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HPV and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Brief Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111279. [PMID: 34833157 PMCID: PMC8618609 DOI: 10.3390/life11111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare but severe manifestation of human papillomavirus (HPV). As our knowledge about HPV infections has expanded, it has become possible to understand the course of RRP disease and unravel plausible efficient methods to manage the disease. However, the surge in reports on HPV has not been accompanied by a similar increase in research about RRP specifically. In this paper, we review the clinical manifestation and typical presentation of the illness. In addition, the pathogenesis and progression of the disease are described. On the other hand, we discuss the types of treatments currently available and future treatment strategies. The role of vaccination in both the prevention and treatment of RRP will also be reviewed. We believe this review is essential to update the general knowledge on RRP with the latest information available to date to enhance our understanding of RRP and its management.
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Suh JD, Hur K, Ference EH, Lam DD, Fong A, Correa AJ, Wrobel B. COX-2 Overexpression in Schneiderian Papillomas. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2020; 11:2152656720973689. [PMID: 33343991 PMCID: PMC7731694 DOI: 10.1177/2152656720973689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Schneiderian papillomas (SP) are aggressive sinonasal tumors that occasionally extend into areas that are surgically unresectable. Objective evaluate the signifcance of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in SP. Methods Immunohistochemistry for COX-2 was performed on SP samples and middle turbinates from chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps controls obtained during surgical resection between 2009–2017. A positive stain was defined as having 10% or more cells exhibiting diffuse immunoreactivity. Comparisons were performed using Fisher Exact tests, t-tests, and ANOVA. Results The study included 67 tumor samples and 9 controls from two academic institutions. The mean age of the SP group was 55.4 years and 53.2 years in the control group (p = 0.71). Thirty-nine (58.2%) SP patients had previous surgery compared to 1 (11.1%) in the control group (p = 0.01). The most common tumor attachment sites were the maxillary (47.8%) and ethmoid (25.4%) sinuses. Fifteen (22.4%) SP samples stained strongly positive for COX-2 and 24 (35.8%) stained weakly positive compared to no positive stains in the control group (p < 0.01). When stratified by COX-2 intensity, there were no statistically significant differences in gender, smoking history, history of previous sinus surgery, site of attachment, papilloma subtype, or future recurrence between SP samples. Conclusion COX-2 was overexpressed in 58.2% of SP cases, and strongly positive in 22.4% of cases, compared to no positive staining among controls. No significant differences in COX-2 expression were observed between SP subtypes or recurrent tumors. Further studies are warranted to evaluate COX-2 as a possible therapeutic target in tumors that overexpress the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Suh
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin Hur
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elisabeth H Ference
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David D Lam
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Fong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adrian J Correa
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Ivancic R, Iqbal H, deSilva B, Pan Q, Matrka L. Immunological tolerance of low-risk HPV in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:131-142. [PMID: 31628850 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is characterized by benign exophytic lesions of the respiratory tract caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), in particular low-risk HPV6 and HPV11. Aggressiveness varies greatly among patients. Surgical excision is the current standard of care for RRP, with adjuvant therapy used when surgery cannot control disease recurrence. Numerous adjuvant therapies have been used to control RRP with some success, but none are curative. Current literature supports a polarization of the adaptive immune response to a T helper type 2 (Th2)-like or T regulatory phenotype, driven by a complex interplay between innate immunity, adaptive immunity and HPV6/11 proteins. Additionally, certain immunogenetic polymorphisms can predispose individuals to an HPV6/11-tolerant microenvironment. As a result, immunomodulatory efforts are being made to restore the host immune system to a more balanced T cell phenotype and clear viral infection. Literature has shown exciting evidence for the role of HPV vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil-9 as both primary prevention, by decreasing incidence through childhood vaccinations, and secondary prevention, by treating active RRP disease. Multi-institution randomized clinical trials are needed to better assess their efficacy as treatment for active disease. Interestingly, a DNA vaccine has recently shown in-vitro success in generating a more robust CD8+ T cell response. Furthermore, clinical trials for programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors are under investigation for RRP management. Molecular insights into RRP, in particular the interplay between RRP and the immune system, are needed to advance our understanding of this disease and may lead to the identification of immunomodulatory agents to better manage RRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ivancic
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - H Iqbal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - B deSilva
