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Abdalkader RK, Fujita T. Corneal epithelium models for safety assessment in drug development: Present and future directions. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109697. [PMID: 37890755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The human corneal epithelial barrier plays a crucial role in drug testing studies, including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as toxicity testing during the preclinical stages of drug development. However, despite the valuable insights gained from animal and current in vitro models, there remains a significant discrepancy between preclinical drug predictions and actual clinical outcomes. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on adhering to the 3R principles (refine, reduce, replace) to minimize the use of animals in testing. To tackle these challenges, there is a rising demand for alternative in vitro models that closely mimic the human corneal epithelium. Recently, remarkable advancements have been made in two key areas: microphysiological systems (MPS) or organs-on-chips (OoCs), and stem cell-derived organoids. These cutting-edge platforms integrate four major disciplines: stem cells, microfluidics, bioprinting, and biosensing technologies. This integration holds great promise in developing powerful and biomimetic models of the human cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodi Kado Abdalkader
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Enhanced Immunomodulation, Anti-Apoptosis, and Improved Tear Dynamics of (PEG)-BHD1028, a Novel Adiponectin Receptor Agonist Peptide, for Treating Dry Eye Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010078. [PMID: 36678707 PMCID: PMC9863990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is characterized by impaired tear dynamics, leading to complex pathophysiological conditions. (PEG)-BHD1028, a peptide agonist to AdipoRs, was evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent for DED based on the reported physiological function of adiponectin, including anti-inflammation and epithelial protection. Therapeutic effects of (PEG)-BHD1028 were evaluated in experimentally induced EDE with 0.001%, 0.01%, and 0.1% (PEG)-BHD1028 in mice and 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% in rabbits for 10 days. In the rabbit study, 0.05% cyclosporine was also tested as a comparator. The results from the mouse study revealed significant improvement in tear volumes, tear breakup time (TBUT), inflammation, and corneal severity score (CSS) within 10 days at all (PEG)-BHD1028 concentrations. In the rabbit study, the tear volume and TBUT significantly increased in (PEG)-BHD1028 groups compared with vehicle and 0.05% cyclosporine groups. The CSS, apoptosis rate, and corneal thickness of all (PEG)-BHD1028 and 0.05% cyclosporine groups were significantly improved relative to the vehicle group. The immune cell counts of 0.2% and 0.4% (PEG)-BHD1028 treated groups were significantly lower than those of the vehicle group. These results represent the potential of (PEG)-BHD1028 as an effective therapeutic agent for DED.
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Masatsugu M, Atsumi I, Yamagiwa Y, Haranosono Y, Kurata M. Presumed congenital nictitating membrane dysplasia in a Japanese white rabbit. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1946-1949. [PMID: 35588501 PMCID: PMC9514455 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present report characterises a spontaneous nictitating membrane abnormality in a Japanese white rabbit. Animal studied The animal was a male Japanese white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus, Kbs:JW, 10 weeks old at the time of purchase) that had not received any treatment. A morphological abnormality of the nictitating membrane in the animal's right eye was detected. Procedures Ophthalmological examinations, including slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, corneal and conjunctival staining with fluorescein and lissamine green, fundoscopy, blinking rate measurement, Schirmer's tear test, and tonometry were performed. The animal was euthanised at 15 weeks of age, and histopathological examinations of the abnormal nictitating membrane, palpebral conjunctiva, eyelid and eyeball were performed. Results The tip of the nictitating membrane adhered to the palpebral conjunctiva of the medial canthus. The eye and periocular tissues showed no abnormalities in the ophthalmological examinations, except for the structure of the nictitating membrane. Histopathological examination revealed that the adhered site of the nictitating membrane and the palpebral conjunctiva consisted of dense fibrous connective tissue that was consecutive to the conjunctiva adjacent to the eyelid margin and lamina propria of the nictitating membrane. The fibrous connective tissue was covered with stratified squamous epithelium. Conclusion Based on these results, we diagnosed this abnormal finding as congenital nictitating membrane dysplasia. This paper is the first case report describing a congenital structural abnormality of the nictitating membrane in a Japanese white rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Masatsugu
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Atsumi
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yu Haranosono
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurata
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Tahara H, Yamagiwa Y, Haranosono Y, Kurata M. Time-course changes in DNA damage of corneal epithelial cells in rabbits following ocular instillation with genotoxic compounds. Genes Environ 2022; 44:14. [PMID: 35527291 PMCID: PMC9082918 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-022-00243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In eye-drop drug development, the additional genotoxicity tests in some cases might be necessary to assess genotoxicity in the ocular surface since the ocular surface is exposed directly to high drug concentrations. Recently, an in vivo comet assay using corneal epithelial cells in rabbits following single ocular instillation was developed as an assay to evaluate genotoxicity in ocular tissues. In this study, we investigated the time-course changes in DNA damage after ocular instillation of genotoxic compounds to evaluate the optimal sampling timing for in vivo comet assay of the ocular surface tissue. Ethidium bromide (EtBr), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) were administered to the eyes of the rabbits. Corneas were collected at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after administration, and the comet assay was performed. In addition, the in vitro comet assay was performed to assess the time-course changes in DNA damage induced by short-time exposure to the genotoxic compounds.
