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Anti-inflammatory effects of Torin2 on lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 murine macrophages and potential mechanisms. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09917. [PMID: 35874059 PMCID: PMC9304722 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Torin2 has various pharmacological properties. However, its anti-inflammatory activity has not been reported. Objective This study focused on the potential anti-inflammatory properties of Torin2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked RAW264.7 murine macrophages. The study aimed to shed light on the molecular mechanisms that ameliorate these effects. Methods Torin2 was applied to 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were detected using the Griess reagent kit. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor in the supernatant fraction were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were tested using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase proteins, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) subgroups, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, I-kappa-B-alpha (IκBα), and nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), and activation in extracts were detected via western blotting. Nuclear factor-kappa-B/p65 nuclear translocation was tested using an immunofluorescence assay. Results The results demonstrated that pre-treatment with Torin2 profoundly attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated levels of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, pro-inflammatory cytokines, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Collectively, Torin2 pre-treatment notably weakened lipopolysaccharide-induced damage by reducing the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa-B, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase proteins, and nuclear factor-kappa-B/p65 nuclear translocation. Conclusion Numerous pieces of evidence indicated that Torin2 reversed inflammatory activation by regulating nuclear factor-kappa-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and provided a tentative potential candidate for preventing and treating inflammatory diseases.
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Torin2 overcomes sorafenib resistance via suppressing mTORC2-AKT-BAD pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2020; 19:547-554. [PMID: 33051131 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, resistance to sorafenib is an urgent problem to be resolved to improve the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib. As the activation of AKT/mTOR played a pivotal role in sorafenib resistance, we evaluated the effect of a dual mTOR complex 1/2 inhibitor Torin2 on overcoming the sorafenib resistance in HCC cells. METHODS The sorafenib-resistant Huh7 and Hep3B cell lines were established from their parental cell lines. The synergistic effect of sorafenib and Torin2 on these cells was measured by cell viability assay and quantified using the Chou-Talalay method. Apoptosis induced by the combination of sorafenib and Torin2 and the alteration in the specific signaling pathways of interest were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Sorafenib treatment inversely inhibited AKT in parental but activated AKT in sorafenib-resistant Huh7 and Hep3B HCC cells, which underscores the significance of AKT activation. Torin2 and sorafenib synergistically suppressed the viability of sorafenib-resistant cells via apoptosis induction. Torin2 successfully suppressed the sorafenib-activated mTORC2-AKT axis, leading to the dephosphorylation of Ser136 in BAD protein, and increased the expression of total BAD, which contributed to the apoptosis in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, Torin2 and sorafenib showed synergistic cytostatic capacity in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells, via the suppression of mTORC2-AKT-BAD pathway. Our results suggest a novel strategy of drug combination for overcoming sorafenib resistance in HCC.
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Chen Y, Zhou X. Research progress of mTOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112820. [PMID: 32966896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved Serine/Threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase, which belongs to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) protein family. mTOR exists as two types of protein complex: mTORC1 and mTORC2, which act as central controller regulating processes of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, survival and autophagy. The mTOR inhibitors block mTOR signaling pathway, producing anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, autophagy and apoptosis induction effects, thus mTOR inhibitors are mainly used in cancer therapy. At present, mTOR inhibitors are divided into four categories: Antibiotic allosteric mTOR inhibitors (first generation), ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors (second generation), mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitors (second generation) and other new mTOR inhibitors (third generation). In this article, these four categories of mTOR inhibitors and their structures, properties and some clinical researches will be introduced. Among them, we focus on the structure of mTOR inhibitors and try to analyze the structure-activity relationship. mTOR inhibitors are classified according to their chemical structure and their contents are introduced systematically. Moreover, some natural products that have direct or indirect mTOR inhibitory activities are introduced together. In this article, we analyzed the target, binding mode and structure-activity relationship of each generation of mTOR inhibitors and proposed two hypothetic scaffolds (the inverted-Y-shape scaffold and the C-shape scaffold) for the second generation of mTOR inhibitors. These findings may provide some