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Katano H, Maruyama M, Uematsu K, Maruyama C, Hamano Y. Separation of an ε-poly-L-lysine derivative by solvent extraction under a controlled interfacial potential difference. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:47-52. [PMID: 37812378 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the availability of a 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE)-water (W) interfacial system under a controlled interfacial potential difference for the separation of polycationic species. The system was applied to the production of polyethylene glycol-modified ε-poly-L-lysine (PEG-εPL). PEG-εPL is produced by a fermentation process, and the crude product contains a significant amount of non-modified εPL, which is hardly separated by conventional chromatographic techniques. Both εPL species exist in fully protonated forms under certain acidic conditions, and an extractant, dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6), associates with their ammonium groups to stabilize the polycations in DCE. Despite the polydispersity of the samples, the εPL and crude PEG-εPL give well-defined cyclic voltammetric waves due to the DB18C6-assisted transfer of the polycations at the polarizable DB18C6 (DCE) | (W, pH ~ 3) interface with midpoint potentials useful for a rough prediction of ion partition equilibria. Thus, the partition experiment was performed using the DB18C6, Bu4N[(CF3SO2)2N] (DCE) | crude PEG-εPL, Li[(CF3SO2)2N] (W, pH ~ 3) interfacial system, of which the potential difference was controlled to enable selective extraction of polycationic PEG-εPL by partition of the [(CF3SO2)2N]- ion. The extract could be collected from the DCE phase and was found to consist of highly purified PEG-εPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Mami Maruyama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Kohei Uematsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Chitose Maruyama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Hamano
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
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Uematsu K, Ueno T, Katano H. Determination of protamine and heparin based on their effects on a glucose oxidase enzymatic reaction. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1561-1566. [PMID: 37243969 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a sensitive method for determining protamine and heparin by utilizing a glucose oxidase enzymatic reaction. Polycationic protamine significantly promoted the enzymatic reaction rate with [Fe(CN)6]3-, so that the increase could be used to determine protamine. The promotion effect was stoichiometrically decreased by the addition of polyanionic heparin through the polyion complex formation with protamine, so that the enzymatic reaction also allowed for the determination of heparin. We thus applied the proposed method to blood plasma containing heparin and found that heparin did not stoichiometrically form a polyion complex with protamine, likely due to strong interactions between heparin and some components of the plasma. The proposed method allowed for the detection of free protamine (and/or weakly binding protamine with heparin) existing in the condition that protamine did not neutralize all of the heparin in the plasma. The method also permitted for the estimation of heparin concentrations using calibration curves. Thus, the proposed method would help reduce the risks of protamine overdose in heparin neutralization and would be a helpful tool in clinical practices that use heparin and protamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Uematsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Ueno
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
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Li S, Mao Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Meng J, Liu X, Bai Y, Guo Y. Recent advances in microbial ε-poly-L-lysine fermentation and its diverse applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:65. [PMID: 35710433 PMCID: PMC9205021 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring homo-polyamide biopolymer, ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) consists of 25-35 L-lysine residues with amide linkages between α-carboxyl groups and ε-amino groups. ɛ-PL exhibits several useful properties because of its unusual structure, such as biodegradability, water solubility, no human toxicity, and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities; it is widely applied in the fields of food, medicine, clinical chemistry and electronics. However, current industrial production of ε-PL is only performed in a few countries. Based on an analysis of the physiological characteristics of ε-PL fermentation, current advances that enhance ε-PL fermentation, from strain improvement to product isolation are systematically reviewed, focusing on: (1) elucidating the metabolic pathway and regulatory mechanism of ε-PL synthesis; (2) enhancing biosynthetic performance through mutagenesis, fermentation optimization and metabolic engineering; and (3) understanding and improving the biological activity and functional properties of ε-PL. Finally, perspectives on engineering and exploiting ε-PL as a source material for the production of various advanced materials are also discussed, providing scientific guidelines for researchers