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Durán A, Montegudo JM, Castillo D, Expósito AJ. UV/solar photo-degradation of furaltadone in homogeneous and heterogeneous phases: Intensification with persulfate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115712. [PMID: 35849926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on removal of the pharmaceutical drug Furaltadone (FTD) in water have not shown to be totally efficient or are very expensive. In this study, sulfate radicals derived from persulfate anions activated with different irradiation sources (UVA, UVC and solar light) and combined with H2O2 and/or TiO2 have been tested in homogeneous and heterogeneous phases under different operation modes and reaction systems. In homogeneous phase, UV produces a slow mineralization (k = 0.0013 min-1). The combined processes are faster (kUV/H2O2 = 0.0185 min-1, kUV/PS = 0.0206 min-1) with the best performance for the UV/PS system yielding nearly 80% of mineralization in half an hour. The overall process (UV/H2O2/PS) does not show synergy and mineralization is even slower (kUV/H2O2/PS = 0.015 min-1) due to the production of a high amount of radicals favouring unproductive reactions (scavenger effect). A mineralization mechanism is proposed involving formation of 5hydroxymethylene-2(5H)-furanone and NO as the main intermediates. In heterogeneous phase (UVA/TiO2/PS), the holes play an important role changing the mineralization mechanism. The main intermediates formed were C12H17N4O4 and C11H14N3O4, which rapidly were degraded to form C8H15O3N3, C4H10NO and C5H10NO. An economic study of operation costs has been made for selected processes: UVC/PS, UVA/TiO2/PS and Solar/TiO2/PS. The Solar/TiO2/PS process has the lowest operation costs due to the use of solar energy. However, it would need an additional stage to recover the catalyst. Finally, a loss of 27% in efficiency during mineralization was found after 5 cycles, but the catalyst recovers its initial performance after regeneration at 500 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Durán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Grupo IMAES. ETSII, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales (INEI), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José María Montegudo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Grupo IMAES. ETSII, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales (INEI), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - D Castillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Grupo IMAES. ETSII, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales (INEI), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Expósito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Sun X, Wei D, Liu W, Geng J, Liu J, Du Y. Formation of novel disinfection by-products chlorinated benzoquinone, phenyl benzoquinones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during chlorination treatment on UV filter 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone in swimming pool water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 367:725-733. [PMID: 30685680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1) is an important component and metabolite of benzophenone-type (BPs) UV filters, it is widely used in commercial products and frequently detected in environmental media and organism samples. The transformation characteristics and genotoxicity changes of BP-1 during chlorination disinfection process were explored. Nineteen transformation products were separated and tentatively identified, eleven of which were not previously reported. Most importantly, nine novel by-products including one chlorobenzoquinone, four phenyl benzoquinones, and four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were formed during BP-1 chlorination. Plausible transformation pathways for BP-1 during chlorination treatment were proposed, in which chlorination substitution, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, hydrolysis, and CC coupling reactions were involved. The CC coupling reaction is firstly observed in chlorination disinfection system. Higher pH values and chlorine doses would be a benefit for BP-1 transformation. The genotoxicity of the reaction mixture increased significantly with increasing chlorine dose under acid and neutral conditions due to the formation of benzoquinones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It was noted that BP-1 and its chlorinated products were found in swimming pool water samples. This work inferred that BP-1 and its analogs are transformed during the chlorination disinfection process and may cause potential ecological and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jialin Geng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zarrelli A, Dellagreca M, Iesce MR, Lavorgna M, Temussi F, Schiavone L, Criscuolo E, Parrella A, Previtera L, Isidori M. Ecotoxicological evaluation of caffeine and its derivatives from a simulated chlorination step. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:453-458. [PMID: 24148320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is ubiquitous in surface and ground waters and it has been proposed as a marker of the anthropogenic pressure on the environment. Sewage treatment plants based on active sludges seem to be not very efficient in its complete removal from effluents while additional disinfection treatments by chlorination are able to do it. In a simulation of the chlorination step herein we report that caffeine is transformed in six by-products: 8-chlorocaffeine, 1,3-dimethyl-5-azabarbituric acid, N,N'-dimethylparabanic acid, N,N'-dimethyloxalamide, N-methylurea and N,N'-dimethylurea. The ecotoxicity of caffeine and identified compounds was evaluated on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames Test were used to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. Moreover, we assessed the possible antigenotoxic effect of the selected compounds using SOS Chromotest after co-incubation with the standard genotoxin, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on the rotifer while the algae seemed to be unaffected. Results indicated that caffeine (1), N,N'-dimethyloxamide (4) and N,N'-dimethylparabanic acid (5) reduced β-galactosidase activity in comparison with positive control, both at 1 and 5mg/L of 4-NQNO with a good dose-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Zarrelli
- Udr Napoli 4 Consortium INCA, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marina Dellagreca
- Udr Napoli 4 Consortium INCA, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Iesce
- Udr Napoli 4 Consortium INCA, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Lavorgna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Fabio Temussi
- Udr Napoli 4 Consortium INCA, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Schiavone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Emma Criscuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alfredo Parrella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Lucio Previtera
- Udr Napoli 4 Consortium INCA, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Isidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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Escher BI, Fenner K. Recent advances in environmental risk assessment of transformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3835-47. [PMID: 21473617 DOI: 10.1021/es1030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