help or reference for drug designing, drug modification or the future development of mTOR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Hu Y, Zhang J, Liu Q, Ke M, Li J, Suo W, Guo W, Ma A. Torin2 inhibits the EGFR-TKI resistant Non-Small Lung Cancer cell proliferation through negative feedback regulation of Akt/mTOR signaling. J Cancer 2020; 11:5746-5757. [PMID: 32913468 PMCID: PMC7477446 DOI: 10.7150/jca.37417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling plays an important role in NSCLC cells proliferation. Torin2 is a second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor which is selective for mTOR activity. In this study, we investigated whether torin2 was effective against lung cancer cells, especially EGFR-TKIs resistant NSCLC cells. We found that torin2 dramatically inhibited EGFR-TKI resistant cells viability in vitro. In xenograft model, torin2 treatment significantly reduced the volume and weight of xenograft tumor in the erlotinib resistant PC9/E cells. Additionally, autophagy protein of phosphatidylethanolamine-modified microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3II/I (LC3II/I) increased in PC9/E after torin2 treatment. Torin2 blocked the level of phosphorylated S6 and the phosphorylation of Akt at both T308 and S473 sites compared with erlotinib treatment. Furthermore, TUNEL assay showed that apoptosis of tumor tissue increased significantly in the torin2 treatment group. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that tumor angiogenesis was obviously inhibited by torin2 treatment in EGFR-TKI resistant group. Collectively, our results suggested that torin2 could inhibit the NSCLC cells proliferation by negative feedback regulation of Akt/mTOR signaling and inducing autophagy. This suggests that torin2 could be a novel therapeutic approach for EGFR-TKI resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingyao Ke
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The secondary hospital of Xiamen Medicine school, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiurong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenhao Suo
- Department of Pathology, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weixi Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Aiping Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Achkar IW, Abdulrahman N, Al-Sulaiti H, Joseph JM, Uddin S, Mraiche F. Cisplatin based therapy: the role of the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2018; 16:96. [PMID: 29642900 PMCID: PMC5896132 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of various cancers. However, treatment with cisplatin is associated with drug resistance and several adverse side effects such as nephrotoxicity, reduced immunity towards infections and hearing loss. A Combination of cisplatin with other drugs is an approach to overcome drug resistance and reduce toxicity. The combination therapy also results in increased sensitivity of cisplatin towards cancer cells. The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the cell, consisting of extracellular signal regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 kinases, and downstream mediator p90 ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK); is responsible for the regulation of various cellular events including cell survival, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell migration and protein translation. This review article demonstrates the role of MAPK pathway in cisplatin based therapy, illustrates different combination therapy involving cisplatin and also shows the importance of targeting MAPK family, particularly RSK, to achieve increased anticancer effect and overcome drug resistance when combined with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hend Al-Sulaiti
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Synergistic effects of selective inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway or NUP214-ABL1 fusion protein in human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79842-79853. [PMID: 27821800 PMCID: PMC5346755 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) accounts for 25–30% of adult ALL and its incidence increases with age in adults >40 years old. Irrespective of age, the ABL1 fusion genes are markers of poor prognosis and amplification of the NUP214-ABL1 oncogene can be detected mainly in patients with T-ALL. T cell malignancies harboring the ABL1 fusion genes are sensitive to many cytotoxic agents, but up to date complete remissions have not been achieved. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is often activated in leukemias and plays a crucial role in leukemogenesis. We analyzed the effects of three BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), alone and in combination with a panel of selective PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors, on three NUP214-ABL1 positive T-ALL cell lines that also displayed PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation. Cells were sensitive to anti BCR-ABL1 TKIs Imatinib, Nilotinib and GZD824, that specifically targeted the ABL1 fusion protein, but not the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis. Four drugs against the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade, GSK690693, NVP-BGT226, ZSTK474 and Torin-2, showed marked cytotoxic effects on T-leukemic cells, without affecting the NUP214-ABL1 kinase and related pathway. Dephosphorylation of pAkt and pS6 showed the cytotoxicity of these compounds. Either single or combined administration of drugs against the different targets displayed inhibition of cellular viability associated with a concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and autophagy, having the combined treatments a significant synergistic cytotoxic effect. Co-targeting NUP214-ABL1 fusion gene and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway could represent a new and effective pharmacological strategy to improve the outcome in NUP214-ABL1 positive T-ALL.
