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Brown JI, Persaud R, Iliev P, Karmacharya U, Attarha S, Sahile H, Olsen JE, Hanke D, Idowu T, Frank DA, Frankel A, Williams KC, Page BDG. Investigating the anti-cancer potential of pyrimethamine analogues through a modern chemical biology lens. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115971. [PMID: 38071795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an established approach for treating a variety of human diseases, including foreign infections and cancer. However, treatment with classic DHFR inhibitors, such as methotrexate (MTX), are associated with negative side-effects and resistance mechanisms that have prompted the search for alternatives. The DHFR inhibitor pyrimethamine (Pyr) has compelling anti-cancer activity in in vivo models, but lacks potency compared to MTX, thereby requiring higher concentrations to induce therapeutic responses. The purpose of this work was to investigate structural analogues of Pyr to improve its in vitro and cellular activity. A series of 36 Pyr analogues were synthesized and tested in a sequence of in vitro and cell-based assays to monitor their DHFR inhibitory activity, cellular target engagement, and impact on breast cancer cell viability. Ten top compounds were identified, two of which stood out as potential lead candidates, 32 and 34. These functionalized Pyr analogues potently engaged DHFR in cells, at concentrations as low as 1 nM and represent promising DHFR inhibitors that could be further explored as potential anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I Brown
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rosanne Persaud
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Petar Iliev
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ujjwala Karmacharya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sanaz Attarha
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henok Sahile
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jonas E Olsen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Danielle Hanke
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Temilolu Idowu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - David A Frank
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Adam Frankel
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Karla C Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brent D G Page
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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2
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Fraser-Pitt D, Mercer DK, Francis ML, Toledo-Aparicio D, Smith DW, O'Neil DA. Cysteamine-mediated blockade of the glycine cleavage system modulates epithelial cell inflammatory and innate immune responses to viral infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 677:168-181. [PMID: 37597441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Transient blockade of glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) can restrict de novo pyrimidine synthesis, which is a well-described strategy for enhancing the host interferon response to viral infection and a target pathway for some licenced anti-inflammatory therapies. The aminothiol, cysteamine, is produced endogenously during the metabolism of coenzyme A, and is currently being investigated in a clinical trial as an intervention in community acquired pneumonia resulting from viral (influenza and SARS-CoV-2) and bacterial respiratory infection. Cysteamine is known to inhibit both bacterial and the eukaryotic host glycine cleavage systems via competitive inhibition of GLDC at concentrations, lower than those required for direct antimicrobial or antiviral activity. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that therapeutically achievable concentrations of cysteamine can inhibit glycine utilisation by epithelial cells and improve cell-mediated responses to infection with respiratory viruses, including human coronavirus 229E and Influenza A. Cysteamine reduces interleukin-6 (IL-6) and increases the interferon-λ (IFN-λ) response to viral challenge and in response to liposomal polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) simulant of RNA viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Fraser-Pitt
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Silverburn Crescent, Bridge of Don, Aberdeen, AB23 8EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Derry K Mercer
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Silverburn Crescent, Bridge of Don, Aberdeen, AB23 8EW, United Kingdom; Bioaster, LYON (headquarters) 40, Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Louise Francis
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Silverburn Crescent, Bridge of Don, Aberdeen, AB23 8EW, United Kingdom
| | - David Toledo-Aparicio
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Silverburn Crescent, Bridge of Don, Aberdeen, AB23 8EW, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel W Smith
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Silverburn Crescent, Bridge of Don, Aberdeen, AB23 8EW, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A O'Neil
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Silverburn Crescent, Bridge of Don, Aberdeen, AB23 8EW, United Kingdom
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3
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Tomitsuka Y, Imaeda H, Ito H, Asou I, Ohbayashi M, Ishikawa F, Kuwata H, Hara S. Gene deletion of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 attenuates xenobiotic chemical-induced lung injury via the suppression of lipid peroxidation. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102850. [PMID: 37586249 PMCID: PMC10450978 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) 4 converts polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into their acyl-CoAs and plays an important role in maintaining PUFA-containing membrane phospholipids. Here we demonstrated decreases in various kinds of PUFA-containing phospholipid species in ACSL4-deficient murine lung. We then examined the effects of ACSL4 gene deletion on lung injury by treating mice with two pulmonary toxic chemicals: paraquat (PQ) and methotrexate (MTX). The results showed that ACSL4 deficiency attenuated PQ-induced acute lung lesion and decreased mortality. PQ-induced lung inflammation and neutrophil migration were also suppressed in ACSL4-deficient mice. PQ administration increased the levels of phospholipid hydroperoxides in the lung, but ACSL4 gene deletion suppressed their increment. We further found that ACSL4 deficiency attenuated MTX-induced pulmonary fibrosis. These results suggested that ACSL4 gene deletion might confer protection against pulmonary toxic chemical-induced lung injury by reducing PUFA-containing membrane phospholipids, leading to the suppression of lipid peroxidation. Inhibition of ACSL4 may be promising for the prevention and treatment of chemical-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tomitsuka
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Imaeda
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Haruka Ito
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Isaki Asou
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohbayashi
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuwata
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Hara
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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4