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Q Pan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - L Matrka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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Autocrine STAT3 activation in HPV positive cervical cancer through a virus-driven Rac1-NFκB-IL-6 signalling axis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007835. [PMID: 31226168 PMCID: PMC6608985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Although the fundamental link between HPV infection and oncogenesis is established, the specific mechanisms of virus-mediated transformation are not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that the HPV encoded E6 protein increases the activity of the proto-oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 in primary human keratinocytes; however, the molecular basis for STAT3 activation in cervical cancer remains unclear. Here, we show that STAT3 phosphorylation in HPV positive cervical cancer cells is mediated primarily via autocrine activation by the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 6 (IL-6). Antibody-mediated blockade of IL-6 signalling in HPV positive cells inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas both recombinant IL-6 and conditioned media from HPV positive cells leads to increased STAT3 phosphorylation within HPV negative cervical cancer cells. Interestingly, we demonstrate that activation of the transcription factor NFκB, involving the small GTPase Rac1, is required for IL-6 production and subsequent STAT3 activation. Our data provides new insights into the molecular re-wiring of cancer cells by HPV E6. We reveal that activation of an IL-6 signalling axis drives the autocrine and paracrine phosphorylation of STAT3 within HPV positive cervical cancers cells and that activation of this pathway is essential for cervical cancer cell proliferation and survival. Greater understanding of this pathway provides a potential opportunity for the use of existing clinically approved drugs for the treatment of HPV-mediated cervical cancer.
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Hohmann T, Grabiec U, Vogel C, Ghadban C, Ensminger S, Bache M, Vordermark D, Dehghani F. The Impact of Non-Lethal Single-Dose Radiation on Tumor Invasion and Cytoskeletal Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2001. [PMID: 28926987 PMCID: PMC5618650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation is the standard therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. Glioblastoma are highly resistant to radiotherapy and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To better understand the biological effects of irradiation on glioblastoma cells, we tested whether nonlethal irradiation influences the invasiveness, cell stiffness, and actin cytoskeleton properties. Two different glioblastoma cell lines were irradiated with 2 Gy and changes in mechanical and migratory properties and alterations in the actin structure were measured. The invasiveness of cell lines was determined using a co-culture model with organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Irradiation led to changes in motility and a less invasive phenotype in both investigated cell lines that were associated with an increase in a "generalized stiffness" and changes in the actin structure. In this study we demonstrate that irradiation can induce changes in the actin cytoskeleton and motility, which probably results in reduced invasiveness of glioblastoma cell lines. Furthermore, "generalized stiffness" was shown to be a profound marker of the invasiveness of a tumor cell population in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hohmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle, Germany.
| | - Urszula Grabiec
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle, Germany.
| | - Carolin Vogel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle, Germany.
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle, Germany.
| | - Stephan Ensminger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bache
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle, Germany.
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Ren H, Shi X, Li Y. Reduction of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2 signaling by isoflurane inhibits proliferation and apoptosis evasion in human papillomavirus-infected laryngeal papillomas. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3425-3432. [PMID: 27882174 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human laryngeal papilloma (LP) is a human papillomavirus-induced hyperplastic tumor of the respiratory tract, which is characterized by rapid growth and apoptosis resistance. Isoflurane (ISO) inhibits proliferation and elicits apoptosis in cancer cells. The results of the present study found that the mRNA and protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) were higher in LP tissues than in normal laryngeal samples, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was increased in LP cells, as determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot and radioimmunoassay analyses. Notably, the increase in COX2 and PGE2 levels was significantly abrogated in the ISO-treated LP cells. The inhibitory effects of ISO on COX2 expression and activity depended on the inactivation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in LP cells. By inhibiting the COX2 activity of LP cells, ISO treatment markedly suppressed cell viability and proliferation, as determined using Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry and 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine incorporation assays. Furthermore, ISO treatment promoted cell apoptosis, as demonstrated by flow cytometry, nucleosomal fragmentation and caspase-3 activity assays. Collectively, the present