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Gasparri ML, Bardhi E, Ruscito I, Papadia A, Farooqi AA, Marchetti C, Bogani G, Ceccacci I, Mueller MD, Benedetti Panici P. PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Treatment: Are We on the Right Track? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2017. [PMID: 29093603 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118907]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high recurrence rate and the low overall survival in ovarian cancer suggest that a more specific therapeutic approach in addition to conventional treatment is required. Translational and clinical research is investigating new molecular targets in order to find an alternative way to affect tumor growth and to minimize the overlap of toxicity of antiblastic agents. Given its implication in many cellular activities including regulation of cell growth, motility, survival, proliferation, protein synthesis, autophagy, transcription, as well as angiogenesis, PI3K/AKT/mTOR is one of the most investigated intracellular signaling pathways. A dis-regulation of this pathway has been shown in several tumors, including ovarian cancer. In this setting, mTor proteins represent a potential target for inhibitors, which could ultimately play a pivotal role in counteracting cellular proliferation. Recently, mTor inhibitors have been approved in the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, mantle cell lymphoma and renal cancer. Clinical trials have assessed the safety of these drugs in ovarian cancer patients. Ongoing phase I and II studies are evaluating the oncologic outcome of mTor inhibitor treatment and its effect in combination with conventional chemotherapy and target agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Gasparri
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Erlisa Bardhi
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilary Ruscito
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Papadia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Claudia Marchetti
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bogani
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Ceccacci
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael D Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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8
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Gasparri ML, Bardhi E, Ruscito I, Papadia A, Farooqi AA, Marchetti C, Bogani G, Ceccacci I, Mueller MD, Benedetti Panici P. PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Treatment: Are We on the Right Track? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2017. [PMID: 29093603 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118907] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The high recurrence rate and the low overall survival in ovarian cancer suggest that a more specific therapeutic approach in addition to conventional treatment is required. Translational and clinical research is investigating new molecular targets in order to find an alternative way to affect tumor growth and to minimize the overlap of toxicity of antiblastic agents. Given its implication in many cellular activities including regulation of cell growth, motility, survival, proliferation, protein synthesis, autophagy, transcription, as well as angiogenesis, PI3K/AKT/mTOR is one of the most investigated intracellular signaling pathways. A dis-regulation of this pathway has been shown in several tumors, including ovarian cancer. In this setting, mTor proteins represent a potential target for inhibitors, which could ultimately play a pivotal role in counteracting cellular proliferation. Recently, mTor inhibitors have been approved in the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, mantle cell lymphoma and renal cancer. Clinical trials have assessed the safety of these drugs in ovarian cancer patients. Ongoing phase I and II studies are evaluating the oncologic outcome of mTor inhibitor treatment and its effect in combination with conventional chemotherapy and target agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Gasparri
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Erlisa Bardhi
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilary Ruscito
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Papadia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Claudia Marchetti
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bogani
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Ceccacci
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael D Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Luo J, Pi G, Xiao H, Ye Y, Li Q, Zhao L, Huang H, Luo H, Zhang Q, Wang D, Wang G. Torin2 enhances the radiosensitivity of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells by downregulating the mTOR signaling pathway and ATM phosphorylation. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:366-373. [PMID: 29115478 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has an important role in the comprehensive treatment of breast cancer. However, the clinical outcome of adjuvant radiotherapy may be limited due to intrinsic radioresistance, it is necessary to explore efficient radiosensitization methods that improve the clinical outcome of patients undergoing radiotherapy. The present study aimed to investigate whether the novel mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor Torin2 enhances the radiosensitivity of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. A Cell Counting Kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay was performed to measure the effect of Torin2 on cell proliferation, while clonogenic assays were employed to determine the effect of Torin2 in combination with radiation on the proliferation of MCF‑7 cells. The effect of Torin2 and/or radiation on the cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry. Furthermore, the protein expression of components of the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway, and the expression of proteins involved in DNA damage repair, was measured by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that Torin2 exhibited a higher potency in MCF‑7 cells, while MDA‑MB‑231 cells were less sensitive to Torin2. Compared with irradiation alone, pretreatment with 20 nM Torin2 followed by irradiation resulted in an increased level of γ‑H2A histone family member X. Radiation induced the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and upregulated the expression of phosphorylated (p)‑Akt473 and p‑eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1)37/46. Notably, pretreatment with Torin2 attenuated the radiation‑induced activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, Torin2 partially blocked the repair of double‑strand breaks induced by radiation by reducing the activation of ataxia telangiectasia‑mutated, and sensitized MCF‑7 cells to radiation. In conclusion, administration of Torin2 prior to irradiation enhanced the radiotherapeutic effect on breast cancer cells in vitro, and these results may provide a foundation for the rational use of combined therapy with irradiation and Torin2 for breast cancer in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Guocheng Pi
