Open tubular-capillary electrochromatography: Developments and applications from 2013 to 2015

Open tubular CEC (OT-CEC) separates analyte mixtures by a combination of electrophoretic, electro-osmotic, and/or chromatographic effects. OT-CEC research is an active and growing field, with studies encompassing a wide range of investigations related to new strategies for chemical modification of the inner surface of the capillary, leading to the introduction of novel stationary phase coatings. This review has examined the literature on OT-CEC from 2013 to August 2015 and highlights the developments in the fabrication of highly selective stationary phases, based on materials that include cyclodextrin chiral selectors, graphene and graphene oxide, metal-organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, nanoparticles, nanolatex particles, nanocomposites, in situ generated polymers, block polymers, tentacle-type polymers, polyelectrolyte multilayers, polysaccharides, phospholipids, and proteins. This review, while considering the development of novel OT-CEC coating materials, specifically examines different immobilization or coating methodologies and approaches and also discusses the separation mechanisms that occur with these new materials. These OT-CEC coatings are intended mainly to separate low molecular weight molecules relevant to the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries as well as for use in environmental monitoring.

Enantioseparations in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography: Recent advances and applications

This review highlights recent advances and applications in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) for enantioseparations during the last decade. Although extensive research has been conducted in the area of separations by use of CEC, and a big number of reviews have been published, there is not a review on exclusively the use of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in OT-CEC for enantioseparations. Therefore, in this review, the design and synthesis of different CSPs are presented, and their potential applications in OT-CEC for enantioseparations are discussed. The different approaches to CSP development include chiral nanomaterials, porous layers, molecular imprinting, sol-gel technique, polyelectrolyte multilayer coating, polymeric coating and others.