure of flavonoids. Regardless of the solvent used, three potential regions related to flavonoid structures are characteristic of the occurrence of their electrochemical oxidation. The potential values depend on the solvent used. In the less positive potential region, flavonoids, which have an ortho dihydroxy moiety, are reversibly oxidized to corresponding o-quinones. The o-quinones, if they possess a C3 hydroxyl group, react with water to form a benzofuranone derivative (II). In the second potential region, (II) is irreversibly oxidized. In this potential region, some flavonoids without an ortho dihydroxy moiety can also be oxidized to the corresponding p-quinone methides. The oxidation of the hydroxyl groups located in ring A, which are not in the ortho position, occurs in the third potential region at the most positive values. Some discrepancies in the reported reaction mechanisms have been indicated, and this is a good starting point for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Naróg
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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García-Jareño JJ, Agrisuelas J, Vicente F. Overview and Recent Advances in Hyphenated Electrochemical Techniques for the Characterization of Electroactive Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4226. [PMID: 37374409 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A hyphenated electrochemical technique consists of the combination of the coupling of an electrochemical technique with a non-electrochemical technique, such as spectroscopical and optical techniques, electrogravimetric techniques, and electromechanical techniques, among others. This review highlights the development of the use of this kind of technique to appreciate the useful information which can be extracted for the characterization of electroactive materials. The use of time derivatives and the acquisition of simultaneous signals from different techniques allow extra information from the crossed derivative functions in the dc-regime to be obtained. This strategy has also been effectively used in the ac-regime, reaching valuable information about the kinetics of the electrochemical processes taking place. Among others, molar masses of exchanged species or apparent molar absorptivities at different wavelengths have been estimated, increasing the knowledge of the mechanisms for different electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan García-Jareño
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Agrisuelas
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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3
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Narog D, Sobkowiak A. Electrochemical investigation of some flavonoids in aprotic media. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Zheng M, Cui J, Liu Z, Liu C, Liu S. Rapid screening and evaluation of XOD inhibitors and O
2
•−
scavenger from total flavonoids of
Ginkgo biloba
leaves by LC–MS and multimode microplate reader. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4852. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Central LaboratoryChangchun Normal University Changchun China
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Central LaboratoryChangchun Normal University Changchun China
| | - Meiqi Zhou
- The Central LaboratoryChangchun Normal University Changchun China
| | - Meizhu Zheng
- The Central LaboratoryChangchun Normal University Changchun China
| | - Jing Cui
- The Central LaboratoryChangchun Normal University Changchun China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Chunming Liu
- The Central LaboratoryChangchun Normal University Changchun China
| | - Shu Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
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Heřmánková E, Zatloukalová M, Biler M, Sokolová R, Bancířová M, Tzakos AG, Křen V, Kuzma M, Trouillas P, Vacek J. Redox properties of individual quercetin moieties. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:240-251. [PMID: 31381971 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is one of the most prominent and widely studied flavonoids. Its oxidation has been previously investigated only indirectly by comparative analyses of structurally analogous compounds, e.g. dihydroquercetin (taxifolin). To provide direct evidence about the mechanism of quercetin oxidation, we employed selective alkylation procedures for the step-by-step blocking of individual redox active sites, i.e. the catechol, resorcinol and enol C-3 hydroxyls, as represented by newly prepared quercetin derivatives 1-3. Based on the structure-activity relationship (SAR), electrochemical, and computational (density functional theory) studies, we can clearly confirm that quercetin is oxidized in the following steps: the catechol moiety is oxidized first, forming the benzofuranone derivative via intramolecular rearrangement mechanism; therefore the quercetin C-3 hydroxy group cannot be involved in further oxidation reactions or other biochemical processes. The benzofuranone is oxidized subsequently, followed by oxidation of the resorcinol motif to complete the electrochemical cascade of reactions. Derivatization of individual quercetin hydroxyls has a significant effect on its redox behavior, and, importantly, on its antiradical and stability properties, as shown in DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging assays and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. The SAR data reported here are instrumental for future studies on the oxidation of biologically or technologically important flavonoids and other polyphenols or polyhydroxy substituted aromatics. This is the first complete and direct study mapping redox properties of individual moieties in quercetin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Heřmánková
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zatloukalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Biler
- INSERM U1248, Univ. Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Romana Sokolová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bancířová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM U1248, Univ. Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France; RCPTM, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Cyclic voltammetry and voltabsorptometry studies of redox mechanism of lumazine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Electrochemical behaviour of antioxidants: Part 2. Electrochemical oxidation mechanism of quercetin at glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-wall carbon nanotubes. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ramešová Š, Degano I, Sokolová R. Two oxidation pathways of bioactive flavonol rhamnazin under ambient conditions. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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In situ monitoring of chlorpromazine radical intermediate by spectroelectrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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Barnes JS, Schug KA. Oxidative degradation of quercetin with hydrogen peroxide using continuous-flow kinetic electrospray-ion trap-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4322-4331. [PMID: 24758471 DOI: 10.1021/jf500619x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The time-dependent hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative degradation of aqueous quercetin at pH 7.4 was measured using an in-house-built online continuous-flow device made of concentric capillary tubes, modified to fit a photodiode array (PDA) detector and the inlet of an electrospray ionization-ion trap-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ESI-IT-TOF-MS). As the reaction time was increased, the deprotonated quercetin ion signal, [Q - H](-), decreased, and the formation of degradation product ions was observed. Structures for degradation product ions were proposed using higher order tandem mass spectrometry (up to MS(3)) and high mass accuracy. The determined degradation pathways included oxidation, hydroxylation, cyclic peroxylation, ring cleavage, and small molecule loss. The most intense degradation product observed was 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate, which was proposed to be the end point of the peroxylation pathway and the favored degradation pathway under these conditions. This pathway is believed to be the result of nucleophilic attack by hydrogen peroxide at the C2 position of quercetin. This was followed by a cross ring cyclic peroxylation event at C2-C4, which resulted in an intermediate depside that was defined by C-ring-opening due to loss of C3-OH and cleavage of the peroxy bond. Further cleavage of the depside resulted in the 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate. A sodiated pseudo adduct of the dimerized trihydroxybenzoate was believed to be induced under electrospray conditions. A computational study was performed to justify the position within the C-ring for both the attack by nucleophilic oxidants and the cyclic peroxylated intermediate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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Zhang WW, He XL, Deng N, Wang Y, He JB. Monitoring of intermediates of clioquinol electro-oxidation by thin-layer spectral and electrophoretic electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Chen YJ, Deng N, Hu B, Wang Y, He JB. Thin layer-based spectral and electrophoretic study of electro-oxidation of solid ellagic acid. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2001-8. [PMID: 24495249 DOI: 10.1021/jp4097259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acquisition of data from both in situ spectroscopy detection and online chromatography-like separation is important for studying complex electrochemical reactions. The present work provides an example of combination of thin-layer spectral and electrophoretic electrochemistry, both based on thin-layer electrolysis. Two thin-layer electrochemical cells were used to investigate the electro-oxidation of solid ellagic acid at different potentials, in acidic, physiological, and alkaline buffer media. UV-vis spectra and cyclic voltabsorptograms of the oxidation products were recorded in situ without interference from the solid reactant. Four oxidation products, depending upon the buffer pH and the applied potential, were separated and detected by electrophoretic electrochemistry. The major products possess redox stability, possibly with a diquinonemethide structure. The minor product is considered as an o-quinone derivative with a lactone-ring-opening, which can be reduced or further oxidized at appropriate potentials. A consecutive-parallel reaction mechanism is proposed for the formation of four products of ellagic acid in different pH media, which enriches the knowledge about the oxidation pathway and antioxidant property of this biologically active polyphenol compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiao Chen
- Anhui Key Lab of Controllable Chemical Reaction & Material Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009, China
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Ramešová Š, Sokolová R, Tarábek J, Degano I. The oxidation of luteolin, the natural flavonoid dye. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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A chip-type thin-layer electrochemical cell coupled with capillary electrophoresis for online separation of electrode reaction products. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 786:159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mülazımoğlu AD, Yılmaz E, Mülazımoğlu IE. Dithiooxamide modified glassy carbon electrode for the studies of non-aqueous media: electrochemical behaviors of quercetin on the electrode surface. SENSORS 2012; 12:3916-28. [PMID: 22666010 PMCID: PMC3355391 DOI: 10.3390/s120403916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of quercetin, as an important biological molecule, has been studied in non-aqueous media using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To investigate the electrochemical properties of quercetin, an important flavonoid derivative, on a different surface, a new glassy carbon electrode has been developed using dithiooxamide as modifier in non-aqueous media. The surface modification of glassy carbon electrode has been performed within the 0.0 mV and +800 mV potential range with 20 cycles using 1 mM dithioxamide solution in acetonitrile. However, the modification of quercetin to both bare glassy carbon and dithiooxamide modified glassy carbon electrode surface was carried out in a wide +300 mV and +2,800 mV potential range with 10 cycles. Following the modification process, cyclic voltammetry has been used for the surface characterization in aqueous and non-aqueous media whereas electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been used in aqueous media. Scanning electron microscopy has also been used to support the surface analysis. The obtained data from the characterization and modification studies of dithioxamide modified and quercetin grafted glassy carbon electrode showed that the developed electrode can be used for the quantitative determination of quercetin and antioxidant capacity determination as a chemical sensor electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşen Demir Mülazımoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmet Keleşoğlu Education Faculty, Konya University, 42099 Konya, Turkey.
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Ziyatdinova G, Aytuganova I, Nizamova A, Morozov M, Budnikov H. Cyclic voltammetry of natural flavonoids on MWNT-modified electrode and their determination in pharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The determination of rutin, quercetin and taxifolin in pharmaceutical dosage forms using cyclic voltammetry on multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (MWNT-GCE) has been developed. The surface of the electrode created has been characterized by atomic force microscopy. Electrode modification with MWNT increases the surface average roughness (190-fold) and structures it. There are two oxidation steps at 0.22 and 0.80, 0.23 and 0.80, 0.26 and 0.86 V on cyclic voltammograms of taxifolin, quercetin and rutin, respectively, in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.4. The linear dynamic range is 1.4–28 and 28–210, 2.0–220 and 0.52–210 μM with detection limits of 0.71, 1.0 and 0.26 μM for rutin, quercetin and taxifolin, respectively. The relative standard deviation of flavonoids determination in pharmaceuticals does not exceed of 7%. The data obtained are in good agreement with coulometric determination.
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Sokolová R, Ramešová Š, Degano I, Hromadová M, Gál M, Žabka J. The oxidation of natural flavonoid quercetin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3433-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc18018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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