results suggest that COX2 is critical in the progression of LP, and ISO is a potential agent for LP therapy by impeding p38 MAPK/COX2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450012, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Zheng B, Ye L, Zhou Y, Zhu S, Wang Q, Shi H, Chen D, Wei X, Wang Z, Li X, Xiao J, Xu H, Zhang H. Epidermal growth factor attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption via PI3K/Akt/Rac1 pathway after acute spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1062-75. [PMID: 26769343 PMCID: PMC4882989 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), disruption of blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) elicits blood cell infiltration such as neutrophils and macrophages, contributing to permanent neurological disability. Previous studies show that epidermal growth factor (EGF) produces potent neuroprotective effects in SCI models. However, little is known that whether EGF contributes to the integrity of BSCB. The present study is performed to explore the mechanism of BSCB permeability changes which are induced by EGF treatment after SCI in rats. In this study, we demonstrate that EGF administration inhibits the disruption of BSCB permeability and improves the locomotor activity in SCI model rats. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathways by a specific inhibitor, LY294002, suppresses EGF‐induced Rac1 activation as well as tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) expression. Furthermore, the protective effect of EGF on BSCB is related to the activation of Rac1 both in vivo and in vitro. Blockade of Rac1 activation with Rac1 siRNA downregulates EGF‐induced TJ and AJ proteins expression in endothelial cells. Taken together, our results indicate that EGF treatment preserves BSCB integrity and improves functional recovery after SCI via PI3K‐Akt‐Rac1 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Libing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxue Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wieczfinska J, Kacprzak D, Pospiech K, Sokolowska M, Nowakowska M, Pniewska E, Bednarek A, Kuprys-Lipinska I, Kuna P, Pawliczak R. The whole-genome expression analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from aspirin sensitive asthmatics versus aspirin tolerant patients and healthy donors after in vitro aspirin challenge. Respir Res 2015; 16:147. [PMID: 26646719 PMCID: PMC4673746 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Up to 30 % of adults with severe asthma are hypersensitive to aspirin and no unambiguous theory exists which provides a satisfactory explanation for the occurrence of aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) in some asthmatic patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the AIA expression profile against aspirin tolerant asthma (ATA) and healthy volunteers (HV) profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after in vitro aspirin challenge in Caucasian population. Methods PBMCs were separated from blood of three groups of subjects - 11 AIA, 7 ATA and 15 HV and then stimulated by either 2 μM lysine aspirin or 20 μM lysine as a control. Subsequently, RNA was isolated, transcribed into cDNA and subjected to microarray and qPCR studies. Simultaneously, protein was extracted from PBMCs and used in further immunoblotting analysis. Results The validation of results at mRNA level has shown only three genes, whose expression was significantly altered between comprising groups. mRNA expression of CNPY3 in PBMCs in AIA was significantly lower (-0.41 ± 2.67) than in HV (1.04 ± 2.69), (p = 0.02); mRNA expression of FOSL1 in PBMCs in AIA was also significantly decreased (-0.66 ± 2.97) as opposed to HV (0.31 ± 4.83), (p = 0.02). While mRNA expression of ERAS in PBMCs was increased (1.15 ± 0.23) in AIA in comparison to HV (-1.32 ± 0.41), (p = 0.03). At protein level the changed expression of one protein was confirmed. Protein expression of FOSL1 in PBMCs in AIA was both significantly lower (-0.86 ± 0.08) than in ATA (0.39 ± 0.42), (p = 0.046) and in HV (0.9 ± 0.27), (p = 0.007). Conclusions This pilot study implies a positive association between CNPY3, ERAS, FOSL1 and aspirin-intolerant asthma, suggesting that these findings would be useful for further investigations of NSAIDs mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0305-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kacprzak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Karolina Pospiech
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland. .,Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - Magdalena Nowakowska
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Izabela Kuprys-Lipinska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
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DeVoti J, Hatam L, Lucs A, Afzal A, Abramson A, Steinberg B, Bonagura V. Decreased Langerhans cell responses to IL-36γ: altered innate immunity in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Mol Med 2014; 20:372-80. [PMID: 24950037 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare, chronic disease caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) types 6 and 11 that is characterized by the polarization of adaptive immune responses that support persistent HPV infection. Respiratory papillomas express elevated mRNA levels of IL-36γ, a proinflammatory cytokine in comparison to autologous clinically normal laryngeal tissues; however there is no evidence of inflammation in these lesions. Consistent with this, respiratory papillomas do not contain TH1-like CD4(+) T-cells or cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cells, but instead contain a predominance of TH2-like and T regulatory cells (Tregs). In addition, papillomas also are infiltrated with immature Langerhans cells (iLCs). In this study, we show that papilloma cells express