1
|
Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Yaseen T, Rasool KG, Husain M, Aldawood AS. Natural Warriors against Stored-Grain Pests: The Joint Action of Beauveria bassiana and Steinernema carpocapsae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:835. [PMID: 37623606 PMCID: PMC10455430 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum, Trogoderma granarium, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Cryptolestes ferrugineus are all major pests of stored grains. In this study, the efficiency of single and joint applications of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae at two different doses (50 and 100 IJs cm-2) and the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana for the management of the aforementioned pests was estimated. At single treatments, both doses of S. carpocapsae caused higher mortality rates to all six pest species compared to B. bassiana. The combined treatment of EPF and EPN resulted in higher mortality compared to single treatments. Mortality was strongly influenced by the exposure interval and the application dose of the EPN at both single and combined treatments. Maximum mortality was observed for the application of the combined treatment at the high dose of S. carpocapsae and B. bassiana. Among the different insect species tested, the maximum mortality rate was observed for R. dominica (96.62%), followed by S. oryzae (90.48%), T. castaneum (87.23%), C. ferrugineus (76.05%), O. surinamensis (70.74%), and T. granarium (57.71%). The outcomes of this study demonstrate the potential of utilizing specific combinations of EPF and EPN as effective natural enemies against stored-grain pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos street, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos street, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Taha Yaseen
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Khawaja G. Rasool
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mureed Husain
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman S. Aldawood
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lillis PE, Kennedy IP, Carolan JC, Griffin CT. Low-temperature exposure has immediate and lasting effects on the stress tolerance, chemotaxis and proteome of entomopathogenic nematodes. Parasitology 2022; 150:1-14. [PMID: 36328953 PMCID: PMC10090647 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting soil organisms, including the infective stages of parasites and entomopathogenic nematodes, which are important biological control agents. We investigated the response of 2 species of entomopathogenic nematodes to different storage regimes: cold (9°C), culture temperature (20°C) and temperature swapped from 9 to 20°C. For Steinernema carpocapsae, cold storage had profound effects on chemotaxis, stress tolerance and protein expression that were retained in temperature-swapped individuals. These effects included reversal of chemotactic response for 3 (prenol, methyl salicylate and hexanol) of the 4 chemicals tested, and enhanced tolerance to freezing (−10°C) and desiccation (75% RH). Label-free quantitative proteomics showed that cold storage induced widespread changes in S. carpocapsae, including an increase in heat-shock proteins and late embryogenesis abundant proteins. For Heterorhabditis megidis, cold storage had a less dramatic effect on chemotaxis (as previously shown for proteomic expression) and changes were not maintained on return to 20°C. Thus, cold temperature exposure has significant effects on entomopathogenic nematodes, but the nature of the change depends on the species. Steinernema carpocapsae, in particular, displays significant plasticity, and its behaviour and stress tolerance may be manipulated by brief exposure to low temperatures, with implications for its use as a biological control agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Lillis
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ian P. Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - James C. Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Erdogan H, Cruzado-Gutierrez K, Stevens G, Shapiro-Ilan D, Kaplan F, Alborn H, Lewis E. Nematodes Follow a Leader. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.740351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregated movement and population structure are known in entomopathogenic nematodes, which are obligate insect parasites. Aggregation behavior in the absence of external stimuli suggests communication among individuals, often in the form of trail-following, which has not been shown by nematodes of any kind. Interactions among individuals are an essential basis of following behaviors and can have significant fitness consequences. We explored intraspecific and interspecific interactions among three Steinernema species (S. glaseri, S. carpocapsae, and S. feltiae) in terms of trail following, and fitness outcomes of following heterospecific individuals. We found that the following behavior is context dependent. Following behavior among conspecifics was significantly increased when the lead nematode had prior contact with host cuticle. However, we did not find a clear association between the following response to heterospecific IJs and their reproductive success in a co-infected host.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Li L, Kesner L, Robert CAM. Chemical host-seeking cues of entomopathogenic nematodes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:72-81. [PMID: 33866041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate parasites that infect a broad range of insect species. Host-seeking is a crucial step for EPN infection success and survival. Yet, the identity and ecological functions of chemicals involved in host-seeking by EPNs remain overlooked. In this review, we report known CO2, plant-derived and insect-derived cues shaping EPN host-seeking and recognition. Despite species-specific response to environmental cues, we highlight a hierarchical integration of chemicals by EPNs. We further emphasize the impact of EPN selection pressure, age, and experience on their responsiveness to infochemicals. Finally, we feature that EPN chemical ecology can translate into powerful sustainable strategies to control insect herbivores in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lucie Kesner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baiocchi T, Li C, Dillman AR. EPNs Exhibit Repulsion to Prenol in Pluronic Gel Assays. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080457. [PMID: 32707750 PMCID: PMC7468948 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are lethal parasites of insects that have become valuable in biological control and as a model system for studying host-parasite interactions, behavioral ecology, neurobiology, and genomics, among other fields. Their ability to locate hosts is paramount to successful infection and host seeking has been extensively studied in many species in the lab. Here, we explored the usefulness of pluronic gel as a medium to assess EPN host seeking in the lab by characterizing the response of Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. riobrave, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and H. indica to the odor prenol. We found that the infective juveniles (IJs) of these species were repelled by prenol in pluronic gel. We then evaluated how storing the IJs of S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. glaseri for different amounts of time affected their behavioral responses to prenol. The response of S. carpocapsae was significantly affected by the storage time, while the responses of S. feltiae and S. glaseri were unaffected. Our data support the notion that pluronic gel is a useful medium for studying EPN behavior and that the response of S. carpocapsae to informative odors is significantly affected by long-term storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Baiocchi
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| |
Collapse
|