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Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors used worldwide to manage dyslipidaemia and thus limit the development of atherosclerotic disease and its complications. These atheroprotective drugs are now known to exert pleiotropic actions outside of their cholesterol-lowering activity, including altering immune cell function. Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes that play critical functional roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and are directly targeted by statins. Early studies documented the anti-inflammatory effects of statins on macrophages, but emerging evidence suggests that these drugs can also enhance pro-inflammatory macrophage responses, creating an unresolved paradox. This review comprehensively examines the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical literature to document the statin-induced changes in macrophage polarization and immunomodulatory functions, explore the underlying mechanisms involved, and offer potential explanations for this paradox. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory actions of statins on macrophages should pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to manage atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases and conditions characterised by unresolved inflammation.
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Lone SN, Nisar S, Masoodi T, Singh M, Rizwan A, Hashem S, El-Rifai W, Bedognetti D, Batra SK, Haris M, Bhat AA, Macha MA. Liquid biopsy: a step closer to transform diagnosis, prognosis and future of cancer treatments. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:79. [PMID: 35303879 PMCID: PMC8932066 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, invasive techniques for diagnosing and monitoring cancers are slowly being replaced by non-invasive methods such as liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsies have drastically revolutionized the field of clinical oncology, offering ease in tumor sampling, continuous monitoring by repeated sampling, devising personalized therapeutic regimens, and screening for therapeutic resistance. Liquid biopsies consist of isolating tumor-derived entities like circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, tumor extracellular vesicles, etc., present in the body fluids of patients with cancer, followed by an analysis of genomic and proteomic data contained within them. Methods for isolation and analysis of liquid biopsies have rapidly evolved over the past few years as described in the review, thus providing greater details about tumor characteristics such as tumor progression, tumor staging, heterogeneity, gene mutations, and clonal evolution, etc. Liquid biopsies from cancer patients have opened up newer avenues in detection and continuous monitoring, treatment based on precision medicine, and screening of markers for therapeutic resistance. Though the technology of liquid biopsies is still evolving, its non-invasive nature promises to open new eras in clinical oncology. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current methodologies involved in liquid biopsies and their application in isolating tumor markers for detection, prognosis, and monitoring cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saife N Lone
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Arshi Rizwan
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Cancer Research Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicince, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, Omaha, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, Omaha, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, (IUST), 192122, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
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Frey T, Swade K, Zwecker L, Llewellyn T, Vogt E, Monteferante K, English H. Monocyte Production of IFN-γ Is Interleukin-12 Dependent in a Model of Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:364-374. [PMID: 31013450 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD) is an autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene, which produces an enzyme responsible for the production of isoprenoids in the mevalonate pathway. Patient data indicate that MKD is a multicytokine disease with increased plasma levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ. To study the mechanisms responsible for these changes, the mevalonate pathway was inhibited with lovastatin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes isolated from the blood of healthy donors followed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory response. Lovastatin treatment resulted in increased levels of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ mRNA in both PBMCs and monocytes following LPS stimulation compared with control cells. An IL-12 neutralizing antibody blocked the increased levels of IFN-γ mRNA following lovastatin treatment in PBMCs indicating that this effect is dependent on IL-12. Flow cytometry experiments indicated that monocytes, not lymphocytes or granulocytes, are the source of increased IFN-γ and that both classical and nonclassical/intermediate monocytes express IFN-γ. These results indicate that blocking IL-12 or IFN- γ may be therapeutic options for MKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Frey
