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Vu JT, Tavasoli KU, Sheedy CJ, Chowdhury SP, Mandjikian L, Bacal J, Morrissey MA, Richardson CD, Gardner BM. A genome-wide screen links peroxisome regulation with Wnt signaling through RNF146 and TNKS/2. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202312069. [PMID: 38967608 PMCID: PMC11223164 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202312069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles harboring metabolic enzymes. In humans, peroxisomes are required for normal development, yet the genes regulating peroxisome function remain unclear. We performed a genome-wide CRISPRi screen to identify novel factors involved in peroxisomal homeostasis. We found that inhibition of RNF146, an E3 ligase activated by poly(ADP-ribose), reduced the import of proteins into peroxisomes. RNF146-mediated loss of peroxisome import depended on the stabilization and activity of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases TNKS and TNKS2, which bind the peroxisomal membrane protein PEX14. We propose that RNF146 and TNKS/2 regulate peroxisome import efficiency by PARsylation of proteins at the peroxisome membrane. Interestingly, we found that the loss of peroxisomes increased TNKS/2 and RNF146-dependent degradation of non-peroxisomal substrates, including the β-catenin destruction complex component AXIN1, which was sufficient to alter the amplitude of β-catenin transcription. Together, these observations not only suggest previously undescribed roles for RNF146 in peroxisomal regulation but also a novel role in bridging peroxisome function with Wnt/β-catenin signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T. Vu
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Katherine U. Tavasoli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Connor J. Sheedy
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Soham P. Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lori Mandjikian
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Julien Bacal
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Meghan A. Morrissey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Chris D. Richardson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Brooke M. Gardner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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2
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Yang L, Du M, Liu K, Wang P, Zhu J, Li F, Wang Z, Huang K, Liang M. Pimpinellin ameliorates macrophage inflammation by promoting RNF146-mediated PARP1 ubiquitination. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1783-1798. [PMID: 38323338 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage inflammation plays a central role during the development and progression of sepsis, while the regulation of macrophages by parthanatos has been recently identified as a novel strategy for anti-inflammatory therapies. This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic potential and mechanism of pimpinellin against LPS-induced sepsis. PARP1 and PAR activation were detected by western blot or immunohistochemistry. Cell death was assessed by flow cytometry and western blot. Cell metabolism was measured with a Seahorse XFe24 extracellular flux analyzer. C57, PARP1 knockout, and PARP1 conditional knock-in mice were used in a model of sepsis caused by LPS to assess the effect of pimpinellin. Here, we found that pimpinellin can specifically inhibit LPS-induced macrophage PARP1 and PAR activation. In vitro studies showed that pimpinellin could inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines and signal pathway activation in macrophages by inhibiting overexpression of PARP1. In addition, pimpinellin increased the survival rate of LPS-treated mice, thereby preventing LPS-induced sepsis. Further research confirmed that LPS-induced sepsis in PARP1 overexpressing mice was attenuated by pimpinellin, and PARP1 knockdown abolished the protective effect of pimpinellin against LPS-induced sepsis. Further study found that pimpinellin can promote ubiquitin-mediated degradation of PARP1 through RNF146. This is the first study to demonstrate that pimpinellin inhibits excessive inflammatory responses by promoting the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of PARP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuye Yang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Du
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Abnormalities and Vascular Aging Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyuan Liu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingbo Zhu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengcen Li
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Abnormalities and Vascular Aging Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minglu Liang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Abnormalities and Vascular Aging Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Vu JT, Tavasoli KU, Mandjikian L, Sheedy CJ, Bacal J, Morrissey MA, Richardson CD, Gardner BM. A genome-wide screen links peroxisome regulation with Wnt signaling through RNF146 and tankyrase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578667. [PMID: 38352406 PMCID: PMC10862876 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles harboring metabolic enzymes. In humans, peroxisomes are required for normal development, yet the genes regulating peroxisome function remain unclear. We performed a genome-wide CRISPRi screen to identify novel factors involved in peroxisomal homeostasis. We found that inhibition of RNF146, an E3 ligase activated by poly(ADP-ribose), reduced the import of proteins into peroxisomes. RNF146-mediated loss of peroxisome import depended on the stabilization and activity of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase tankyrase, which binds the peroxisomal membrane protein PEX14. We propose that RNF146 and tankyrase regulate peroxisome import efficiency by PARsylation of proteins at the peroxisome membrane. Interestingly, we found that the loss of peroxisomes increased tankyrase and RNF146-dependent degradation of non-peroxisomal substrates, including the beta-catenin destruction complex component AXIN1, which was sufficient to alter the amplitude of beta-catenin transcription. Together, these observations not only suggest previously undescribed roles for RNF146 in peroxisomal regulation, but also a novel role in bridging peroxisome function with Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Vu
