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Kageyama H, Ma T, Sato M, Komiya M, Tadaki D, Hirano-Iwata A. New Aspects of Bilayer Lipid Membranes for the Analysis of Ion Channel Functions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12090863. [PMID: 36135882 PMCID: PMC9501126 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) is the main structural component of cell membranes, in which various membrane proteins are embedded. Artificially formed BLMs have been used as a platform in studies of the functions of membrane proteins, including various ion channels. In this review, we summarize recent advances that have been made on artificial BLM systems for the analysis of ion channel functions. We focus on two BLM-based systems, cell-membrane mimicry and four-terminal BLM systems. As a cell-membrane-mimicking system, an efficient screening platform for the evaluation of drug side effects that act on a cell-free synthesized channel has been developed, and its prospects for use in personalized medicine will be discussed. In the four-terminal BLMs, we introduce "lateral voltage" to BLM systems as a novel input to regulate channel activities, in addition to the traditional transmembrane voltages. Such state-of-the-art technologies and new system setups are predicted to pave the way for a variety of applications, in both fundamental physiology and in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Kageyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Teng Ma
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Madoka Sato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Maki Komiya
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tadaki
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hirano-Iwata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Ma T, Sato M, Komiya M, Feng X, Tadaki D, Hirano-Iwata A. Advances in Artificial Bilayer Lipid Membranes as a Novel Biosensing Platform: From Drug-screening to Self-assembled Devices. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Madoka Sato
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Maki Komiya
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xingyao Feng
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tadaki
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hirano-Iwata
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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3
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Khangholi N, Seemann R, Fleury JB. Simultaneous measurement of surface and bilayer tension in a microfluidic chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:024117. [PMID: 32549923 PMCID: PMC7188485 DOI: 10.1063/1.5137810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Freestanding lipid bilayers are one of the most used model systems to mimic biological cell membranes. To form an unsupported bilayer, we employ two aqueous fingers in a microfluidic chip surrounded by an oily phase that contains lipids. Upon pushing two aqueous fingers forward, their interface becomes decorated with a lipid monolayer and eventually zip to form a bilayer when the monolayers have nanoscopic contact with each other. Using this straightforward approach, the quick and easy bilayer formation is facilitated by oil draining into the microfluidic device material consisting of polydimethylsiloxane. However, the oil drainage limits the lifetime of a bilayer to about 1 h. We demonstrate that this drainage can be managed, resulting in superior bilayer stability and an increased lifetime of several hours when using a pressure-controlled system. Applying different pressures to the aqueous fingers in the microfluidic chip, the formed bilayer can even be bent to a desired curvature. Extracting the contact angle and the resulting curvature of the bilayer region, for a given applied pressure difference, both the bilayer tension and the surface tension of each lipid monolayer can be derived from a single experiment using the Young Laplace pressure equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Khangholi
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ralf Seemann
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fleury
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Komiya M, Kato M, Tadaki D, Ma T, Yamamoto H, Tero R, Tozawa Y, Niwano M, Hirano‐Iwata A. Advances in Artificial Cell Membrane Systems as a Platform for Reconstituting Ion Channels. CHEM REC 2020; 20:730-742. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Komiya
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical CommunicationTohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Miki Kato
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical CommunicationTohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Daisuke Tadaki
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical CommunicationTohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Teng Ma
- Advanced Institute for Materials ResearchTohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical CommunicationTohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Ryugo Tero
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life ScienceToyohashi University of Technology 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi Aichi 441-8580 Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama University 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi Saitama 338-8570 Japan
| | - Michio Niwano
- Kansei Fukushi Research InstituteTohoku Fukushi University 6-149-1 Kunimi-ga-oka, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Miyagi 989-3201 Japan
| | - Ayumi Hirano‐Iwata
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical CommunicationTohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials ResearchTohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
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NOMOTO T, TAKAHASHI M, FUJII T, CHIARI L, TOYOTA T, FUJINAMI M. Effects of Cholesterol Concentration and Osmolarity on the Fluidity and Membrane Tension of Free-standing Black Lipid Membranes. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1237-1242. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori NOMOTO
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University
| | | | - Takuya FUJII
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University
| | - Luca CHIARI
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University
| | - Taro TOYOTA
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Gaburjakova J, Gaburjakova M. Reconstitution of Ion Channels in Planar Lipid Bilayers: New Approaches. ADVANCES IN BIOMEMBRANES AND LIPID SELF-ASSEMBLY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.abl.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tadaki D, Yamaura D, Araki S, Yoshida M, Arata K, Ohori T, Ishibashi KI, Kato M, Ma T, Miyata R, Tozawa Y, Yamamoto H, Niwano M, Hirano-Iwata A. Mechanically stable solvent-free lipid bilayers in nano- and micro-tapered apertures for reconstitution of cell-free synthesized hERG channels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17736. [PMID: 29255199 PMCID: PMC5735097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembled bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) is the basic component of the cell membrane. The reconstitution of ion channel proteins in artificially formed BLMs represents a well-defined system for the functional analysis of ion channels and screening the effects of drugs that act on them. However, because BLMs are unstable, this limits the experimental throughput of BLM reconstitution systems. Here we report on the formation of mechanically stable solvent-free BLMs in microfabricated apertures with defined nano- and micro-tapered edge structures. The role of such nano- and micro-tapered structures on the stability of the BLMs was also investigated. Finally, this BLM system was combined with a cell-free synthesized human ether-a-go-go-related gene channel, a cardiac potassium channel whose relation to arrhythmic side effects following drug treatment is well recognized. Such stable BLMs as these, when combined with a cell-free system, represent a potential platform for screening the effects of drugs that act on various ion-channel genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tadaki