to further improve the ε-PL fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunren Mao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jinhao Meng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunxia Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Wang L, Zhang C, Zhang J, Rao Z, Xu X, Mao Z, Chen X. Epsilon-poly-L-lysine: Recent Advances in Biomanufacturing and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:748976. [PMID: 34650962 PMCID: PMC8506220 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.748976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is a naturally occurring poly(amino acid) of varying polymerization degree, which possesses excellent antimicrobial activity and has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. To provide new perspectives from recent advances, this review compares several conventional and advanced strategies for the discovery of wild strains and development of high-producing strains, including isolation and culture-based traditional methods as well as genome mining and directed evolution. We also summarize process engineering approaches for improving production, including optimization of environmental conditions and utilization of industrial waste. Then, efficient downstream purification methods are described, including their drawbacks, followed by the brief introductions of proposed antimicrobial mechanisms of ε-PL and its recent applications. Finally, we discuss persistent challenges and future perspectives for the commercialization of ε-PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueming Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhonggui Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xusheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Chang SL, Li H, Liu JN, Zhao MX, Tan MH, Xu PW, Wang XD, Wang LW, Yuan XF, Zhao QS, Zhao B. Effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the quality of epsilon-poly-L-lysine products. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Chen X, Diao W, Ma Y, Mao Z. Extraction and purification of ε-poly-l-lysine from fermentation broth using an ethanol/ammonium sulfate aqueous two-phase system combined with ultrafiltration. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29587-29593. [PMID: 35521107 PMCID: PMC9055990 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) serves as a natural food preservative and is manufactured mainly by extraction from microbial fermentation broth using ion-exchange chromatography. In order to develop an alternative purification strategy, an environmentally friendly alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was explored in this study for ε-PL extraction. A study of the separation of ε-PL in different alcohol/salt systems showed that ethanol/ammonium sulfate ATPS exhibited the highest ε-PL partition coefficient and recovery ratio. Based on the phase diagram, the effect of phase composition on partition, and the removal of pigment and protein, an ATPS that was composed of 20% (w/w) ethanol and 20% (w/w) ammonium sulfate, with a feedstock at pH 9.5, was developed to extract ε-PL from the fermentation broth. This achieved an ε-PL recovery ratio of 96.15% with an ε-PL purity of 40.23% after triplicate extractions. Subsequently, desalting by ultrafiltration led to a final ε-PL product of 92.39% purity and 87.72% recovery. The ethanol/ammonium sulfate ATPS provides a new possibility for ε-PL purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China +86 510 85918296 +86 510 85918296
| | - Wenjiao Diao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China +86 510 85918296 +86 510 85918296
| | - Yu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China +86 510 85918296 +86 510 85918296
| | - Zhonggui Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China +86 510 85918296 +86 510 85918296
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Katano H, Kuroda Y, Maruyama C, Hamano Y. Separation of Streptothricin Antibiotics from Culture Broth with Colorimetric Determination Using Dipicrylamine. ANAL SCI 2018; 32:1101-1104. [PMID: 27725611 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier method for the detection and separation of ε-poly-L-lysine using a yellow anionic dye, the dipicrylamine (DPA-) anion, was herein optimized for streptothricin antibiotics (ST), which contains the β-lysine oligopeptides moiety, H-[NH-(CH2)3-CH(NH2)-CH2-CO]n-. We then applied this method to the detection and separation of ST in a commercially available nourseothricin, a mixture of ST species with n = 1, 2, 3, and 4. The ST species were precipitated with the DPA- anion. The precipitate was found to consist of the salts of the fully protonated ST species, STz+ (z = n + 1), with the DPA- anion. The ST(DPA)z precipitate was re-dissolved in acetonitrile. The solution was yellowish, and gave an absorption maximum at around 420 nm. Thus, the equivalent concentration of the ST species referred to the charge numbers of STz+ can be determined colorimetrically. By the addition of bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium chloride, the ST species could be re-precipitated from the acetonitrile solution as hydrochloride salts. All of the ST species were found in the precipitate with high yields. The method was thus successfully applied to the detection and separation of ST species from the culture broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University