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Katherine U Tavasoli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lori Mandjikian
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Connor J Sheedy
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Julien Bacal
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Meghan A Morrissey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Chris D Richardson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Brooke M Gardner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Ali BA, Judy RM, Chowdhury S, Jacobsen NK, Castanzo DT, Carr KL, Richardson CD, Lander GC, Martin A, Gardner BM. The Pex6 N1 domain is required for Pex15 binding and proper assembly with Pex1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.15.557798. [PMID: 37745580 PMCID: PMC10516024 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.557798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The heterohexameric AAA-ATPase Pex1/Pex6 is essential for the formation and maintenance of peroxisomes. Pex1/Pex6, similar to other AAA-ATPases, uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to mechanically thread substrate proteins through its central pore, thereby unfolding them. In related AAA-ATPase motors, substrates are recruited through binding to the motor's N-terminal domains or N-terminally bound co-factors. Here we use structural and biochemical techniques to characterize the function of the N1 domain in Pex6 from budding yeast, S. cerevisiae. We found that although Pex1/ΔN1-Pex6 is an active ATPase in vitro, it does not support Pex1/Pex6 function at the peroxisome in vivo. An X-ray crystal structure of the isolated Pex6 N1 domain shows that the Pex6 N1 domain shares the same fold as the N terminal domains of PEX1, CDC48, or NSF, despite poor sequence conservation. Integrating this structure with a cryo-EM reconstruction of Pex1/Pex6, AlphaFold2 predictions, and biochemical assays shows that Pex6 N1 mediates binding to both the peroxisomal membrane tether Pex15 and an extended loop from the D2 ATPase domain of Pex1 that influences Pex1/Pex6 heterohexamer stability. Given the direct interactions with both Pex15 and the D2 ATPase domains, the Pex6 N1 domain is poised to coordinate binding of co-factors and substrates with Pex1/Pex6 ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir A Ali
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ryan M Judy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Saikat Chowdhury
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Nicole K Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Dominic T Castanzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaili L Carr
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chris D Richardson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel C Lander
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andreas Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brooke M Gardner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Xue DD, Zhang X, Li DW, Yang YL, Liu JJ. Protective effect of liraglutide on the myocardium of type 2 diabetic rats by inhibiting polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase-1. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:110-119. [PMID: 36926657 PMCID: PMC10011895 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, studies have found that the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is closely related to an increase in polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activity. PARP-1 activation could be involved in the pathophysiological process of DCM by promoting oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis.
AIM To investigate the mechanism of liraglutide in improving myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats, further clarified the protective effect of liraglutide on the heart, and provided a new option for the treatment of DCM.
METHODS Forty healthy male SD rats aged 6 wk were randomly divided into two groups, a normal control group (n = 10) and a model group (n = 30), which were fed an ordinary diet and a high-sugar and high-fat diet, respectively. After successful modeling, the rats in the model group were fed a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 4 wk and randomly divided into a model group and an intervention group (further divided into a high-dose group and a low-dose group). The rats were fed a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 8 wk and then started drug intervention. Blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta to detect fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles. Intact heart tissue was dissected, and its weight was used to calculate the heart weight index. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the myocardium and the expression of PARP-1 in the heart by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS The body weight and heart weight index of rats in the model group were significantly increased compared with those in the normal control group, and those in the intervention group were decreased compared with those in the model group, with a more obvious decrease observed in the high-dose group (P < 0.05). In the model group, myocardial fibers were disordered, and inflammatory cells and interstitial fibrosis were observed. The cardiomyopathy of rats in the intervention group was improved to different degrees, the myocardial fibers were arranged neatly, and the myocardial cells were clearly striated; the improvement was more obvious in the high-dose group. Compared with the normal control group, the expression of PARP-1 in myocardial tissue of the model group was increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After liraglutide intervention, compared with the model group, the expression of PARP-1 in myocardial tissue was decreased, and the reduction was more obvious in the high-dose group (P < 0.05) but still higher than that in the normal control group.