IL-36γ protein, and that human keratinocytes transduced with HPV11 have reduced IL-36γ secretion. We now provide the first evidence that peripheral blood-derived iLCs respond to IL-36γ by expressing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. When stimulated with IL-36γ, iLCs from patients with RRP had lower expression levels of the TH2-like chemokine CCL-20 as compared with controls. Patients' iLCs also had decreased steady state levels of CCL-1, which is a proinflammatory chemokine. Moreover, CCL-1 levels in iLCs inversely correlated with the severity of RRP. The combined decrease of TH1- and a TH2-like chemokines by iLCs from patients could have consequences in the priming of IFN-γ expression by CD8(+) T-cells. Taken together, our results suggest that, in RRP, there is a defect in the proinflammatory innate immune responses made by iLCs in response to IL-36γ. The consequence of this defect may lead to persistent HPV infection by failing to support an effective HPV-specific, TH1-like and/or Tc1-like adaptive response, thus resulting in the predominant TH2-like and/or Treg micromilieu present in papillomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- James DeVoti
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Lynda Hatam
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Lucs
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Department of Otolaryngology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Ali Afzal
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Allan Abramson
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Department of Otolaryngology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Bettie Steinberg
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Department of Otolaryngology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Vincent Bonagura
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
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Ahn J, Bishop JA, Akpeng B, Pai SI, Best SRA. Xenograft model for therapeutic drug testing in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2014; 124:110-5. [PMID: 25124839 DOI: 10.1177/0003489414546400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying effective treatment for papillomatosis is limited by a lack of animal models, and there is currently no preclinical model for testing potential therapeutic agents. We hypothesized that xenografting of papilloma may facilitate in vivo drug testing to identify novel treatment options. METHODS A biopsy of fresh tracheal papilloma was xenografted into a NOD-scid-IL2Rgamma(null) (NSG) mouse. RESULTS The xenograft began growing after 5 weeks and was serially passaged over multiple generations. Each generation showed a consistent log-growth pattern, and in all xenografts, the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histopathologic analysis demonstrated that the squamous architecture of the original papilloma was maintained in each generation. In vivo drug testing with bevacizumab (5 mg/kg i.p. twice weekly for 3 weeks) showed a dramatic therapeutic response compared to saline control. CONCLUSION We report here the first successful case of serial xenografting of a tracheal papilloma in vivo with a therapeutic response observed with drug testing. In severely immunocompromised mice, the HPV genome and squamous differentiation of the papilloma can be maintained for multiple generations. This is a feasible approach to identify therapeutic agents in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ahn
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Sara I Pai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon R A Best
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Alsaegh MA, Miyashita H, Zhu SR. Expression of human papillomavirus is correlated with Ki-67 and COX-2 expressions in keratocystic odontogenic tumor. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:65-71. [PMID: 24831259 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and evaluate its association with Ki-67 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT). Nineteen cases were included in the present study. Conventional PCR method and immunohistochemical analysis were performed for the detection of HPV-DNA and HPV-L1 capsid protein. Moreover, the expressions of Ki-67 and COX-2 proteins were analyzed immunohistochemically. HPV-DNA was detected in 36.8% (7/19) of tumor samples, whilst HPV-L1 protein was identified in 68.4% (13/19) of them. The Kappa coefficient statistical test showed a moderate agreement (κ 0.424) between PCR and IHC assays for HPV detection. Expression of HPV-DNA was positively correlated with Ki-67 and COX-2 expressions (p < 0.05), whereas HPV-L1 positive staining was positively correlated with COX-2 (p < 0.05) and highly associated with those of Ki-67 (p < 0.01). There was no significant correlation between the presence of HPV and the recurrence of the studied lesions. The results of the current study showed that active HPV infection was present in the odontogenic epithelium of KCOT, and it was associated with increased proliferation rate and COX-2 expression. These findings suggest that HPV may have a role in the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of KCOT. Based on these conclusions, we recommend further investigations of HPV vaccine or antiviral therapy and COX-2 inhibitors as nonsurgical options in the prevention and management of KCOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China,
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12