Results
The mean % tail DNA, which is an indicator for DNA damage, in the corneal epithelial cells treated with all compounds exhibited statistically significant increases compared with those in the negative controls of saline at 0.5, 2, 4, and 6 h. There was a difference in the DNA damage response between EtBr and the other two compounds. In the 3% MMS- and 1% 4-NQO-treated eyes, the values of the % tail DNA were the highest at 0.5 h and then decreased gradually. In contrast, in the 1% EtBr-treated eyes, the highest value was noted at 4 h. The results of the in vitro comet assay showed that the % tail DNA increased in all groups. A further increase in the % tail DNA occurred in the EtBr-treated cells even after removing the compound but not in the MMS- and 4-NQO-treated cells.
Conclusion
Relatively high values of the % tail DNA were maintained from 0.5 to 6 h after administration, suggesting that the optimal sampling time is any one point from 0.5 to 6 h in the comet assay of the corneal surface.
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Tahara H, Yamagiwa Y, Haranosono Y, Kurata M. In vivo comet assay in rabbit corneal epithelial cells following ocular instillation with genotoxic compounds. Genes Environ 2021; 43:11. [PMID: 33827709 PMCID: PMC8028091 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The in vivo comet assay is used to evaluate the genotoxic potential of compounds by detecting DNA strand breaks in cells isolated from animal tissue. The comet assay of hepatocytes is well established; however, the levels of systemic drug exposure following systemic administration are often insufficient to evaluate the genotoxic potential of compounds on the ocular surface following ocular instillation. To investigate the possibility of using the comet assay as a genotoxic evaluation tool for the ocular surface, we performed this assay on the corneal epithelial cells of rabbit eyes 2 h after the single ocular instillation of five genotoxic compounds, namely ethidium bromide, 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (paraquat), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), acrylamide, and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO). Results The mean % tail DNA, as an indicator of DNA damage, in the corneal epithelial cells treated with ethidium bromide, MMS, and 4-NQO exhibited statistically significant increases compared with those in the negative controls (saline or 5 % dimethyl sulfoxide in saline). However, paraquat and acrylamide did not increase the mean % tail DNA, presumably because of the high antioxidant levels and low cytochrome P450 levels present in the corneal epithelium, respectively. Conclusions The comet assay was able to detect genotoxic potential on the ocular surface following ocular instillation with genotoxic compounds. The study findings indicate that the in vivo comet assay may provide a useful tool for assessing the genotoxicity of compounds topically administrated on the ocular surface under mimicking clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Tahara
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Haranosono
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurata
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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Tahara H, Nemoto S, Yamagiwa Y, Haranosono Y, Kurata M. Investigation of in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis in rabbit corneas following instillation of genotoxic agents. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:26-36. [PMID: 33461361 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1874006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test is used for in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity evaluation. The UDS test with hepatocytes is well established; however, drug exposure levels at the application site for topically administered drugs (e.g. ophthalmic drugs) often exceed the exposure levels for systemic administration. To establish in vivo genotoxicity on the ocular surface, we performed the UDS test using rabbit corneas from eyes subjected to instillation of genotoxic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five genotoxic agents - 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (paraquat); acridine orange; ethidium bromide; acrylamide; and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) - were instilled once onto both eyes of male Japanese white rabbits. Physiological saline or a general vehicle for ophthalmic solution were instilled as the negative controls. Dimethyl sulfoxide was instilled as the vehicle control. Isolated corneas were incubated with tritium-labelled thymidine and the number of sparsely labelled cells (SLCs, cells undergoing UDS) was counted by autoradiography. RESULTS Statistically significant increases in the mean appearance rates of SLCs in the corneal epithelium were noted in paraquat-, acridine orange-, ethidium bromide-, and 4-NQO-treated eyes compared with those of the controls. These increases generally appeared in a dose-dependent manner. Acrylamide did not induce an increase in the mean appearance rates of SLCs, presumably because it caused the generation of fewer metabolites in the cornea. CONCLUSIONS UDS tests revealed DNA damage in the cornea epitheliums treated with well-known genotoxic agents. These results suggest that the UDS test is one of the useful tools for the assessment of in vivo genotoxicity on the ocular surface in the development of ophthalmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Tahara
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shingo Nemoto
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yu Haranosono