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
| | - Katelyn Swade
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsey Zwecker
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler Llewellyn
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Vogt
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
| | - Kim Monteferante
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather English
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
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van der Toom EE, Groot VP, Glavaris SA, Gemenetzis G, Chalfin HJ, Wood LD, Wolfgang CL, de la Rosette JJMCH, de Reijke TM, Pienta KJ. Analogous detection of circulating tumor cells using the AccuCyte ® -CyteFinder ® system and ISET system in patients with locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 2018; 78:300-307. [PMID: 29285777 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can provide important information on patient's prognosis and treatment efficacy. Currently, a plethora of methods is available for the detection of these rare cells. We compared the outcomes of two of those methods to enumerate and characterize CTCs in patients with locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). First, the selection-free AccuCyte® - CyteFinder® system (RareCyte® , Inc., Seattle, WA) and second, the ISET system (Rarecells Diagnostics, France), a CTC detection method based on cell size-exclusion. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 15 patients with metastatic PCa and processed in parallel, using both methods according to manufacturer's protocol. CTCs were identified by immunofluorescence, using commercially available antibodies to pancytokeratin (PanCK), EpCAM, CD45/CD66b/CD34/CD11b/CD14 (AccuCyte® - CyteFinder® system), and pancytokeratin, vimentin (Vim) and CD45 (ISET system). RESULTS The median CTC count was 5 CTCs/7.5 mL (range, 0-20) for the AccuCyte® - CyteFinder® system and 37 CTCs/7.5 mL (range, 8-139) for the ISET system (P < 0.001). Total CTC counts obtained for the two methods were correlated (r = 0.750, P = 0.001). When separating the total CTC count obtained with the ISET system in PanCK+/Vim- and PanCK+/Vim+ CTCs, the total CTC count obtained with the AccuCyte® - CyteFinder® system was moderately correlated with the PanCK+/Vim- CTCs, and strongly correlated with the PanCK+/Vim+ CTCs (r = 0.700, P = 0.004 and r = 0.810, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results highlight significant disparities in the enumeration and phenotype of CTCs detected by both techniques. Although the median amount of CTCs/7.5 mL differed significantly, total CTC counts of both methods were strongly correlated. For future studies, a more uniform approach to the isolation and definition of CTCs based on immunofluorescent stains is needed to provide reproducible results that can be correlated with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E van der Toom
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent P Groot
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A Glavaris
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Georgios Gemenetzis
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Heather J Chalfin
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Theo M de Reijke
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lévêque M, Jeune KSL, Jouneau S, Moulis S, Desrues B, Belleguic C, Brinchault G, Le Trionnaire S, Gangneux JP, Dimanche-Boitrel MT, Martin-Chouly C. Soluble CD14 acts as a DAMP in human macrophages: origin and involvement in inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production. FASEB J 2017; 31:1891-1902. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600772r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuella Lévêque
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Karin Simonin-Le Jeune
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Stéphane Jouneau
- Chemical Contaminant Immunity and Inflammation TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Solenn Moulis
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Benoit Desrues
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
- Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress and Signaling (COSS)Centre Eugène MarquisINSERM Unité 1242RennesFrance
| | - Chantal Belleguic
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Graziella Brinchault
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Sophie Le Trionnaire
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Marie-Thérèse Dimanche-Boitrel
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
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van der Toom EE, Verdone JE, Gorin MA, Pienta KJ. Technical challenges in the isolation and analysis of circulating tumor cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:62754-62766. [PMID: 27517159 PMCID: PMC5308763 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that cancer cells display dynamic molecular changes in response to systemic therapy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood represent a readily available source of cancer cells with which to measure this dynamic process. To date, a large number of strategies to isolate and characterize CTCs have been described. These techniques, however, each have unique limitations in their ability to sensitively and specifically detect these rare cells. In this review we focus on the technical limitations and pitfalls of the most common CTC isolation and detection strategies. Additionally, we emphasize the difficulties in correctly classifying rare cells as CTCs using common biomarkers. As for assays developed in the future, the first step must be a uniform and clear definition of the criteria for assigning an object as a CTC based on disease-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. van der Toom