CONCLUSION Liraglutide may improve myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats by inhibiting the expression of myocardial PARP-1 in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Lan Yang
- Department of Endocrine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Jin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China
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6
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Sheng Z, Xu J, Li F, Yuan Y, Peng X, Chen S, Zhou R, Huang W. The RING-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF146 promotes cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2022; 410:112954. [PMID: 34856161 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The RING-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF146 is an enzyme that plays an important role in ubiquitin-proteasomal protein degradation and participates in various pathophysiological processes. However, its role in cardiac hypertrophy is unclear. In the present work, thoracic transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was performed in transgenic mice with RNF146 knockout mice (KO) and wild-type mice, and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were subjected to angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation to induce cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. RNF146 expression was significantly increased in hypertrophied murine hearts and Ang II-stimulated NRCMs. RNF146-KO mice and knockdown of RNF146 NRCMs attenuated TAC- or Ang II-stimulated cardiac hypertrophy. Conversely, enforced expression of RNF146 aggravated these changes. Mechanistically, we found that RNF146 KO or knockdown increased the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Furthermore, we found that RNF146 KO or knockdown decreased ubiquitination of Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), which promoted the activation of the AMPK pathway in a dependent manner. In conclusion, RNF146 targets LKB1 protein for ubiquitin-proteasome degradation in cardiomyocytes and subsequently promotes cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Sheng
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jianning Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fuxing Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaogang Peng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shenjian Chen
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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PARP1 Enhances Influenza A Virus Propagation by Facilitating Degradation of Host Type I Interferon Receptor. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01572-19. [PMID: 31915279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01572-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) utilizes multiple strategies to confront or evade host type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses in order to enhance its own propagation within the host. One such strategy is to induce the degradation of type I IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1) by utilizing viral hemagglutinin (HA). However, the molecular mechanism behind this process is poorly understood. Here, we report that a cellular protein, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), plays a critical role in mediating IAV HA-induced degradation of IFNAR1. We identified PARP1 as an interacting partner for IAV HA through mass spectrometry analysis. This interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation analyses. Furthermore, confocal fluorescence microscopy showed altered localization of endogenous PARP1 upon transient IAV HA expression or during IAV infection. Knockdown or inhibition of PARP1 rescued IFNAR1 levels upon IAV infection or HA expression, exemplifying the importance of PARP1 for IAV-induced reduction of IFNAR1. Notably, PARP1 was crucial for the robust replication of IAV, which was associated with regulation of the type I IFN receptor signaling pathway. These results indicate that PARP1 promotes IAV replication by controlling viral HA-induced degradation of host type I IFN receptor. Altogether, these findings provide novel insight into interactions between influenza virus and the host innate immune response and reveal a new function for PARP1 during influenza virus infection.IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) infections cause seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks, which pose a devastating global health concern. Despite the availability of antivirals against influenza, new IAV strains continue to persist by overcoming the therapeutics. Therefore, much emphasis in the field is placed on identifying new therapeutic targets that can more effectively control influenza. IAV utilizes several tactics to evade host innate immunity, which include the evasion of antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses. Degradation of type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) is one known method of subversion, but the molecular mechanism for IFNAR downregulation during IAV infection remains unclear. Here, we have found that a host protein, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), facilitates IFNAR degradation and accelerates IAV replication. The findings reveal a novel cellular target for the potential development of antivirals against influenza, as well as expand our base of knowledge regarding interactions between influenza and the host innate immunity.
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8
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Wang J, Ma C, Zhu J, Rao G, Li H. Effect of 3-Aminobenzamide on the Ultrastructure of Astrocytes and Microvessels After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325819901242. [PMID: 32030092 PMCID: PMC6977239 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819901242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical event in the formation of brain edema during early phases of ischemic brain injury. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation, which contributes to BBB damage, has been reported in ischemia–reperfusion and traumatic brain injury. Here, we investigated the effect of 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), a PARP-1 inhibitor, on the ultrastructure of BBB. Male Sprague Dawley rats were suffered from 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 4.5 hours or 22.5 hours of reperfusion (R). The vehicle or 3-AB (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (ip) 60 minutes after lacking of blood. Tissue Evans Blue (EB) levels, ultrastructures of astrocytes and microvessels, and areas of perivascular edema were examined in penumbra and core, at I 1.5 hours /R 4.5 hours and I 1.5 hours /R 22.5 hours, respectively. The severity of ultrastructural changes was graded with a scoring system in each group. We showed that 3-AB treatment significantly decreased tissue EB levels and ultrastructural scores, attenuated damages in astrocytes and microvessels, and reduced areas of perivascular edema. In conclusion, PARP inhibition may provide a novel therapeutic approach to ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gaofeng Rao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
