1
|
Westwood S, Lippa K, Shimuzu Y, Lalerle B, Saito T, Duewer D, Dai X, Davies S, Ricci M, Baldan A, Lang B, Sarge S, Wang H, Pratt K, Josephs R, Mariassy M, Pfeifer D, Warren J, Bremser W, Ellison S, Toman B, Nelson M, Huang T, Fajgelj A, Gören A, Mackay L, Wielgosz R. Methods for the SI-traceable value assignment of the purity of organic compounds (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The “purity” of an organic compound typically refers, in practice, to an assignment of the mass fraction content of the primary organic component present in the material. The “purity” value of an organic primary calibrator material is the ultimate source of metrological traceability of any quantitative measurement of the content of that compound in a given matrix. The primary calibrator may consist of a Certified Reference Material (CRM) whose purity has been assigned by the CRM producer or a laboratory may choose to value-assign a material to the extent necessary for their intended application by using appropriately valid methods. This report provides an overview of the approach, performance and applicability of the principal methods used to determine organic purity including mass balance, quantitative NMR, thermal methods and direct-assay techniques. A statistical section reviews best practice for combination of data, value assignment as the upper limit values corresponding to 100 % purity are approached and how to report and propagate the standard uncertainty associated with the assigned values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Westwood
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| | - Katrice Lippa
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Beatrice Lalerle
- Laboratoire Nationale de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE) , Paris , France
| | - Takeshi Saito
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - David Duewer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xinhua Dai
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Stephen Davies
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) , North Ryde , NSW , Australia
| | | | - Annarita Baldan
- Nederlands Metrologisch Instituut (VSL) , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Brian Lang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Stefan Sarge
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Haifeng Wang
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Ken Pratt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ralf Josephs
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| | | | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Bremser
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Blaza Toman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Michael Nelson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ting Huang
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Ales Fajgelj
- International Atomic Energy Agency , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ahmet Gören
- Kimya Bölümü, Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi , Gebze , Turkey
| | - Lindsey Mackay
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) , North Ryde , NSW , Australia
| | - Robert Wielgosz
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MIYANO H, NAKAYAMA A. Development of Precolumn Derivatization–LC/MS for Amino-Acid-Focused Metabolomics. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
3
|
Liu H, Cheow PS, Yong S, Chen Y, Liu Q, Teo TL, Lee TK. Determination of purity values of amino acid reference materials by mass balance method: an approach to the quantification of related structure impurities. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:8023-8037. [PMID: 32914399 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A systematic procedure for the determination of purity values of amino acid reference materials was developed by use of mass balance method where four categories of impurities (related structure impurities (RSIs), water, organic solvent residue (OSR), and non-volatile residue (NVR)) were quantified separately. The amount of RSIs was determined using a combination of three quantification methods. To ensure metrological traceability in the determination of RSIs, at least one such impurity in each candidate amino acid reference material was quantified using liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-IDMS/MS). Other RSIs were determined using external calibration liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) derivatization, followed by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) measurement. As the UV absorption of most RSIs came basically from the same chromophore after OPA derivatization, a relative peak area approach was used in the LC-UV method to quantify the amount of RSIs by comparing their peak areas with that of a reference RSI. The reference RSI was pre-selected and the amount determined by LC-IDMS/MS separately. The absence of D-amino acids was confirmed using Marfey's reagent derivatization, followed by LC-UV analysis. The amounts of water, OSR, and NVR were measured using Karl Fischer coulometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thermogravimetry, respectively. By using this procedure, four amino acid (L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-phenylalanine) certified reference materials (CRMs) were developed from the candidate materials. The homogeneity and stability of the CRMs were demonstrated by use of LC-IDMS/MS or OPA-LC-UV method, following the principles in ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35.Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Pui Sze Cheow
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Sharon Yong
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Qinde Liu
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore.