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Katano H, Noba S, Sato K, Kimoto H. Solubility-based Separation and Purification of Long-Chain Chitin Oligosaccharides with an Organic-Water Mixed Solvent. ANAL SCI 2018; 33:639-642. [PMID: 28496071 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method for separation and purification of chitin oligosaccharides, (GlcNAc)n, with n ≥ 5 is presented. A commercially available chitin oligosaccharides sample, consisting of (GlcNAc)n with n = 1 - 7, was used as the starting material. Ten milligrams of the material was mixed with 100 μL of the 1 mol/L HCl. All the (GlcNAc)n species were dissolved in the aqueous medium. The aqueous solution was mixed with 900 μL of EtOH; the mixture was centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed to obtain a precipitate. The precipitate was found to consist mainly of (GlcNAc)n with n ≥ 5, indicating the significant difference in solubility between the short-chain (GlcNAc)n species with n ≤ 3 and the longer ones. By the repetition of the operations, a high purity long-chain (GlcNAc)n sample with n ≥ 5 could be prepared successfully. Since the long-chain (GlcNAc)n species are known to have excellent elicitor activity, this sample would be useful in the study of plant pathology, as well as chitin and chitosan chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Shota Noba
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University
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Ushimaru K, Hamano Y, Katano H. Antimicrobial Activity of ε-Poly-l-lysine after Forming a Water-Insoluble Complex with an Anionic Surfactant. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1387-1392. [PMID: 28287712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is one of the few homopoly(amino-acid)s occurring in nature. ε-PL, which possesses multiple amino groups, is highly soluble in water, where it forms the antimicrobial polycationic chain (PLn+). Although the high water-solubility is advantageous for the use of ε-PL as a food preservative, it has limited the applicability of ε-PL as a biopolymer plastic. Here, we report on the preparation and availability of a water-insoluble complex formed with PLn+ and an anionic surfactant, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (BEHS-, is also commercialized as AOT) anion. The PLn+/BEHS--complex, which is soluble in organic solvents, was successfully used as a coating material for a cellulose acetate membrane to create a water-resistant antimicrobial membrane. In addition, the thermoplastic PLn+/BEHS--complex was able to be uniformly mixed with polypropylene by heating, resulting in materials exhibiting antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Ushimaru
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University , 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Hamano
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University , 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University , 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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KATANO H, KURODA Y, TAIRA S, MARUYAMA C, HAMANO Y. Colorimetric Microtiter Plate Assay of Polycationic Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in Culture Broth Using Amaranth. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:499-504. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime KATANO
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University
| | | | - Shu TAIRA
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University
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Uematsu K, Ueno T, Ushimaru K, Maruyama C, Hamano Y, Katano H. Colorimetric method to detect ε-poly-l-lysine using glucose oxidase. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:513-8. [PMID: 27085788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new colorimetric assay method using glucose oxidase (GOx) to detect ε-poly-l-lysine (εPL). This method uses εPL's remarkable effect of promoting the enzymatic reaction of GOx with ferricyanide ion. This reaction reduces ferricyanide ion to ferrocyanide ion, accompanied by a color change from yellow to colorless. In this colorimetric assay, the detection limit of εPL was estimated to be approximately 0.5 mg/L when purified εPL samples were used. εPL has usually been produced by a fermentation process using Streptomyces albulus species. The components of the culture broth showed interference effects against the assay method. However, due to the high sensitivity of the assay method for εPL, εPL could be detected in the culture broth without any pretreatment. The detectable concentration of εPL in the culture broth, cPL,ac, was estimated to be approximately 20 mg/L. By combining the Berlin blue reaction with this method, the cPL,ac was reduced to 10 mg/L. In light of the proposed method's simplicity and sensitivity, it could be useful for screening εPL synthetic enzymes and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Uematsu
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Ueno
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ushimaru
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Chitose Maruyama
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Hamano
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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