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Xu H, Li X, Wu X, Yang Y, Dai S, Lei T, Jing D, Luo P, Luo E. Iduna protects HT22 cells by inhibiting parthanatos: The role of the p53-MDM2 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 384:111547. [PMID: 31472117 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common and often fatal in current times. The role of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-induced cell death (parthanatos) in TBI has not been well studied. Our past study showed that oxidative stress-induced cell death includes parthanatos by confirming the occurrence of PARP activation and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). As oxidative stress plays a key role in pathological progression after TBI, we believe TBI may also be alleviated by the expression of Iduna, which is the only known endogenous regulator of parthanatos. Thus, a transection model in HT-22 cells was established for present study. Downregulation of Iduna aggravated the cell damage caused by mechanical cell injury, whereas upregulation of Iduna reduced mitochondrial dysfunction induced by mechanical cell injury but exerted no effect on apoptosis associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. By contrast, Iduna prevented parthanatos by reducing PARP activation and nuclear translocation of AIF. We also investigated 2 novel p53-MDM2 pathway inhibitors, AMG 232 and Nutlin-3, which substantially reduced the protective effects of Iduna. These findings indicate that Iduna might prevent TBI by specifically inhibiting parthanatos and promoting mitochondrial function, with the p53-MDM2 pathway playing a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuefan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The 251th Hospital of PLA, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Shuhui Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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10
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Cseh AM, Fabian Z, Quintana-Cabrera R, Szabo A, Eros K, Soriano ME, Gallyas F, Scorrano L, Sumegi B. PARP Inhibitor PJ34 Protects Mitochondria and Induces DNA-Damage Mediated Apoptosis in Combination With Cisplatin or Temozolomide in B16F10 Melanoma Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:538. [PMID: 31133874 PMCID: PMC6514236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP-1 inhibition has recently been employed in both mono- and combination therapies in various malignancies including melanoma with both promising and contradicting results reported. Although deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms may help improving clinical modalities, the complex cellular effects of PARP inhibitors make disentangling of the mechanisms involved in combination therapies difficult. Here, we used two cytostatic agents used in melanoma therapies in combination with PARP inhibition to have an insight into cellular events using the B16F10 melanoma model. We found that, when used in combination with cisplatin or temozolomide, pharmacologic blockade of PARP-1 by PJ34 augmented the DNA-damaging and cytotoxic effects of both alkylating compounds. Interestingly, however, this synergism unfolds relatively slowly and is preceded by molecular events that are traditionally believed to support cell survival including the stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology. Our data indicate that the PARP inhibitor PJ34 has, apparently, opposing effects on the mitochondrial structure and cell survival. While, initially, it stimulates mitochondrial fusion and hyperpolarization, hallmarks of mitochondrial protection, it enhances the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents at later stages. These findings may contribute to the optimization of PARP inhibitor-based antineoplastic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Cseh
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Zsolt Fabian
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ruben Quintana-Cabrera
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain.,CIBERFES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aliz Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Eros
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Maria Eugenia Soriano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Ferenc Gallyas
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Balazs Sumegi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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11
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Wang JH, Wei ZF, Gao YL, Liu CC, Sun JH. Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway underlies a novel inhibitory role of ring finger protein 182 in ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7635-7648. [PMID: 30450663 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, leading to mortality and disability associated with coronary occlusion worldwide. A correlation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway has been observed with brain damage resulting from myocardial ischemia. Therefore, by establishing MIRI rat model, this study aimed to explore whether ring finger protein 182 (RNF182) regulates the mTOR signaling pathway affecting MIRI. Initially, MIRI rat model was successfully established, followed by either treatment of shRNF182 or phosphoesterase (PITE) (inhibitor of the mTOR signaling pathway). Then, the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were determined, followed by detection of myocardial infarct sizes and myocardial cell apoptosis. Moreover, the levels of related genes/proteins were determined to further determine the mechanisms of RNF182 in MIRI. First, RNF182 was upregulated in MIRI. Another key observation of this study was that rats with shRNF182 presented with downregulated SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA in serum, accompanied by decreased levels of LVEF, LVFS, LVSP, and LVEDP. In addition, both reduced myocardial infarct sizes and apoptosis of myocardial cells were observed after silencing RNF182. Furthermore, silencing of the RNF182 was observed to downregulate Bcl 2-associated X and cysteine proteinase 3 but upregulate mTOR, ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1, eukaryotic elongation factor 2, and B-cell lymphoma-2. Importantly, the effects of RNF182 silencing were reversed after PITE treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that RNF182 silencing can prevent ventricular remodeling in rats after MIRI by activating the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Wei
- Department of Cardiology, FAW General Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-Li Gao
- Department of Science and Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong-Cong Liu