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The human papillomavirus E7 proteins associate with p190RhoGAP and alter its function. J Virol 2014; 88:3653-63. [PMID: 24403595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03263-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Using mass spectrometry, we identified p190RhoGAP (p190) as a binding partner of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E7. p190 belongs to the GTPase activating protein (GAP) family and is one of the primary GAPs for RhoA. GAPs stimulate the intrinsic GTPase activity of the Rho proteins, leading to Rho inactivation and influencing numerous biological processes. RhoA is one of the best-characterized Rho proteins and is specifically involved in formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers, thereby regulating cell migration and cell spreading. Since this is the first report that E7 associates with p190, we carried out detailed interaction studies. We show that E7 proteins from other HPV types also bind p190. Furthermore, we found that conserved region 3 (CR3) of E7 and the middle domain of p190 are important for this interaction. More specifically, we identified two residues in CR3 of E7 that are necessary for p190 binding and used mutants of E7 with mutations of these residues to determine the biological consequences of the E7-p190 interaction. Our data suggest that the interaction of E7 with p190 dysregulates this GAP and alters the actin cytoskeleton. We also found that this interaction negatively regulates cell spreading on a fibronectin substrate and therefore likely contributes to important aspects of the HPV life cycle or HPV-induced tumorigenesis. IMPORTANCE This study identifies p190RhoGAP as a novel cellular binding partner for the human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 protein. Our study shows that a large number of different HPV E7 proteins bind p190RhoGAP, and it identifies regions in both E7 and p190RhoGAP which are important for the interaction to occur. This study also highlights the likelihood that the E7-p190RhoGAP interaction may have important biological consequences related to actin organization in the infected cell. These changes could be an important contributor to the viral life cycle and during progression to cancer in HPV-infected cells. Importantly, this work also emphasizes the need for further study in a field which has largely been unexplored as it relates to the HPV life cycle and HPV-induced transformation.
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Hao Z, Dillard T, Biddinger P, Patel V. Suppression of respiratory papillomatosis with malignant transformation by erlotinib in a kidney transplant recipient. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-008757. [PMID: 23986124 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-008757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 52-year-old non-smoker and renal transplant recipient developed an incessant cough. A CT scan of the thorax revealed ill-defined hazy opacities in the right upper lung. He was diagnosed with non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium chelonae/abscessus infection based on sputum culture results. A trial of antibiotics initially resulted in some clinical improvement. A subsequent CT of the thorax documented worsening of the lesions in the right lung and new lesions on the left. An intratracheal growth was noted. Bronchoscopy with biopsy of the tracheal lesions documented respiratory papillomatosis with transformation to squamous cell cancer. Test for high-risk human papilloma virus was positive. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery biopsy with wedge resection of the left lower lobe revealed metastatic squamous cell lung cancer. He was treated with one ablation followed by four cycles of chemotherapy. He has been maintained on erlotinib ever since. There has been no recurrence of the cough or papillomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Hao
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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14
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Kanazawa T, Fukushima N, Imayoshi S, Nagatomo T, Kawada K, Nishino H, Misawa K, Ichimura K. Rare case of malignant transformation of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis associated with human papillomavirus type 6 infection and p53 overexpression. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:153. [PMID: 23641321 PMCID: PMC3639354 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), a chronic upper respiratory condition characterized by diffuse multiple recurring papillomas, is thought to result from human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 or 11 infection. Although RRP is an intractable disease, malignant transformation of RRP is rare. The underlying mechanism, however, has not been elucidated. We describe the clinical course of a patient who underwent more than 130 operations for RRP associated with HPV type 6 infection and subsequently suffered spontaneous malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that malignant transformation might result from a genomic defect, such as p53 inactivation, leading to stimulation of uncontrolled cell proliferation by HPV type 6 for an extended period, but not directly because of HPV itself. Our results could help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for severe RRP, although further studies are required before clinical application of molecular targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498 Japan
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15
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Lee DJ, Kang SW. Reactive oxygen species and tumor metastasis. Mol Cells 2013; 35:93-8. [PMID: 23456330 PMCID: PMC3887897 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration and invasion of cancer cells are the first steps in metastasis. Through a series of cellular responses, including cytoskeletal reorganization and degradation of the extracellular matrix, cancer cells are able to separate from the primary tumor and metastasize to distant locations in the body. In cancer cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the migration and invasion of cells. Stimulation of cell surface receptors with growth factors and integrin assembly generates ROS, which relay signals from the cell surface to important signaling proteins. ROS then act within cells to promote migration and invasion. In this review, we collect recent evidence pointing towards the involvement of ROS in tumor metastasis and discuss the roles of ROS at different stages during the process of cancer cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Jae Lee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