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James E. Verdone
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A. Gorin
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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The Molecular Complexity of Sepsis: Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α, the Tip of the Iceberg? Crit Care Med 2016; 44:1617-8. [PMID: 27428127 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Williams MR, Cauvi DM, Rivera I, Hawisher D, De Maio A. Changes in macrophage function modulated by the lipid environment. Innate Immun 2016; 22:141-51. [PMID: 26951856 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916633886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφs) play a critical role in the defense against pathogens, orchestrating the inflammatory response during injury and maintaining tissue homeostasis. During these processes, macrophages encounter a variety of environmental conditions that are likely to change their gene expression pattern, which modulates their function. In this study, we found that murine Mφs displayed two different subpopulations characterized by differences in morphologies, expression of surface markers and phagocytic capacity under non-stimulated conditions. These two subpopulations could be recapitulated by changes in the culture conditions. Thus, Mφs grown in suspension in the presence of serum were highly phagocytic, whereas subtraction of serum resulted in rapid attachment and reduced phagocytic activity. The difference in phagocytosis between these subpopulations was correlated with the expression levels of FcγR. These two cell subpopulations also differed in their responses to LPS and the expression of surface markers, including CD14, CD86, scavenger receptor A1, TLR4 and low-density lipoprotein receptor. Moreover, we found that the lipid/cholesterol content in the culture medium mediated the differences between these two cell subpopulations. Thus, we described a mechanism that modulates Mφ function depending on the exposure to lipids within their surrounding microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Williams
- Initiative for Maximizing Student Development, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Isabel Rivera
- Initiative for Maximizing Student Development, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Hawisher
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Role of phosphatase activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase in regulating simvastatin-activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13524. [PMID: 26304753 PMCID: PMC4548251 DOI: 10.1038/srep13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has C-terminal epoxide hydrolase and N-terminal lipid phosphatase activity. Its hydrolase activity is associated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction. However, little is known about the role of sEH phosphatase in regulating eNOS activity. Simvastatin, a clinical lipid-lowering drug, also has a pleiotropic effect on eNOS activation. However, whether sEH phosphatase is involved in simvastatin-activated eNOS activity remains elusive. We investigated the role of sEH phosphatase activity in simvastatin-mediated activation of eNOS in endothelial cells (ECs). Simvastain increased the phosphatase activity of sEH, which was diminished by pharmacological inhibitors of sEH phosphatase. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of sEH phosphatase or overexpressing the inactive phosphatase domain of sEH enhanced simvastatin-induced NO bioavailability, tube formation and phosphorylation of eNOS, Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In contrast, overexpressing the phosphatase domain of sEH limited the simvastatin-increased NO biosynthesis and eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1179. Simvastatin evoked epidermal growth factor receptor–c-Src–increased Tyr phosphorylation of sEH and formation of an sEH–Akt–AMPK–eNOS complex, which was abolished by the c-Src kinase inhibitor PP1 or c-Src dominant-negative mutant K298M. These findings suggest that sEH phosphatase activity negatively regulates simvastatin-activated eNOS by impeding the Akt–AMPK–eNOS signaling cascade.
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Bickler SW, Lizardo RE, De Maio A. The transition from a rural to an urban environment alters expression of the human Ebola virus receptor Neiman-Pick C1: implications for the current epidemic in West Africa. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:203-6. [PMID: 25477151 PMCID: PMC4326391 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W. Bickler
- />Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA 92093-0739 USA