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Hui Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Sheng Z, Xu Y, Wang S, Yuan Y, Huang T, Lu P. XPO1-mediated nuclear export of RNF146 protects from angiotensin II-induced endothelial cellular injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1544-1549. [PMID: 30029878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells death induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a role in vascular injury. RNF146 is identified as a E3 ubiquitin ligase, which promotes cell survival under many types of stresses. However, the role of RNF146 in endothelial cellular injury is unknown. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Ang II treatment led to cell death by oxidative stress and promoted RNF146 to accumulate in nucleus in time dependent manner. Nuclear export signal was found in the RNF146's sequence. The interaction between RNF146 and XPO1 was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Inhibition of XPO1 with KPT-185 increased the level of RNF146 in nucleus. The expression of XPO1 was suppressed responding to Ang II treatment. Overexpression of XPO1 facilitated the nuclear shuttling of RNF146, which protected from Ang II-induced cell death. Moreover, overexpression of RNF146 in HUVECs reduced the cell death induced by Ang II, whereas inhibition of XPO1 abolished the protective effect of RNF146. Therefore, our data demonstrated that RNF146 was a protective factor against cell death induced by AngII in human endothelial cells, which was dependent on XPO1-mediated nuclear export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Sheng
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Tieqiu Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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13
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Salameh A, Schuster R, Dähnert I, Seeger J, Dhein S. Epigallocatechin Gallate Reduces Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Isolated Perfused Rabbit Hearts. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020628. [PMID: 29473846 PMCID: PMC5855850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioplegic arrest during heart operations is often used in cardiac surgery. During cardioplegia, the heart is subjected to a global ischemia/reperfusion-injury. (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), one of the main ingredients of green tea, seems to be beneficial in various cardiac diseases. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate EGCG in a rabbit model of cardioplegic arrest. Twenty four mature Chinchilla rabbits were examined. Rabbit hearts were isolated and perfused according to Langendorff. After induction of cardioplegia (without and with 20 µmol/L EGCG, n = 6 each) the hearts maintained arrested for 90-min. Thereafter, the hearts were re-perfused for 60 min. During the entire experiment hemodynamic and functional data were assessed. At the end of each experiment, left ventricular samples were processed for ATP measurements and for histological analysis. Directly after cessation of cardioplegia, all hearts showed the same decline in systolic and diastolic function. However, hearts of the EGCG-group showed a significantly faster and better hemodynamic recovery during reperfusion. In addition, tissue ATP-levels were significantly higher in the EGCG-treated hearts. Histological analysis revealed that markers of nitrosative and oxidative stress were significantly lower in the EGCG group. Thus, addition of EGCG significantly protected the cardiac muscle from ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Salameh
- Heart Centre Clinic for Paediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Roxana Schuster
- Heart Centre Clinic for Paediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ingo Dähnert
- Heart Centre Clinic for Paediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Gao Y, Wang Z, He W, Ma W, Ni X. Mild hypothermia protects neurons against oxygen glucose deprivation via poly (ADP-ribose) signaling. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 32:1633-1639. [PMID: 29278964 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1413548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothermia is a neuroprotective mechanism that has been validated for use in alleviating neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) signaling is involved in hypothermia-induced neuroprotection. In this study, we investigated whether mild hypothermia rescues oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death by modifying PAR-relative protein expression, such as AIF, PARP-1, and PAR polymer, in primary-cultured hippocampal neurons. METHODS We analyzed neuronal morphology and related protein expression of PAR signaling after OGD followed by mild hypothermia in primary-cultured newborn hippocampal neurons. RESULTS Hypothermic treatment resulted in improved neuronal viability and alleviated DNA damage. Results from the protein assay showed that hypothermia attenuated nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), inhibited overactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and decreased production of PAR polymer induced by PARP-1 activation after OGD. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that mild hypothermia partially protects immature hippocampal neurons against OGD injury in part by interfering with the PAR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Gao
- a Department of Anaesthesiology , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- a Department of Anaesthesiology , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Weikun He
- a Department of Anaesthesiology , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- a Department of Anaesthesiology , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Xinli Ni
- a Department of Anaesthesiology , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
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15