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16
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Best SR, Niparko KJ, Pai SI. Biology of human papillomavirus infection and immune therapy for HPV-related head and neck cancers. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2012; 45:807-22. [PMID: 22793854 PMCID: PMC3398423 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines the biology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of human mucosa and the cellular pathways that are altered through viral infection. The article provides a conceptual framework with which to understand the 2 major immunologic strategies to address HPV-related diseases: (1) prevention of primary HPV infection through the use of prophylactic vaccines and (2) treatment of established infection and diseases through therapeutic vaccines. Nonimmunologic therapy that targets cellular dysregulation induced by HPV infection is also discussed. The challenges in actualizing these conceptually attractive therapies on both a societal and biological level are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Best
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Sara I. Pai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lucs AV, Wu R, Mullooly V, Abramson AL, Steinberg BM. Constitutive overexpression of the oncogene Rac1 in the airway of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis patients is a targetable host-susceptibility factor. Mol Med 2012; 18:244-9. [PMID: 22113496 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), primarily types 6 and 11. The disease is characterized by multiple recurrences of airway papillomas, resulting in high levels of morbidity and significant mortality. The prevalence of latent HPV in the larynx of the general population is much greater than the prevalence of RRP, suggesting a host-susceptibility factor for disease. We report that the oncogene Rac1 and its downstream product cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are both constitutively expressed at high levels throughout the airway of these patients, independent of active HPV infection. Use of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib in primary papilloma cell culture resulted in the downregulation of HPV transcription. Furthermore, a proof-of-principle study treating three patients with severe RRP with celecoxib resulted in remission of disease in all cases. Therefore, we have identified the first pharmacologically targetable host-susceptibility pathway that contributes to RRP recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Lucs
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
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18
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Molecular Crosstalk between Integrins and Cadherins: Do Reactive Oxygen Species Set the Talk? JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2012:807682. [PMID: 22203898 PMCID: PMC3238397 DOI: 10.1155/2012/807682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The coordinate modulation of the cellular functions of cadherins and integrins plays an essential role in fundamental physiological and pathological processes, including morphogenesis, tissue differentiation and renewal, wound healing, immune surveillance, inflammatory response, tumor progression, and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the fine-tuned functional communication between cadherins and integrins are still elusive. This paper focuses on recent findings towards the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the regulation of cell adhesion and signal transduction functions of integrins and cadherins, pointing to ROS as emerging strong candidates for modulating the molecular crosstalk between cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion receptors.
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The Interplay between ROS and Ras GTPases: Physiological and Pathological Implications. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2012:365769. [PMID: 22175014 PMCID: PMC3235814 DOI: 10.1155/2012/365769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The members of the RasGTPase superfamily are involved in various signaling networks responsible for fundamental cellular processes. Their activity is determined by their guanine nucleotide-bound state. Recent evidence indicates that some of these proteins may be regulated by redox agents. Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) have been historically considered pathological agents which can react with and damage many biological macromolecules including DNA, proteins, and lipids. However, a growing number of reports have suggested that the intracellular production of ROS is tightly regulated and that these redox agents serve as signaling molecules being involved in a variety of cell signaling pathways. Numerous observations have suggested that some Ras GTPases appear to regulate ROS production and that oxidants function as effector molecules for the small GTPases, thus contributing to their overall biological function. Thus, redox agents may act both as upstream regulators and as downstream effectors of Ras GTPases. Here we discuss current understanding concerning mechanisms and physiopathological implications of the interplay between GTPases and redox agents.