- />Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- />Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
| | - Radhames E. Lizardo
- />Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA 92093-0739 USA
- />Department of Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134 USA
- />Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
| | - Antonio De Maio
- />Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA 92093-0739 USA
- />Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- />Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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Rice LM, Donigan M, Yang M, Liu W, Pandya D, Joseph BK, Sodi V, Gearhart TL, Yip J, Bouchard M, Nickels JT. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates low density lipoprotein uptake through regulating sterol response element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) DNA binding. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17268-79. [PMID: 24770487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) uptake by Ldlr is regulated at the transcriptional level by the cleavage-dependent activation of membrane-associated sterol response element-binding protein (SREBP-2). Activated SREBP-2 translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to an LDLR promoter sterol response element (SRE), increasing LDLR gene expression and LDL-C uptake. SREBP-2 cleavage and translocation steps are well established. Several SREBP-2 phosphorylation sites have been mapped and functionally characterized. The phosphatases dephosphorylating these sites remain elusive. The phosphatase(s) regulating SREBP-2 represents a novel pharmacological target for treating hypercholesterolemia. Here we show that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) promotes SREBP-2 LDLR promoter binding in response to cholesterol depletion. No binding to an LDLR SRE was observed in the presence of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, when PP2A activity was inhibited by okadaic acid or depleted by siRNA methods. SREBP-2 cleavage and nuclear translocation were not affected by loss of PP2A. PP2A activity was required for SREBP-2 DNA binding. In response to cholesterol depletion, PP2A directly interacted with SREBP-2 and altered its phosphorylation state, causing an increase in SREBP-2 binding to an LDLR SRE site. Increased binding resulted in induced LDLR gene expression and increased LDL uptake. We conclude that PP2A activity regulates cholesterol homeostasis and LDL-C uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Donigan
- the Institute of Metabolic Disorders, Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691 and
| | - Muhua Yang
- the Institute of Metabolic Disorders, Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691 and
| | - Weidong Liu
- the Institute of Metabolic Disorders, Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691 and
| | - Devanshi Pandya
- the Institute of Metabolic Disorders, Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691 and
| | - Biny K Joseph
- the Institute of Metabolic Disorders, Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691 and
| | | | - Tricia L Gearhart
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Jenny Yip
- the Institute of Metabolic Disorders, Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691 and
| | - Michael Bouchard
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Joseph T Nickels
- the Institute of Metabolic Disorders, Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691 and
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12
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Statins decrease lung inflammation in mice by upregulating tetraspanin CD9 in macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73706. [PMID: 24040034 PMCID: PMC3767596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins organize protein complexes in tetraspanin-enriched membrane microdomains that are distinct from lipid rafts. Our previous studies suggested that reduction in the levels of tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 may be involved in the progression of inflammatory lung diseases, especially COPD. To search for agents that increase the levels of these tetraspanins, we screened 1,165 drugs in clinical use and found that statins upregulate CD9 and CD81 in RAW264.7 macrophages. The lipophilic statins, fluvastatin and simvastatin, reversed LPS-induced downregulation of CD9 and CD81, simultaneously preventing TNF-α and matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and spreading of RAW264.7 cells. These statins exerted anti-inflammatory effects in vitro in wild-type macrophages but not in CD9 knockout macrophages, and decreased lung inflammation in vivo in wild-type mice but not in CD9 knockout mice, suggesting that their effects are dependent on CD9. Mechanistically, the statins promoted reverse transfer of the LPS-signaling mediator CD14 from lipid rafts into CD9-enriched microdomains, thereby preventing LPS receptor formation. Finally, upregulation of CD9/CD81 by statins was related to blockade of GTPase geranylgeranylation in the mevalonate pathway. Our data underscore the importance of the negative regulator CD9 in lung inflammation, and suggest that statins exert anti-inflammatory effects by upregulating tetraspanin CD9 in macrophages.