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Korkmaz-Icöz S, Szczesny B, Marcatti M, Li S, Ruppert M, Lasitschka F, Loganathan S, Szabó C, Szabó G. Olaparib protects cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress and improves graft contractility during the early phase after heart transplantation in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:246-261. [PMID: 28806493 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Olaparib, rucaparib and niraparib, potent inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are approved as anti-cancer drugs in humans. Considering the previously demonstrated role of PARP in various forms of acute and chronic myocardial injury, we tested the effects of olaparib in in-vitro models of oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes, and in an in vivo model of cardiac transplantation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH H9c2-embryonic rat heart-derived myoblasts pretreated with vehicle or olaparib (10μM) were challenged with either hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) or with glucose oxidase (GOx, which generates H2 O2 in the tissue culture medium). Cell viability assays (MTT, lactate dehydrogenase) and Western blotting for PARP and its product, PAR was performed. Heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in Lewis rats; recipients were treated either with vehicle or olaparib (10 mg kg-1 ). Left ventricular function of transplanted hearts was monitored via a Millar catheter. Multiple gene expression in the graft was measured by qPCR. KEY RESULTS Olaparib blocked autoPARylation of PARP1 and attenuated the rapid onset of death in H9c2 cells, induced by H2 O2 , but did not affect cell death following chronic, prolonged oxidative stress induced by GOx. In rats, after transplantation, left ventricular systolic and diastolic function were improved by olaparib. In the transplanted hearts, olaparib also reduced gene expression for c-jun, caspase-12, catalase, and NADPH oxidase-2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Olaparib protected cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress and improved graft contractility in a rat model of heart transplantation. These findings raise the possibility of repurposing this clinically approved oncology drug, to be used in heart transplantation. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Korkmaz-Icöz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michela Marcatti
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shiliang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mihály Ruppert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Csaba Szabó
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Salameh A, Keller M, Dähnert I, Dhein S. Olesoxime Inhibits Cardioplegia-Induced Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. A Study in Langendorff-Perfused Rabbit Hearts. Front Physiol 2017; 8:324. [PMID: 28579963 PMCID: PMC5437207 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: During cardioplegia, which is often used in cardiac surgery, the heart is subjected to global ischemia/reperfusion injury, which can result in a post-operative impairment of cardiac function. Mitochondria permeability transition pores (MPTP) play a key role in cardiomyocyte survival after ischemia/reperfusion injury. It was shown in clinical settings that blockers of MPTP like cyclosporine might have a positive influence on cardiac function after cardioplegic arrest. Olesoxime, which is a new drug with MPTP blocking activity, has been introduced as a neuroprotective therapeutic agent. This drug has not been investigated on a possible positive effect in ischemia/reperfusion injury in hearts. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate possible effects of olesoxime on cardiac recovery after cardioplegic arrest. Methods: We evaluated 14 mature Chinchilla bastard rabbits of 1,500–2,000 g. Rabbit hearts were isolated and perfused with constant pressure according to Langendorff. After induction of cardioplegic arrest (30 ml 4°C cold Custodiol cardioplegia without and with 5 μmol/L olesoxime, n = 7 each) the hearts maintained arrested for 90-min. Thereafter, the hearts were re-perfused for 60 min. At the end of each experiment left ventricular samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen for ATP measurements. Furthermore, heart slices were embedded in paraffin for histological analysis. During the entire experiment hemodynamic and functional data such as left ventricular pressure (LVP), dp/dt(max) and (min), pressure rate product (PRP), coronary flow, pO2, and pCO2 were also assessed. Results: Histological analysis revealed that despite the same ischemic burden for both groups markers of nitrosative and oxidative stress were significantly lower in the olesoxime group. Moreover, hearts of the olesoxime-group showed a significantly faster and better hemodynamic recovery during reperfusion. In addition, tissue ATP-levels were significantly higher in the olesoxime treated hearts. Conclusions: Olesoxime significantly protected the cardiac muscle from ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Salameh
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Keller
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Dähnert
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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17
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Yang Y, Luo P, Xu H, Dai S, Rao W, Peng C, Ma W, Wang J, Xu H, Zhang L, Zhang S, Fei Z. RNF146 Inhibits Excessive Autophagy by Modulating the Wnt-β-Catenin Pathway in Glutamate Excitotoxicity Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:59. [PMID: 28321181 PMCID: PMC5337692 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate induced excitotoxicity is common in diverse neurological disorders. RNF146 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase protects neurons against excitotoxicity via interfering with Poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer-induced cell death (parthanatos). However, the neuroprotective role of RNF146 has not been fully understood. We aimed to investigate the role of RNF146 in modulating autophagy in HT22 cells under glutamate excitotoxicity injury. Here we found that induction of RNF146 decreased the cellular damage and excitotoxicity induced by glutamate. RNF146 also suppressed the excessive autophagy, which is detrimental to HT22 cells survival, induced by glutamate or rapamycin treatment. In addition, we find that Wnt/β-catenin was a negative regulation factor for autophagy in glutamate excitotoxicity. Over-expression of RNF146 promoted Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which was related to destabilization of β-catenin destruction complex. These results indicated that RNF146 acted as a neuroprotective agent against glutamate-induced excitatory damage, and this neuroprotection might be at least partly dependent on the inhibition of excessive autophagy by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Haoxiang Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Neurosurgery, 411 Hospital of People's Liberation ArmyShanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Wenke Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jiu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics, University of Chinese Armed Police Forces Tianjin, China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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18