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Venuti A, Paolini F, Nasir L, Corteggio A, Roperto S, Campo MS, Borzacchiello G. Papillomavirus E5: the smallest oncoprotein with many functions. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:140. [PMID: 22078316 PMCID: PMC3248866 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are established agents of human and animal cancers. They infect cutaneous and mucous epithelia. High Risk (HR) Human PVs (HPVs) are consistently associated with cancer of the uterine cervix, but are also involved in the etiopathogenesis of other cancer types. The early oncoproteins of PVs: E5, E6 and E7 are known to contribute to tumour progression. While the oncogenic activities of E6 and E7 are well characterised, the role of E5 is still rather nebulous. The widespread causal association of PVs with cancer makes their study worthwhile not only in humans but also in animal model systems. The Bovine PV (BPV) system has been the most useful animal model in understanding the oncogenic potential of PVs due to the pivotal role of its E5 oncoprotein in cell transformation. This review will highlight the differences between HPV-16 E5 (16E5) and E5 from other PVs, primarily from BPV. It will discuss the targeting of E5 as a possible therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Venuti
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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21
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Rac1/osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3 contributes via phospholipase C-gamma1 to activation of the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12155-60. [PMID: 21712438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Separate reports that hypertonicity activates p38 via a Rac1-OSM-MEKK3-MKK3-p38 pathway and that p38α contributes to activation of TonEBP/OREBP led us to the hypothesis that Rac1 might activate TonEBP/OREBP via p38. The present studies examine that possibility. High NaCl is hypertonic. We find that siRNA knockdown of Rac1 reduces high NaCl-induced increase of TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity (by reducing its transactivating activity but not its nuclear localization). Similarly, siRNA knockdown of osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3 (OSM) also reduces high NaCl-dependent TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional and transactivating activities. Simultaneous siRNA knockdown of Rac1 and OSM is not additive in reduction of TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity, indicating a common pathway. However, siRNA knockdown of MKK3 does not reduce TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity, although siRNA knockdown of MKK6 does. Nevertheless, the effect of Rac1 on TonEBP/OREBP is also independent of MKK6 because it occurs in MKK6-null cells. Furthermore, we find that siRNA knockdown of Rac1 or OSM actually increases activity (phosphorylation) of p38, rather than decreasing it, as previously reported. Thus, the effect of Rac1 on TonEBP/OREBP is independent of p38. We find instead that phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) is involved. When transfected into PLC-γ1-null mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, catalytically active Rac1 does not increase TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity unless PLC-γ1 is reconstituted. Similarly, dominant-negative Rac1 also does not inhibit TonEBP/OREBP in PLC-γ1-null cells unless PLC-γ1 is reconstituted. We conclude that Rac1/OSM supports TonEBP/OREBP activity and that this activity is mediated via PLC-γ1, not p38.
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Abstract
Viral infection converts the normal functions of a cell to optimize viral replication and virion production. One striking observation of this conversion is the reconfiguration and reorganization of cellular actin, affecting every stage of the viral life cycle, from entry through assembly to egress. The extent and degree of cytoskeletal reorganization varies among different viral infections, suggesting the evolution of myriad viral strategies. In this Review, we describe how the interaction of viral proteins with the cell modulates the structure and function of the actin cytoskeleton to initiate, sustain and spread infections. The molecular biology of such interactions continues to engage virologists in their quest to understand viral replication and informs cell biologists about the role of the cytoskeleton in the uninfected cell.
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Wu R, Abramson AL, Symons MH, Steinberg BM. Pak1 and Pak2 are activated in recurrent respiratory papillomas, contributing to one pathway of Rac1-mediated COX-2 expression. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2230-7. [PMID: 20131316 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomas are premalignant tumors of the airway caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), primarily Types 6 and 11. We had reported that respiratory papillomas overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the small GTPase Rac1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and have enhanced nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) activation with decreased levels of IkappaB-beta but not IkappaB-alpha. We also showed that EGFR-activated Rac1 mediates expression of COX-2 through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. We have now asked whether the p21-activated kinases Pak1 or Pak2 mediate activation of p38 by Rac1 in papilloma cells. Pak1 and Pak2 were constitutively activated in vivo in papilloma tissue compared with normal epithelium, and Rac1 siRNA reduced the level of both phospho-Pak1 and phospho-Pak2 in cultured papilloma cells. Reduction in Pak1 and Pak2 with siRNA decreased the COX-2 expression in papilloma cells, increased the levels of IkappaB-beta and reduced the nuclear localization of NF-kappaB, but had no effect on p38 phosphorylation. Our studies suggest that Rac1 --> Pak1/Pak2 --> NFkappaB is a separate pathway that contributes to the expression of COX-2 in HPV-induced papillomas, independently of the previously described Rac1 --> p38 --> COX-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wu
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
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The HPV-16 E5 protein represses expression of stress pathway genes XBP-1 and COX-2 in genital keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:617-22. [PMID: 20688044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The HPV-16 E5 protein resides in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and modulates cell growth and viral replication. In order to help define its biological activities, we analyzed E5-induced changes in human keratinocyte gene expression. Our studies identified the downregulation of spliced XBP-1 transcripts, a key player in the ER stress response, as a biochemical marker of E5 expression. IRE1alpha, the endoribonuclease responsible for XBP-1 RNA splicing, was also downregulated. Furthermore, cDNA microarray analysis revealed the repression of COX-2, another member of the ER stress pathway. In contrast, these genes were not altered either by the low-risk HPV-6b E5, or a C-terminal HPV-16 E5 mutant, in which the histidine and alanine residues (conserved in high-risk HPVs) were replaced with tyrosine and isoleucine (conserved in low-risk HPVs). HPV-16 E5 was also able to lower COX-2 mRNA levels in cells co-expressing E6/E7, suggesting that it might exert similar activity during viral replication. Interestingly, the E6/E7 genes were independently able to lower COX-2 transcripts compared to vector cells, indicating that multiple pathways of COX-2 repression exist. COX-2 downregulation by E5 could be overcome by thapsigargin or tunicamycin treatments, which initiate ER stress via calcium fluxes and abnormal protein glycosylation respectively, making it unlikely that E5 specifically tempers these pathways. Overall, our data indicate that E5 represses the cellular ER stress response and suggest a potential role for E5 during productive HPV infection.