| | - Tang Lin Teo
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Tong Kooi Lee
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kato M, Takatsu A. Amino Acid Analysis by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Coupled with Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2030:111-118. [PMID: 31347113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9639-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe an amino acid analysis that is based on the use of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with isotope dilution mass spectrometry for the accurate quantification of underivatized amino acids from hydrolyzed peptide/protein. Twelve underivatized amino acids were separated and detected during an 88-min runtime. The absolute limits of detection and limits of quantification (on column) of the four amino acids (isoleucine, phenylalanine, proline, and valine) were in the range of 6-80 and 20-200 fmol, respectively. As little as 25 pmol of peptide or protein hydrolysate is sufficient for determining absolute content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kato
- Bio-Medical Standard Group, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Akiko Takatsu
- Bio-Medical Standard Group, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kato M, Yamazaki T, Kato H, Yamanaka N, Takatsu A, Ihara T. Effects of the pH and Concentration on the Stability of Standard Solutions of Proteinogenic Amino Acid Mixtures. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:1241-1245. [PMID: 29129862 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To prepare metrologically traceable amino acid mixed standard solutions, it is necessary to determine the stability of each amino acid present in the mixed solutions. In the present study, we prepared amino acid mixed solutions using certified reference standards of 17 proteinogenic amino acids, and examined the stability of each of these amino acids in 0.1 N HCl. We found that the concentration of glutamic acid decreased significantly during storage. LC/MS analysis indicated that the instability of glutamic acid was due to the partial degradation of glutamic acid to pyroglutamic acid in 0.1 N HCl. Using accelerated degradation tests, we investigated several solvent compositions to improve the stability of glutamic acid in amino acid mixed solution, and determined that the change of the pH by diluting the mixed solution improved the stability of glutamic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kato
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Taichi Yamazaki
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hisashi Kato
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Noriko Yamanaka
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Akiko Takatsu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Toshihide Ihara
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Little RR, Wielgosz RI, Josephs R, Kinumi T, Takatsu A, Li H, Stein D, Burns C. Implementing a Reference Measurement System for C-Peptide: Successes and Lessons Learned. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1447-1456. [PMID: 28646033 PMCID: PMC5575958 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.269274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of endogenous insulin secretion by measuring C-peptide concentrations is widely accepted. Recent studies have shown that preservation of even small amounts of endogenous C-peptide production in patients with type 1 diabetes reduces risks for diabetic complications. Harmonization of C-peptide results will facilitate comparison of data from different research studies and later among clinical laboratory results at different sites using different assay methods. CONTENT This review provides an overview of the general process of harmonization and standardization and the challenges encountered with implementing a reference measurement system for C-peptide. SUMMARY Efforts to harmonize C-peptide results are described, including those by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases-led C-peptide Standardization Committee in the US, activities in Japan, efforts by the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control in the UK, as well as activities led by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and the National Metrology Institute in China. A traceability scheme is proposed along with the next steps for implementation. Suggestions are made for better collaboration to optimize the harmonization process for other measurands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randie R Little
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO;
| | | | - Ralf Josephs
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Tomoya Kinumi
- Bio-Medical Standards Group, National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiko Takatsu
- Bio-Medical Standards Group, National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hongmei Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Stein
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
| | - Chris Burns
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
YAMAZAKI T, EYAMA S, TAKATSU A. Concentration Measurement of Amino Acid in Aqueous Solution by Quantitative 1H NMR Spectroscopy with Internal Standard Method. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:369-373. [PMID: 28302980 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi YAMAZAKI
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Sakae EYAMA
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Akiko TAKATSU
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song J, Wang Y, Liu C, Huang Y, He L, Cai X, Lu J, Liu Y, Wang D. Cordyceps militaris fruit body extract ameliorates membranous glomerulonephritis by attenuating oxidative stress and renal inflammation via the NF-κB pathway. Food Funct 2016; 7:2006-15. [PMID: 27008597 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is a common pathogenesis of nephritic syndrome in adult patients. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) serves as the main transcription factor for the inflammatory response mediated nephropathy. Cordyceps militaris, containing various pharmacological components, has been used as a kind of crude drug and folk tonic food for improving immunity and reducing inflammation. The current study aims to investigate the renoprotective activity of Cordyceps militaris aqueous extract (CM) in the cationic bovine serum albumin (C-BSA)-induced rat model of membranous glomerulonephritis. Significant renal dysfunction was observed in MGN rats; comparatively, 4-week CM administration strongly decreased the levels of 24 h urine protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and increased the levels of serum albumin and total serum protein. Strikingly, recovery of the kidney histological architecture was noted in CM-treated MGN rats. A significant improvement in the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels, and a reduced malondialdehyde concentration were observed in the serum and kidney of CM-treated rats. Altered levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular adhesion molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-α, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, and nuclear transcriptional factor subunit NF-κB p65 reverted to normal levels upon treatment with CM. The present data suggest that CM protects rats against membranous glomerulonephritis via the normalization of NF-κB activity, thereby inhibiting oxidative damage and reducing inflammatory cytokine levels, which further provide experimental evidence in support of the clinical use of CM as an effective renoprotective agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Yingwu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Chungang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110015, China
| | - Liying He
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110015, China
| | - Xueying Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song J, Wang Y, Teng M, Zhang S, Yin M, Lu J, Liu Y, Lee RJ, Wang D, Teng L. Cordyceps militaris induces tumor cell death via the caspase‑dependent mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 and MCF‑7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:5132-40. [PMID: 27109250 PMCID: PMC4878560 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (CM), an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the class ascomycetes, possesses various pharmacological activities, including cytotoxic effects, on various types of human tumor cells. The present study investigated the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and anti-breast cancer effects of CM in in vitro and in vivo models. CM aqueous extract reduced cell viability, suppressed cell proliferation, inhibited cell migration ability, caused the over-release of lactate dehydrogenase, induced mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced apoptotic rates in MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. The expression levels of cleaved poly (ADP ribose) polymerase and caspase-3, biomarkers of apoptosis, were increased following treatment with CM aqueous extract for 24 h. Furthermore, in the MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, enhanced levels of B cell-associated X protein and cleaved caspase-8 were observed in the CM-treated cells. Finally, the antitumor activities of CM in HCC and breast cancer were also confirmed in MCF-7- and HepG2-xengraft nude mice models. Collectively, the data obtained in the present study suggested that the cytotoxic effects of CM aqueous extract on HCC and breast cancer are associated with the caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yingwu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Meiyu Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Mengya Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Robert J Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Lesheng Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|