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - He Xiao
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Ye
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Lianhua Zhao
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Hong Luo
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ge Wang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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10
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Gasparri ML, Bardhi E, Ruscito I, Papadia A, Farooqi AA, Marchetti C, Bogani G, Ceccacci I, Mueller MD, Benedetti Panici P. PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Treatment: Are We on the Right Track? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2017; 77:1095-1103. [PMID: 29093603 PMCID: PMC5658232 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The high recurrence rate and the low overall survival in ovarian cancer suggest that a more specific therapeutic approach in addition to conventional treatment is required. Translational and clinical research is investigating new molecular targets in order to find an alternative way to affect tumor growth and to minimize the overlap of toxicity of antiblastic agents. Given its implication in many cellular activities including regulation of cell growth, motility, survival, proliferation, protein synthesis, autophagy, transcription, as well as angiogenesis, PI3K/AKT/mTOR is one of the most investigated intracellular signaling pathways. A dis-regulation of this pathway has been shown in several tumors, including ovarian cancer. In this setting, mTor proteins represent a potential target for inhibitors, which could ultimately play a pivotal role in counteracting cellular proliferation. Recently, mTor inhibitors have been approved in the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, mantle cell lymphoma and renal cancer. Clinical trials have assessed the safety of these drugs in ovarian cancer patients. Ongoing phase I and II studies are evaluating the oncologic outcome of mTor inhibitor treatment and its effect in combination with conventional chemotherapy and target agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Gasparri
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Erlisa Bardhi
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilary Ruscito
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Papadia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Claudia Marchetti
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bogani
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Ceccacci
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael D. Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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11
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Udayakumar D, Pandita RK, Horikoshi N, Liu Y, Liu Q, Wong KK, Hunt CR, Gray NS, Minna JD, Pandita TK, Westover KD. Torin2 Suppresses Ionizing Radiation-Induced DNA Damage Repair. Radiat Res 2016; 185:527-38. [PMID: 27135971 DOI: 10.1667/rr14373.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have been developed based on its central role in sensing growth factor and nutrient levels to regulate cellular metabolism. However, its ATP-binding site closely resembles other phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family members, resulting in reactivity with these targets that may also be therapeutically useful. The ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor, Torin2, shows biochemical activity against the DNA repair-associated proteins ATM, ATR and DNA-PK, which raises the possibility that Torin2 and related compounds might radiosensitize cancerous tumors. In this study Torin2 was also found to enhance ionizing radiation-induced cell killing in conditions where ATM was dispensable, confirming the requirement for multiple PIKK targets. Moreover, Torin2 did not influence the initial appearance of γ-H2AX foci after irradiation but significantly delayed the disappearance of radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci, indicating a DNA repair defect. Torin2 increased the number of radiation-induced S-phase specific chromosome aberrations and reduced the frequency of radiation-induced CtIP and Rad51 foci formation, suggesting that Torin2 works by blocking homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair resulting in an S-phase specific DNA repair defect. Accordingly, Torin2 reduced HR-mediated repair of I-Sce1-induced DNA damage and contributed to replication fork stalling. We conclude that radiosensitization of tumor cells by Torin2 is associated with disrupting ATR- and ATM-dependent DNA damage responses. Our findings support the concept of developing combination cancer therapies that incorporate ionizing radiation therapy and Torin2 or compounds with similar properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Udayakumar
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and.,c Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; and
| | - Raj K Pandita
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and.,c Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; and
| | - Nobuo Horikoshi
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and.,c Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; and
| | - Yan Liu
- d Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and
| | - Qingsong Liu
- e Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- d Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and
| | - Clayton R Hunt
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and.,c Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; and
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- e Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - John D Minna
- b Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Tej K Pandita
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and.,c Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; and
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