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Drummond R, Cauvi DM, Hawisher D, Song D, Niño DF, Coimbra R, Bickler S, De Maio A. Deletion of scavenger receptor A gene in mice resulted in protection from septic shock and modulation of TLR4 signaling in isolated peritoneal macrophages. Innate Immun 2012; 19:30-41. [PMID: 22751446 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912449548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor A (Sra), also known as macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (Msr1), is a surface glycoprotein preferentially present in macrophages that plays a primary role in innate immunity. Previous studies have shown that Sra is a modifier gene for the response to bacterial LPS in mice at the level of IL-10 production, in particular. In the present study, we found that Sra(-/-) mice are more resistant to septic shock induced by cecal ligation and puncture than wild-type C57BL/6 J (B6) mice. In addition, Sra(-/-) mice displayed initial elevated high density lipoprotein (HDL) circulating levels. Naïve peritoneal macrophages (PMs) were isolated from Sra(-/-) mice to understand the possible protective mechanism. Incubation of these cells with LPS was found to modulate TLR4 signaling, leading to a reduction in IL-10 and IL-6 mRNA levels, but not TNF-α expression, at low concentrations of LPS in comparison with PMs isolated from B6 mice. No differences were found in LPS binding between PMs derived from Sra(-/-) or B6 mice. The lack of Sra binding to LPS was confirmed after transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with the Sra gene. The contribution of Sra to the outcome of sepsis may be a combination of changes in TLR4 signaling pathway and elevated levels of HDL in circulation, but also LPS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Drummond
- MSTP program Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Marcuzzi A, De Leo L, Decorti G, Crovella S, Tommasini A, Pontillo A. The farnesyltransferase inhibitors tipifarnib and lonafarnib inhibit cytokines secretion in a cellular model of mevalonate kinase deficiency. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:78-82. [PMID: 21430599 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31821b581c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The shortage of geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP) was associated to an increased IL-1β release in the autoinflammatory syndrome mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD), a rare inherited disease that has no specific therapy. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) act at the end of mevalonate pathway. Two FTIs, tipifarnib (Tip) and lonafarnib (Lon), were therefore evaluated as possible therapeutical choices for the treatment of MKD. FTIs could lead to a redirection of the limited available number of mevalonate intermediates preferentially to GGPP synthesis, eventually preventing the uncontrolled inflammatory response. The effect of Tip and Lon on intracellular cholesterol level (ICL) and on proinflammatory cytokines secretion was evaluated in a cellular model of MKD, chemically obtained treating RAW 264.7 cells with lovastatin (Lova) and alendronate (Ald). The combination of FTIs with the isoprenoid geraniol (GOH) was also tested both in this model and in monocytes isolated from MKD patients. Tip and Lon proved to revert the ICL lowering and to significantly reduce the lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokines secretion in Ald-Lova -RAW 264.7 cells. This anti-inflammatory effect was amplified combining the use of GOH with FTIs. The effect of GOH and Tip was successfully replicated in MKD patients' monocytes. Tip and Lon showed a dramatic anti-inflammatory effect in monocytes where mevalonate pathway was chemically or genetically impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Medical Genetic Service, Institute for Maternal and Child Health Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34134, Italy.
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15
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Kouroumichakis I, Papanas N, Proikaki S, Zarogoulidis P, Maltezos E. Statins in prevention and treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. Eur J Intern Med 2011; 22:125-33. [PMID: 21402241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe sepsis is an infection-induced inflammatory syndrome that can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because numerous cascades are triggered during sepsis, selective blocking of inflammatory mediators may be insufficient to arrest this process, and recent therapeutic approaches have proven controversial. Statins are the most commonly prescribed agents for hypercholesterolaemia and dominate the area of cardiovascular risk reduction. Moreover, these drugs have a variety of actions that are independent of their lipid lowering effect. Such anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiapoptotic features have been collectively referred to as pleiotropic effects. By virtue of their pleiotropic effects, statins have also emerged as potentially useful in various critical care areas such as bacteraemia, the early phases of sepsis and septic shock, as well as the management of serious infections. This review outlines current evidence on the use of statins for preventing and treating sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kouroumichakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J. Effects of yeast-derived beta-glucans on blood cholesterol and macrophage functionality. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:30-5. [PMID: 19519160 DOI: 10.1080/15476910802604317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of two different yeast-derived beta-glucans on macrophage functionality and blood cholesterol levels in mice. After establishing their ability to act as a strong stimulator of macrophages, we measured the capacities of the glucans to lower blood cholesterol. Our results showed that consumption of diets containing yeast-derived beta-glucan indicated a dose-dependent decrease in plasma cholesterol levels, with Betamune having a significantly stronger effect than WGP (Whole Glucan Particles). In hypercholesterolemic subjects, the cholesterol- and triglycerides-lowering effects of Betamune were again significantly stronger. The results of this investigation demonstrated that highly purified yeast-derived beta-glucans modify plasma cholesterol levels and other indicators associated with artherogenic progression in mice. The fact that these glucans also strongly stimulated both monocytes and macrophages supports the hypothesis that there could be a macrophage-cholesterol (metabolism) axis involvement in these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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17
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Suzuki M, Tachibana I, Takeda Y, He P, Minami S, Iwasaki T, Kida H, Goya S, Kijima T, Yoshida M, Kumagai T, Osaki T, Kawase I. Tetraspanin CD9 negatively regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage activation and lung inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6485-93. [PMID: 19414803 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanins facilitate the formation of multiple molecular complexes at specialized membrane microdomains and regulate cell activation and motility. In the present study, the role of tetraspanin CD9 in LPS-induced macrophage activation and lung inflammation was investigated in vitro and in vivo. When CD9 function was ablated with mAb treatment, small interfering RNA transfection, or gene knockout in RAW264.7 cells or bone marrow-derived macrophages, these macrophages produced larger amounts of TNF-alpha, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and -9 upon stimulation with LPS in vitro, when compared with control cells. Sucrose gradient analysis revealed that CD9 partly colocalized with the LPS-induced signaling mediator, CD14, at low-density light membrane fractions. In CD9 knockout macrophages, CD14 expression, CD14 and TLR4 localization into the lipid raft, and their complex formation were increased whereas IkappaBalpha expression was decreased when compared with wild-type cells, suggesting that CD9 prevents the formation of LPS receptor complex. Finally, deletion of CD9 in mice enhanced macrophage infiltration and TNF-alpha production in the lung after intranasal administration of LPS in vivo, when compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that macrophage CD9 negatively regulates LPS response at lipid-enriched membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Frey T, De Maio A. The antifungal agent itraconazole induces the accumulation of high mannose glycoproteins in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16882-16890. [PMID: 19414590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.007609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key mediator in the development of Gram-negative septic shock, which is a major health problem. The effect of LPS on myeloid cells is mediated by a multicomplex receptor system in which CD14, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein, and Toll-like receptor 4 are the major players. We have found that incubation of macrophages with itraconazole (ICZ), an azole antifungal commonly used in humans, altered both the expression and glycosylation of CD14. This glycoprotein, which is endo H-resistant in untreated cells, becomes endo H-sensitive following ICZ treatment. The effect of ICZ on glycan processing was observed in all newly synthesized glycoproteins as indicated by incorporation of [2-(3)H]mannose. In addition, cells treated with ICZ increased surface concanavalin A (ConA) binding, corroborating an increase in high mannose surface glycoproteins. Although the glycosylation pattern of CD14 was altered, this glycoprotein was delivered to the cell surface or was secreted. Moreover, it appeared functional as demonstrated by the release of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha under conditions specific for a CD14-mediated activation process. The effect of ICZ on glycosylation was not dependent on inhibition of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and was specific for this drug because other azole antifungals, such as ketoconazole and econazole, did not alter glycan processing. These results suggest a possible secondary effect of ICZ that impacts the processing of glyconjugates and may alter cellular function and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Frey
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; From the Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093.
