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Wolfart JC, Theodoro JL, Silva FC, de Oliveira CMR, Ferreira NGC, Bittencourt Guimarães AT. Metabolic Consequences of the Water We Drink: A Study Based on Field Evidence and Animal Model Experimentation. TOXICS 2023; 11:315. [PMID: 37112542 PMCID: PMC10142944 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the chronic consumption of water contaminated with residual concentrations of DDT's metabolites (DDD-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and DDE-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) found in the environment were evaluated on the biometric, hematological and antioxidant system parameters of the hepatic, muscular, renal and nervous tissues of Wistar rats. The results showed that the studied concentrations (0.002 mg.L-1 of DDD plus 0.005 mg.L-1 of DDE) could not cause significant changes in the hematological parameters. However, the tissues showed significant alteration in the activity of the antioxidant system represented by the increase in the activity of the enzymes gluthathione S-transferases in the liver, superoxide dismutase in the kidney, gluthathione peroxidase in the brain, and several changes in enzymatic activity in muscle (SOD, GPx and LPO). The enzymes alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) were also evaluated for the amino acids' metabolism in the liver, with ALT showing a significant increase in the exposed animals. In the integrative analysis of biomarkers (Permanova and PCOA), the studied concentrations showed possible metabolic changes and damage to cellular structures evidenced by increased oxidative stress and body weight gain among the treated animals. This study highlights the need for further studies on the impact of banned pesticides still present in soils that may induce adverse effects in organisms that may prevail in future generations and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Caroline Wolfart
- Laboratory of Biological Investigations, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, Cascavel 2069, Paraná, Brazil; (J.C.W.)
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Health, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, Cascavel 2069, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Lucas Theodoro
- Laboratory of Biological Investigations, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, Cascavel 2069, Paraná, Brazil; (J.C.W.)
| | - Fernanda Coleraus Silva
- Laboratory of Biological Investigations, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, Cascavel 2069, Paraná, Brazil; (J.C.W.)
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Health, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, Cascavel 2069, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Mara Ribas de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Environmental Management, Universidade Positivo, Rua Professor Parigot de Souza, Curitiba 5300, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nuno G. C. Ferreira
- CIIMAR: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões. Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães
- Laboratory of Biological Investigations, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, Cascavel 2069, Paraná, Brazil; (J.C.W.)
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Health, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, Cascavel 2069, Paraná, Brazil
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Liu X, Song L. Quercetin protects human liver cells from o,p'-DDT-induced toxicity by suppressing Nrf2 and NADPH oxidase-regulated ROS production. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161:112849. [PMID: 35122929 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have revealed that Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites are associated with liver diseases. However, there has been little emphasis on the mechanism underlying liver toxicity of o,p'-DDT and relevant effective inhibitors investigation. This study indicated o,p'-DDT exposure significantly decreased cell viability and promoted lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release based on the investigation of cytotoxicity by trypan blue exclusion counts, MTT, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Comet, micronuclei, and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) assays demonstrated o,p'-DDT exposure increased the comet parameters, micronuclei frequency, and DPC coefficient. Meanwhile, we found o,p'-DDT induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, which is characterized by the loss of of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), decreased Bcl-2 expression, and increased protein levels of Bax, cytochrome c, activated-caspase-9, and activated-caspase-3. Furthermore, o,p'-DDT induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, decreased the protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) in the nuclear, and enhanced the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. However, quercetin treatment significantly antagonized o,p'-DDT-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and apoptosis as well as effects on ROS, Nrf2, and NADPH oxidase. Taken together, these findings suggested quercetin could alleviate o,p'-DDT-induced toxicity in HL-7702 cells via inhibiting ROS production, which is modulated by down-regulating nuclear Nrf2 levels and NADPH oxidase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Li Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Jin X, Song L, Liu X, Chen M, Li Z, Cheng L, Ren H. Protective efficacy of vitamins C and E on p,p'-DDT-induced cytotoxicity via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway and NF-κB/FasL pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113257. [PMID: 25464339 PMCID: PMC4252254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenoxytrichloroethane (DDT) is a known persistent organic pollutant and liver damage toxicant. However, there has been little emphasis on the mechanism underlying liver damage toxicity of DDT and the relevant effective inhibitors. Hence, the present study was conducted to explore the protective effects of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) on the cytotoxicity of DDT in HL-7702 cells and elaborate the specific molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that p,p'-DDT exposure at over 10 µM depleted cell viability of HL-7702 cells and led to cell apoptotic. p,p'-DDT treatment elevated the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, induced mitochondrial membrane potential, and released cytochrome c into the cytosol, with subsequent elevations of Bax and p53, along with suppression of Bcl-2. In addition, the activations of caspase-3 and -8 were triggered. Furthermore, p,p'-DDT promoted the expressions of NF-κB and FasL. When the cells were exposed to the NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC), the up-regulated expression of FasL was attenuated. Strikingly, these alterations caused by DDT treatment were prevented or reversed by the addition of VC or VE, and the protective effects of co-treatment with VC and VE were higher than the single supplement with p,p'-DDT. Taken together, these findings provide novel experimental evidences supporting that VC or/and VE could reduce p,p'-DDT-induced cytotoxicity of HL-7702 cells via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway and NF-κB/FasL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Jin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Meilan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Hua Ren
- Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Taiyuan, 030013, China
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Espín S, Martínez-López E, Gómez-Ramírez P, María-Mojica P, García-Fernández AJ. Assessment of organochlorine pesticide exposure in a wintering population of razorbills (Alca torda) from the southwestern Mediterranean. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:1190-1198. [PMID: 20619440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen organochlorine pesticides (OC) were analyzed in several tissue types (abdominal and subcutaneous fat, liver and brain) from juvenile (n=14), immature (n=9), subadult (n=7) and adult (n=20) razorbill (Alca torda) collected from the southwestern Mediterranean coastline, in the East of Spain (La Marina, Elche, Alicante, Spain). These razorbills had drowned in fishing nets (most probably) while searching for food. The objective was to assess the exposure to organochlorine pesticide residues in this wintering population of marine birds. This paper presents, as far as we are aware, the first published data on OC concentrations in razorbills. The highest levels were found in abdominal fat followed by subcutaneous fat, liver and brain. A significant positive relationship was found between age and OC levels in tissues, and with the highest levels in adults. The group of sigma Drins had the highest concentrations, followed by sigma DDT, sigma Endosulfan, sigma HCH and sigma Heptachlor, with endrin aldehyde being the compound which reached the highest levels. The p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT ratio in fatty tissues suggests exposure to non-degraded DDT and thus is present in the environment despite its prohibition. The OC levels detected were higher than those found in other studies on Alcidae, which may be explained by the Mediterranean habitat in which the birds were found. However, these levels are below concentrations for which any observable effect has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espín
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Shutoh Y, Takeda M, Ohtsuka R, Haishima A, Yamaguchi S, Fujie H, Komatsu Y, Maita K, Harada T. Low dose effects of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on gene transcription and DNA methylation in the hypothalamus of young male rats: implication of hormesis-like effects. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 34:469-82. [PMID: 19797855 DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To verify the relationship between oxidative stress and DNA methylation in the young brain, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was administered by gavage to male young rats at doses of 0, 0.006, 0.06, 0.6, 6, and 60 mg/kg/day for a period of 4 weeks. The most conspicuous decrease in the lipid peroxidation level was observed in the 0.06 mg/kg/day group compared with controls. Microarray analysis of brain samples from the control and 0.06 mg/kg/day groups revealed that the expression of 40 genes was changed in the hypothalamus, whereas mRNA expression was unaltered in the hippocampus. This result suggests that the hypothalamus is more susceptible to low-level oxidative stress at the young period. We further examined this possibility by selecting 10 genes from the hypothalamic microarray data. RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of 7 of these 10 genes was significantly changed in the 0.06 mg/kg/day group, compared with controls. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis showed that mRNA expressions of Dnmt1, Hsp90 and Hsp70 in the hypothalamus were significantly lower in the 0.06 mg/kg/day group than in controls. Methylated DNA-PCR analysis in the hypothalamus revealed that 6 CpG islands were significantly hypomethylated compared with controls. Thus, we speculate that the DNA methylation machinery malfunctions under low levels of oxidative stress, thereby leading to incomplete methylation of specific gene regions. Our data indicate that a low level of oxidative stress appears to correlate positively with transcriptional down-regulation and hypomethylation, but the precise mechanisms underlying these processes are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Shutoh
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Yamazaki H, Takano R, Horiuchi K, Shimizu M, Murayama N, Kitajima M, Shono F. Human Blood Concentrations of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Extrapolated from Metabolism in Rats and Humans and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
- High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Ryohji Takano
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
- Fujitsu Kyusyu Systems
| | - Kana Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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Hojo H, Aoyama H, Takahashi KL, Shimizu N, Araki M, Takizawa Y, Sakasai K, Kuwahara M, Saka M, Teramoto S. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study in rats with 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT). Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2006; 46:105-14. [PMID: 16732769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2006.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DDT, an organochlorine pesticide, has been cited as a representative chemical suspected of having endocrine disrupting effects. In this study, the potential endocrine disrupting activities of p,p'-DDT, a major component of DDT, were investigated in rats in a 2-generation reproduction toxicity study in accordance with the most current test guidelines of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) with some modifications and additions. p,p'-DDT was given to parental rats at dietary levels of 0, 5, 50 or 350 ppm. Systemic toxicities in the parental animals consisted of tremors and subsequent deaths (females only) and/or pathological alterations of the liver (both sexes of animals) of the 2 higher dose groups. Reproductive and postnatal developmental toxicities were not evident up to the highest dose level except for the decreased pup viability index on postnatal day 21 in the 350 ppm group. Changes in serum estradiol and progesterone levels and/or a delay in male sexual maturation were noted in the 2 higher dose groups in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting alterations of endogenous endocrine functions. However, these changes never resulted in substantial reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hojo
- Laboratories of Reproductive Toxicology, Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki, Japan
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