When micropollutants degrade in the environment, they may form persistent and toxic transformation products, which should be accounted for in the environmental risk assessment of the parent compounds. Transformation products have become a topic of interest not only with regard to their formation in the environment, but also during advanced water treatment processes, where disinfection byproducts can form from benign precursors. In addition, environmental risk assessment of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals requires inclusion of human metabolites as most pharmaceuticals are not excreted into wastewater in their original form, but are extensively metabolized. All three areas have developed their independent approaches to assess the risk associated with transformation product formation including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard assessment including dose-response characterization, and risk characterization. This review provides an overview and defines a link among those areas, emphasizing commonalities and encouraging a common approach. We distinguish among approaches to assess transformation products of individual pollutants that are undergoing a particular transformation process, e.g., biotransformation or (photo)oxidation, and approaches with the goal of prioritizing transformation products in terms of their contribution to environmental risk. We classify existing approaches for transformation product assessment in degradation studies as exposure- or effect-driven. In the exposure-driven approach, transformation products are identified and quantified by chemical analysis followed by effect assessment. In the effect-driven approach, a reaction mixture undergoes toxicity testing. If the decrease in toxicity parallels the decrease of parent compound concentration, the transformation products are considered to be irrelevant, and only when toxicity increases or the decrease is not proportional to the parent compound concentration are the TPs identified. For prioritization of transformation products in terms of their contribution to overall environmental risk, we integrate existing research into a coherent model-based, risk-driven framework. In the proposed framework, read-across from data of the parent compound to the transformation products is emphasized, but limitations to this approach are also discussed. Most prominently, we demonstrate how effect data for parent compounds can be used in combination with analysis of toxicophore structures and bioconcentration potential to facilitate transformation product effect assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia.
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Onodera S. [Formation mechanism and chemical safety of nonintentional chemical substances present in chlorinated drinking water and wastewater]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:1157-74. [PMID: 20823673 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the formation mechanism and chemical safety of nonintentional chemical substances (NICS) present in chlorine-treated water containing organic contaminants. Undesirable compounds, i.e., NICS, may be formed under certain conditions when chlorine reacts with organic matter. The rate and extent of chlorine consumption with organics are strongly dependent on their chemical structures, particularly whether double bonds or sulfur and nitrogen atoms occur in the molecules. Organothiophosphorus pesticides (P=S type) are easily oxidized to their phosphorus compounds (P=O type) in chlorinated water containing HOCl as little as 0.5 mg/l, resulting in an increase in cholinesterase-inhibitory activity. Chlorination of phenols in water also produces a series of highly chlorinated compounds, including chlorophenols, chloroquinones, chlorinated carboxylic acids, and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPPs). In some of these chloroquinones, 2,6-dichloroalkylsemiquinones exhibit a strong mutagenic response as do positive controls used in the Ames test. 2-phenoxyphenols in these PCPPs are particularly interesting, as they are present in the chlorine-treated phenol solution and they are also precursors (predioxins) of the highly toxic chlorinated dioxins. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found to undergo chemical changes due to hypochlorite reactions to give chloro-substituted PAHs, oxygenated (quinones) and hydroxylated (phenols) compounds, but they exhibit a lower mutagenic response. In addition, field work was performed in river water and drinking water to obtain information on chemical distribution and their safety, and the results are compared with those obtained in the model chlorination experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukeo Onodera
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.
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Wu QY, Li Y, Hu HY, Sun YX, Zhao FY. Reduced effect of bromide on the genotoxicity in secondary effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant during chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:4924-4929. [PMID: 20521844 DOI: 10.1021/es100152j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination of wastewater can form genotoxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic disinfection byproduct (DBPs). In this study, the effect of bromide on genotoxicity in secondary effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant during chlorination was evaluated by the SOS/umu test. The presence of bromide notably decreased the genotoxicity in secondary effluent during chlorination, especially under conditions of high ammonia concentration. Bromide significantly decreased the concentration of ofloxacin, a genotoxic chemical in secondary effluent, during chlorination with high concentration of ammonia, while genotoxic DBPs formation of humic acid and aromatic amino acids associated with bromide limitedly contributed to the changes of genotoxicity in secondary effluent under the conditions of this study. By fractionating dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the secondary effluent into different fractions, the fractions containing hydrophilic substances (HIS) and hydrophobic acids (HOA) contributed to the decrease in genotoxicity induced by bromide. Chlorination of HOA without bromide increased genotoxicity, while the addition of bromide decreased genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Sekizawa T, Onodera S. Chemical fate and mutagenic formation potentials of phenothiazine and related compounds during water chlorination. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:853-62. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Sekizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sukeo Onodera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Complementary mass spectrometry and bioassays for evaluating pharmaceutical-transformation products in treatment of drinking water and wastewater. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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