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Fejer G, Drechsel L, Liese J, Schleicher U, Ruzsics Z, Imelli N, Greber UF, Keck S, Hildenbrand B, Krug A, Bogdan C, Freudenberg MA. Key role of splenic myeloid DCs in the IFN-alphabeta response to adenoviruses in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000208. [PMID: 19008951 PMCID: PMC2576454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The early systemic production of interferon (IFN)-alphabeta is an essential component of the antiviral host defense mechanisms, but is also thought to contribute to the toxic side effects accompanying gene therapy with adenoviral vectors. Here we investigated the IFN-alphabeta response to human adenoviruses (Ads) in mice. By comparing the responses of normal, myeloid (m)DC- and plasmacytoid (p)DC-depleted mice and by measuring IFN-alphabeta mRNA expression in different organs and cells types, we show that in vivo, Ads elicit strong and rapid IFN-alphabeta production, almost exclusively in splenic mDCs. Using knockout mice, various strains of Ads (wild type, mutant and UV-inactivated) and MAP kinase inhibitors, we demonstrate that the Ad-induced IFN-alphabeta response does not require Toll-like receptors (TLR), known cytosolic sensors of RNA (RIG-I/MDA-5) and DNA (DAI) recognition and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3, but is dependent on viral endosomal escape, signaling via the MAP kinase SAPK/JNK and IRF-7. Furthermore, we show that Ads induce IFN-alphabeta and IL-6 in vivo by distinct pathways and confirm that IFN-alphabeta positively regulates the IL-6 response. Finally, by measuring TNF-alpha responses to LPS in Ad-infected wild type and IFN-alphabetaR(-/-) mice, we show that IFN-alphabeta is the key mediator of Ad-induced hypersensitivity to LPS. These findings indicate that, like endosomal TLR signaling in pDCs, TLR-independent virus recognition in splenic mDCs can also produce a robust early IFN-alphabeta response, which is responsible for the bulk of IFN-alphabeta production induced by adenovirus in vivo. The signaling requirements are different from known TLR-dependent or cytosolic IFN-alphabeta induction mechanisms and suggest a novel cytosolic viral induction pathway. The hypersensitivity to components of the microbial flora and invading pathogens may in part explain the toxic side effects of adenoviral gene therapy and contribute to the pathogenesis of adenoviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Fejer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany.
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McCormick PJ, Dumaresq-Doiron K, Pluviose AS, Pichette V, Tosato G, Lefrancois S. Palmitoylation controls recycling in lysosomal sorting and trafficking. Traffic 2008; 9:1984-97. [PMID: 18817523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For the efficient trafficking of lysosomal proteins, the cationic-dependent and -independent mannose 6-phosphate receptors and sortilin must bind cargo in the Golgi apparatus, be packaged into clathrin-coated trafficking vesicles and traffic to the endosomes. Once in the endosomes, the receptors release their cargo into the endosomal lumen and recycle back to the Golgi for another round of trafficking, a process that requires retromer. In this study, we demonstrate that palmitoylation is required for the efficient retrograde trafficking of sortilin, and the cationic-independent mannose 6-phosphate as palmitoylation-deficient receptors remain trapped in the endosomes. Importantly, we also show that palmitoylation is required for receptor interaction with retromer as nonpalmitoylated receptor did not interact with retromer. In addition, we have identified DHHC-15 as the palmitoyltransferase responsible for this modification. In summary, we have shown the functional significance of palmitoylation in lysosomal receptor sorting and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J McCormick
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Moeenrezakhanlou A, Shephard L, Lam L, Reiner NE. Myeloid cell differentiation in response to calcitriol for expression CD11b and CD14 is regulated by myeloid zinc finger-1 protein downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:519-28. [PMID: 18495781 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series differentiate in response to calcitriol. This is accompanied by increased expression of both CD11b and CD14 and has been shown to be phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) dependent. The events downstream of PI3K that regulate mononuclear phagocyte gene expression, however, remain to be fully understood. In the present study, we show that incubation of THP-1 cells with calcitriol brings about activation of the myeloid zinc finger-1 (MZF-1) transcription factor dependent upon PI3K. In addition, we show that the proximal promoter regions of both CD11b and CD14 contain functional MZF-1 binding sites that are calcitriol responsive. Site-directed mutagenesis of the putative MZF-1 elements abolished MZF-1 binding to the promoters of both CD11b and CD14. Not only did calcitriol treatment increase MZF-1 DNA binding activity to these sites, but it also up-regulated cellular levels of MZF-1. Silencing of MZF-1 resulted in a markedly blunted response to calcitriol for induction of both CD11b and CD14 mRNA transcript levels. Cell surface expression of CD11b and CD14 was also reduced, but to a lesser extent. Taken together, these results show that MZF-1 is involved downstream of PI3K in a calcitriol-induced signaling pathway leading to myeloid cell differentiation and activation of CD11b and CD14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Moeenrezakhanlou
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), University of British Columbia, Rm. 452D, 2733 Heather St., Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada
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