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daichi Yamaura
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shun Araki
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Miyu Yoshida
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kohei Arata
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohori
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ishibashi
- Hang-Ichi Corporation, 1-7-315 Honcho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 231-0005, Japan
| | - Miki Kato
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Teng Ma
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Miyata
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamamoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Michio Niwano
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi University, 6-149-1 Kunimi-ga-oka, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 989-3201, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hirano-Iwata
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan. .,Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
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8
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Sugawara M. Transmembrane Signaling with Lipid-Bilayer Assemblies as a Platform for Channel-Based Biosensing. CHEM REC 2017; 18:433-444. [PMID: 29135061 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Artificial and natural lipid membranes that elicit transmembrane signaling is are useful as a platform for channel-based biosensing. In this account we summarize our research on the design of transmembrane signaling associated with lipid bilayer membranes containing nanopore-forming compounds. Channel-forming compounds, such as receptor ion-channels, channel-forming peptides and synthetic channels, are embedded in planar and spherical bilayer lipid membranes to develop highly sensitive and selective biosensing methods for a variety of analytes. The membrane-bound receptor approach is useful for introducing receptor sites on both planar and spherical bilayer lipid membranes. Natural receptors in biomembranes are also used for designing of biosensing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Sugawara
- Department of chemistry, College of humanities and sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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ZAMOTO T, TOMINAGA S, NISHIO M, SHOJI A, SUGAWARA M. A Planar Bilayer Lipid Membrane Sensor Using a Miniaturized Auto-patch System. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:1421-1425. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiga ZAMOTO
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Satoshi TOMINAGA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
| | | | | | - Masao SUGAWARA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
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10
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for black lipid membranes fused with channel protein supported on solid-state nanopore. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2016; 45:843-852. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Takei T, Yaguchi T, Fujii T, Nomoto T, Toyota T, Fujinami M. Measurement of membrane tension of free standing lipid bilayers via laser-induced surface deformation spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8641-7. [PMID: 26371704 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01264c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive measurement of the membrane tension of free-standing black lipid membranes (BLMs), with sensitivity on the order of μN m(-1), was achieved using laser-induced surface deformation (LISD) spectroscopy. A BLM was vertically formed via the folding method and aqueous phases with different refractive indices were added on each side in order to induce radiation pressure by a laser beam. The dynamic response of the deformed BLMs was measured under periodic intensity modulation and their tensions could be estimated. The dependence of membrane tension on the cholesterol concentration of BLMs composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was investigated, with the membrane tension increasing from 1.3 μN m(-1) to 68.1 μN m(-1) when the cholesterol concentration increased from zero to 33%. These tension values are much smaller than some of those previously reported, because this method does not suppress membrane fluctuation unlike other conventional methods. Our LISD system can be a promising tool for the measurement of membrane tension in BLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Takei
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Yaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Nomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Taro Toyota
- Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujinami
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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12
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Vijayvergiya V, Acharya S, Poulos J, Schmidt J. Single channel and ensemble hERG conductance measured in droplet bilayers. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:12. [PMID: 25653065 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-014-9919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encodes the potassium channel Kv11.1, which plays a key role in the cardiac action potential and has been implicated in cardiac disorders as well as a number of off-target pharmaceutical interactions. The electrophysiology of this channel has been predominantly studied using patch clamp, but lipid bilayers have the potential to offer some advantages, including apparatus simplicity, ease of use, and the ability to control the membrane and solution compositions. We made membrane preparations from hERG-expressing cells and measured them using droplet bilayers, allowing measurement of channel ensemble currents and 13.5 pS single channel currents. These currents were ion selective and were blockable by E-4031 and dofetilide in a dose-dependent manner, allowing determination of IC50 values of 17 nM and 9.65 μM for E-4031 and dofetilide, respectively. We also observed time- and voltage- dependent currents following step changes in applied potential that were similar to previously reported patch clamp measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viksita Vijayvergiya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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13
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Hirano-Iwata A, Ishinari Y, Yamamoto H, Niwano M. Micro- and Nano-Technologies for Lipid Bilayer-Based Ion-Channel Functional Assays. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1266-74. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201403391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Hirano-Iwata
- CREST (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishinari
- CREST (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Michio Niwano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics; Research Institute of Electrical Communication; Tohoku University; 6-6 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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14
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Sugawara M, Shoji A, Sakamoto M. Pore-forming compounds as signal transduction elements for highly sensitive biosensing. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:119-28. [PMID: 24420253 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming compounds are attracting much attention due to the signal transduction ability for the development of highly sensitive biosensing. In this review, we describe an overview of the recent advances made by our group in the design of molecular sensing interfaces of spherical and planar lipid bilayers and natural bilayers. The potential uses of pore-forming compounds, such as gramicidin and MCM-41, in lipid bilayers and natural glutamate receptor channels in biomembrane are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
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