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DeVoti JA, Rosenthal DW, Wu R, Abramson AL, Steinberg BM, Bonagura VR. Immune dysregulation and tumor-associated gene changes in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a paired microarray analysis. Mol Med 2008; 14:608-17. [PMID: 18607510 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00060.devoti] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomas (RRP) are benign airway tumors, caused primarily by human papillomaviruses (HPV) types 6 and 11. The disease is characterized by multiple recurrences after surgical removal, with limited effective therapy. To identify novel targets for future therapy, we established transcriptional profiles for actively growing papillomas compared with autologous, clinically normal, laryngeal epithelia (adjacent tissue). Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) from 12 papillomas and 12 adjacent tissues were analyzed by microarray, and the matched sets of tissues compared by paired t test, to identify differentially expressed genes in papilloma tissues while minimizing variations intrinsic to individual patients. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the relative expression levels for a subset of genes. Within the 109 differentially expressed transcripts whose expression varied at least three-fold were two large groups of genes with related functions. The first group consisted of 18 genes related to host defense, including both innate and adaptive immunity. The second group contained 37 genes that likely contribute to growth of papillomas as benign tumors, since the altered pattern of expression also had been reported previously in many cancers. Our results support our previous studies that document a systemic T(H)2-like adaptive immune response in RRP, and suggest that there is a role for altered innate immunity in RRP as well. We propose that HPV 6 and 11 infection establishes a tumorigenic microenvironment characterized by alteration of both innate inflammatory signals and adaptive immune responses that prevent effective T(H)1-like response, in conjunction with altered expression of numerous genes that regulate cellular growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A DeVoti
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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Cardone RA, Busco G, Greco MR, Bellizzi A, Accardi R, Cafarelli A, Monterisi S, Carratù P, Casavola V, Paradiso A, Tommasino M, Reshkin SJ. HPV16 E7-dependent transformation activates NHE1 through a PKA-RhoA-induced inhibition of p38alpha. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3529. [PMID: 18953413 PMCID: PMC2568952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neoplastic transformation originates from a large number of different genetic alterations. Despite this genetic variability, a common phenotype to transformed cells is cellular alkalinization. We have previously shown in human keratinocytes and a cell line in which transformation can be turned on and followed by the inducible expression of the E7 oncogene of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16), that intracellular alkalinization is an early and essential physiological event driven by the up-regulation of the Na/+H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) and is necessary for the development of other transformed phenotypes and the in vivo tumor formation in nude mice. Methodology Here, we utilize these model systems to elucidate the dynamic sequence of alterations of the upstream signal transduction systems leading to the transformation-dependent activation of NHE1. Principal Findings We observe that a down-regulation of p38 MAPK activity is a fundamental step in the ability of the oncogene to transform the cell. Further, using pharmacological agents and transient transfections with dominant interfering, constitutively active, phosphorylation negative mutants and siRNA strategy to modify specific upstream signal transduction components that link HPV16 E7 oncogenic signals to up-regulation of the NHE1, we demonstrate that the stimulation of NHE1 activity is driven by an early rise in cellular cAMP resulting in the down-stream inhibition of p38 MAPK via the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the small G-protein, RhoA, and its subsequent inhibition. Conclusions All together these data significantly improve our knowledge concerning the basic cellular alterations involved in oncogene-driven neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Busco
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria R. Greco
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Bellizzi
- Clinical Experimental Oncology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosita Accardi
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, IARC-WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Antonella Cafarelli
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Monterisi
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Casavola
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Paradiso
- Clinical Experimental Oncology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Stephan J. Reshkin
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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