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The novel heart-specific RING finger protein 207 is involved in energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 100:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Lucarini L, Durante M, Lanzi C, Pini A, Boccalini G, Calosi L, Moroni F, Masini E, Mannaioni G. HYDAMTIQ, a selective PARP-1 inhibitor, improves bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by dampening the TGF-β/SMAD signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:324-335. [PMID: 27704718 PMCID: PMC5264150 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a severe disease characterized by excessive myofibroblast proliferation, extracellular matrix and fibrils deposition, remodelling of lung parenchyma and pulmonary insufficiency. Drugs able to reduce disease progression are available, but therapeutic results are unsatisfactory; new and safe treatments are urgently needed. Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerases‐1 (PARP‐1) is an abundant nuclear enzyme involved in key biological processes: DNA repair, gene expression control, and cell survival or death. In liver and heart, PARP‐1 activity facilitates oxidative damage, collagen deposition and fibrosis development. In this study, we investigated the effects of HYDAMTIQ, a potent PARP‐1 inhibitor, in a murine model of lung fibrosis. We evaluated the role of PARP on transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) expression and TGF‐β/SMAD signalling pathway in lungs. Mice were intratracheally injected with bleomycin and then treated with either vehicle or different doses of HYDAMTIQ for 21 days. Airway resistance to inflation and lung static compliance, markers of lung stiffness, were assayed. Histochemical and biochemical parameters to evaluate TGF‐β/SMAD signalling pathway with alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) deposition and the levels of a number of inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, iNOS and COX‐2) were performed. Bleomycin administration increased lung stiffness. It also increased lung PARP activity, TGF‐β levels, pSMAD3 expression, αSMA deposition and content of inflammatory markers. HYDAMTIQ attenuated all the above‐mentioned physiological, biochemical and histopathological markers. Our findings support the proposal that PARP inhibitors could have a therapeutic potential in reducing the progression of signs and symptoms of the disease by decreasing TGF‐β expression and the TGF‐β/SMAD transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mariaconcetta Durante
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Lanzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Boccalini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Calosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavio Moroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuela Masini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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20
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Jubin T, Kadam A, Jariwala M, Bhatt S, Sutariya S, Gani AR, Gautam S, Begum R. The PARP family: insights into functional aspects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in cell growth and survival. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:421-37. [PMID: 27329285 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP family members can be found spread across all domains and continue to be essential molecules from lower to higher eukaryotes. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), newly termed ADP-ribosyltransferase D-type 1 (ARTD1), is a ubiquitously expressed ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) enzyme involved in key cellular processes such as DNA repair and cell death. This review assesses current developments in PARP-1 biology and activation signals for PARP-1, other than conventional DNA damage activation. Moreover, many essential functions of PARP-1 still remain elusive. PARP-1 is found to be involved in a myriad of cellular events via conservation of genomic integrity, chromatin dynamics and transcriptional regulation. This article briefly focuses on its other equally important overlooked functions during growth, metabolic regulation, spermatogenesis, embryogenesis, epigenetics and differentiation. Understanding the role of PARP-1, its multidimensional regulatory mechanisms in the cell and its dysregulation resulting in diseased states, will help in harnessing its true therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jubin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - A Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - M Jariwala
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - S Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - S Sutariya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - A R Gani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - S Gautam
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - R Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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21
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Gerö D, Szabo C. Glucocorticoids Suppress Mitochondrial Oxidant Production via Upregulation of Uncoupling Protein 2 in Hyperglycemic Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154813. [PMID: 27128320 PMCID: PMC4851329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Elevated blood glucose contributes to the development of endothelial and vascular dysfunction, and, consequently, to diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications, because it increases the mitochondrial proton gradient and mitochondrial oxidant production. Therapeutic approaches designed to counteract glucose-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the vasculature are expected to show efficacy against all diabetic complications, but direct pharmacological targeting (scavenging) of mitochondrial oxidants remains challenging due to the high reactivity of some of these oxidant species. In a recent study, we have conducted a medium-throughput cell-based screening of a focused library of well-annotated pharmacologically active compounds and identified glucocorticoids as inhibitors of mitochondrial superoxide production in microvascular endothelial cells exposed to elevated extracellular glucose. The goal of the current study was to investigate the mechanism of glucocorticoids' action. Our findings show that glucocorticoids induce the expression of the mitochondrial UCP2 protein and decrease the mitochondrial potential. UCP2 silencing prevents the protective effect of the glucocorticoids on ROS production. UCP2 induction also increases the oxygen consumption and the "proton leak" in microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, glutamine supplementation augments the effect of glucocorticoids via further enhancing the expression of UCP2 at the translational level. We conclude that UCP2 induction represents a novel experimental therapeutic intervention in diabetic vascular complications. While direct repurposing of glucocorticoids may not be possible for the therapy of diabetic complications due to their significant side effects that develop during chronic administration, the UCP2 pathway may be therapeutically targetable by other, glucocorticoid-independent pharmacological means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domokos Gerö
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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22