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurata
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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De Vera Mudry MC, Martin J, Schumacher V, Venugopal R. Deep Learning in Toxicologic Pathology: A New Approach to Evaluate Rodent Retinal Atrophy. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:851-861. [PMID: 33371793 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320980674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of retinal atrophy, caused by therapeutics and/or light, by manual measurement of retinal layers is labor intensive and time-consuming. In this study, we explored the role of deep learning (DL) in automating the assessment of retinal atrophy, particularly of the outer and inner nuclear layers, in rats. Herein, we report our experience creating and employing a hybrid approach, which combines conventional image processing and DL to quantify rodent retinal atrophy. Utilizing a DL approach based upon the VGG16 model architecture, models were trained, tested, and validated using 10,746 image patches scanned from whole slide images (WSIs) of hematoxylin-eosin stained rodent retina. The accuracy of this computational method was validated using pathologist annotated WSIs throughout and used to separately quantify the thickness of the outer and inner nuclear layers of the retina. Our results show that DL can facilitate the evaluation of therapeutic and/or light-induced atrophy, particularly of the outer retina, efficiently in rodents. In addition, this study provides a template which can be used to train, validate, and analyze the results of toxicologic pathology DL models across different animal species used in preclinical efficacy and safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Vera Mudry
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 1529F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jim Martin
- 1529Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 1529F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Imai T, Hasebe S, Furuse T, Morisawa S, Hasebe K, Nagata Y, Tokutake T, Moriyama Y. Adverse reactions to 1% cyclopentolate eye drops in children: an analysis using logistic regression models. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 41:424-430. [PMID: 33300632 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the frequency, symptoms and risk factors for adverse reactions to two-times instillation of 1% cyclopentolate in children. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, observational study. METHODS The subjects were 646 patients who underwent cycloplegic refraction with cyclopentolate (mean age; 7.0 ± 3.5 years, age range; 0-15 years). Five minutes after instillation of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride, a 1% cyclopentolate eye drop was instilled twice, with an interval of 10 min. Fifty minutes later, two certified orthoptists evaluated adverse reactions using a questionnaire and interviewed the patients' guardians. The relationship between the adverse reaction rates and age, gender, additional instillation, complications of the central nervous system (CNS), time of day and season were analysed using binominal and polytomous logistic regression models. RESULTS The overall frequency of adverse reactions was 18.3% (118/646 patients). The main symptoms included conjunctival injection (10.5%, 68/646), drowsiness (6.8%, 44/646) and facial flush (2.2%, 14/646). The odds ratio (OR) of conjunctival injection increased with patient's age (p < 0.05), in boys (p < 0.01) and in winter (p < 0.001). In contrast, the OR of drowsiness decreased with age (p < 0.001). Facial flush was observed mostly in children younger than 4 years. CNS complications were not a significant risk factor for any of the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Adverse reactions to 1% cyclopentolate eye drops were more frequent than previously expected, but all were mild and transient. The probability of each symptom was associated with a clear age-specific trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Imai
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hasebe
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Furuse
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Morisawa
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kayoko Hasebe
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Nagata
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tokutake
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Moriyama
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
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Kito G, Atsumi I, Yamagiwa Y, Sakaki H, Kurata M. Anatomical and histological sex differences in the eye and its accessory tissues in Dutch belted rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.5.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gakushi Kito
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Ikuyo Atsumi
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hideyuki Sakaki
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Masaaki Kurata
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Kurata M, Yamagiwa Y, Haranosono Y, Sakaki H. Repeated-dose ocular instillation toxicity study: a survey of its study design on the basis of common technical documents in Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.4.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kurata
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yu Haranosono
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hideyuki Sakaki
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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