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Gero D, Szabo C. Salvage of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plays a critical role in the bioenergetic recovery of post-hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26218637 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischaemic heart disease can lead to serious, life-threatening complications. Traditional therapies for ischaemia aim to increase oxygen delivery and reduce the myocardial ATP consumption by increasing the coronary perfusion and by suppressing cardiac contractility, heart rate or blood pressure. An adjunctive treatment option for ischaemia is to improve or optimize myocardial metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Metabolic suppression in the ischaemic heart is characterized by reduced levels of high-energy molecules: ATP and NAD(+) . Because NAD(+) is required for most metabolic processes that generate ATP, we hypothesized that restoration of NAD(+) would be a prerequisite for ATP regeneration and examined the role of the major NAD(+) anabolic and catabolic pathways in the bioenergetic restoration process following oxygen-glucose deprivation injury in a cardiomyocyte cell line (H9c2 cells). KEY RESULTS Salvage of NAD(+) via nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase was essential for bioenergetic recovery in cardiomyocytes. Blockade of nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase prevented the restoration of the cellular ATP pool following oxygen-glucose deprivation injury by inhibiting both the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in the cardiomyocytes. NAD(+) consumption by PARP-1 also undermined the recovery processes, and PARP inhibition significantly improved the metabolism and increased cellular ATP levels in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that the NAD(+) salvage pathway is essential for bioenergetic recovery in post-hypoxic cardiomyocytes and PARP inhibition may represent a potential future therapeutic intervention in ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domokos Gero
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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23
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Oláh G, Szczesny B, Brunyánszki A, López-García IA, Gerö D, Radák Z, Szabo C. Differentiation-Associated Downregulation of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Expression in Myoblasts Serves to Increase Their Resistance to Oxidative Stress. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218895 PMCID: PMC4517814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), the major isoform of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, is a constitutive nuclear and mitochondrial protein with well-recognized roles in various essential cellular functions such as DNA repair, signal transduction, apoptosis, as well as in a variety of pathophysiological conditions including sepsis, diabetes and cancer. Activation of PARP-1 in response to oxidative stress catalyzes the covalent attachment of the poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) groups on itself and other acceptor proteins, utilizing NAD+ as a substrate. Overactivation of PARP-1 depletes intracellular NAD+ influencing mitochondrial electron transport, cellular ATP generation and, if persistent, can result in necrotic cell death. Due to their high metabolic activity, skeletal muscle cells are particularly exposed to constant oxidative stress insults. In this study, we investigated the role of PARP-1 in a well-defined model of murine skeletal muscle differentiation (C2C12) and compare the responses to oxidative stress of undifferentiated myoblasts and differentiated myotubes. We observed a marked reduction of PARP-1 expression as myoblasts differentiated into myotubes. This alteration correlated with an increased resistance to oxidative stress of the myotubes, as measured by MTT and LDH assays. Mitochondrial function, assessed by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential, was preserved under oxidative stress in myotubes compared to myoblasts. Moreover, basal respiration, ATP synthesis, and the maximal respiratory capacity of mitochondria were higher in myotubes than in myoblasts. Inhibition of the catalytic activity of PARP-1 by PJ34 (a phenanthridinone PARP inhibitor) exerted greater protective effects in undifferentiated myoblasts than in differentiated myotubes. The above observations in C2C12 cells were also confirmed in a rat-derived skeletal muscle cell line (L6). Forced overexpression of PARP1 in C2C12 myotubes sensitized the cells to oxidant-induced injury. Taken together, our data indicate that the reduction of PARP-1 expression during the process of the skeletal muscle differentiation serves as a protective mechanism to maintain the cellular functions of skeletal muscle during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Oláh
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Attila Brunyánszki
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Isabel A. López-García
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Domokos Gerö
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Semmelweis University, Alkotás Str. 44, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Bai P, Nagy L, Fodor T, Liaudet L, Pacher P. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases as modulators of mitochondrial activity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:75-83. [PMID: 25497347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential in cellular stress responses. Mitochondrial output to environmental stress is a major factor in metabolic adaptation and is regulated by a complex network of energy and nutrient sensing proteins. Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) has been known to impair mitochondrial function; however, our view of PARP-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and injury has only recently fundamentally evolved. In this review, we examine our current understanding of PARP-elicited mitochondrial damage, PARP-mediated signal transduction pathways, transcription factors that interact with PARPs and govern mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as mitochondrial diseases that are mediated by PARPs. With PARP activation emerging as a common underlying mechanism in numerous pathologies, a better understanding the role of various PARPs in mitochondrial regulation may help open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bai
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Nagy
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Fodor
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Burn Center, Lausanne University Hospital Medical Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory Physiological Studies, Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, NIH/NIAAA/DICBR, Bethesda, MD, USA
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