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Zhang G, Zhang W, Dan M, Zou F, Qiu C, Sun C. PRPF19 promotes the proliferation, migration, and inhibits autophagy in prostate cancer by suppressing SLC40A1. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:379-387. [PMID: 37929350 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-22-00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in men. To investigate the role of pre-mRNA processing factor 19 (PRPF19) in proliferation, migration of PCa, and evaluate the potential ability of PRPF19 as a therapeutic target. PRPF19 expression was analyzed from The Cancer Genome Atlas and GEPIA databank. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the transcription of PRPF9 and solute carrier family 40 member 1 (SLC40A1). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to test PRPF9 expression in PCa tissues. The cell viability and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation analysis were performed to assess cell proliferation. Transwell assay was performed to investigate the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Western blot was used to measure the expression level of PRPF9, E-cadherin, Vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), SLC40A1, LC3, Beclin-1 and ATG7. Immunofluorescence assay was performed to measure LC3 expression in PCa cells. The bioinformatic analysis revealed PRPF19 was highly expressed in PCa which was certified by qRT-PCR, western blot and IHC detection in PCa tissues. The proliferation of PCa cells could be promoted by PRPF19 overexpression and suppressed by PRPF19 knockdown. Moreover, the migration and invasion of PCa cells could be positively regulated by PRPF19 which promoted the expression of E-cadherin, Vimentin, and α-SMA. Furthermore, the expression of LC3, Beclin-1, and ATG7 was negatively regulated by PRPF19, indicating that PRPF19 inhibited autophagy in PCa cells. In the double knockdown of PRPF19 and SLC40A1, PRPF19 repressed the mRNA and reduced protein level of SLC40A1, and SLC40A1 antagonized effects of PRPF19 on proliferation, migration and autophagy of PCa cells. PRPF19 promoted proliferation and migration, and inhibited autophagy in PCa by attenuating SLC40A1 expression, indicating PRPF19 was a potential therapeutic target for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wansong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingjiang Dan
- Department of Urology, Hui Ya Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Zou
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunming Qiu
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Canbiao Sun
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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5
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Pantzke J, Offer S, Zimmermann EJ, Kuhn E, Streibel T, Oeder S, Di Bucchianico S, Zimmermann R. An alternative in vitro model considering cell-cell interactions in fiber-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022:1-16. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2156008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J. Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Wang L, Shao M, Jiang W, Huang Y. Resveratrol alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and down-regulating TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/smad3 signalling pathways in rats. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Kadry MO, Ammar NM, Hassan HA, Abdel Megeed RM. Insights on attenuating autophagy cellular and molecular pathways versus methotrexate-induced toxicity via liposomal turmeric therapy. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:147. [DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Methotrexate (MX), a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, can inhibit DNA and RNA production and is a powerful anticancer agent widely utilized in clinical practice for treating nonneoplastic maladies, as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis; meanwhile, its probable prescription dose and interval of administration are strictly limited due to dose-related organ damage. Former studies verified that kidney, brain, liver, and lung harms are prospective obstacles of methotrexate administration. To understand the machinery of methotrexate-prompt toxicity, various mechanisms were investigated. The former is an autophagy defense mechanism; autophagy is a self-digesting mechanism responsible for the removal of damaged organelles and malformed proteins by lysosome. The contemporary article hypothesized that turmeric or its liposomal analog could defeat autophagy of MX-induced acute toxicity. Methotrexate, in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, was administered intravenously followed by turmeric and liposomal turmeric treatment in a dose of 5 mg/kg for 30 days in rats.
Results
Increment in autophagy (AUTP) consent by MX administration was attenuated by concurrent treatment via turmeric and liposomal turmeric that was reliable on the alteration in apoptotic markers. The assembly of FOXO-3 in serum post methotrexate administration was suppressed by concurrent treatment via liposomal turmeric. Apoptosis/autophagic marker investigation was evaluated through the gene expression of Bax (BCL2-associated X protein)/Bcl2 (B-cell lymphoma 2)/P53 (tumor protein P53)/SiRT-1 (sirtuin silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 1) and FOXO-3 (forkhead box transcription factor-3)/ERDJ-4 (endoplasmic reticulum localized DnaJ homologs)/BNP (brain natriuretic peptide B) signaling. The cell death of all cells was categorized to achieve autophagy. Interestingly, Bax/Bcl2/P53/SiRT-1 signaling pathways were downregulated, contributing to inhibiting the initiation of autophagy. Meanwhile, FOXO-3/BNP/ERDJ-4 reduction-implicated noncanonical autophagy pathways were involved in methotrexate-induced autophagy, whereas this change was suppressed when turmeric was administered in liposomal form.
Conclusion
These outcomes recommended that liposomal turmeric prevents MX-induced acute toxicity through its autophagy, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties.
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Wang L, Zhu T, Feng D, Li R, Zhang C. Polyphenols from Chinese Herbal Medicine: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets in Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:1063-1094. [PMID: 35475972 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a highly confounding and fatal pathological process with finite treatment options. Multiple factors such as oxidative and immune/inflammation involve key pathological processes in chronic lung disease, and their intimate interactions mediate chronic lung damage, denudation of the alveolar epithelium, hyperproliferation of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs), proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts, and the permeability of microvessels. We reviewed the classic mechanism of PF and highlighted a few emerging mechanisms for studying complex networks in lung disease pathology. Polyphenols, as a multi-target drug, has excellent potential in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. We then reviewed recent advances in discovering phenolic compounds from fruits, tea, and medical herbs with the bioactivities of simultaneously regulating multiple factors (e.g., oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis, pyroptosis) for minimizing pulmonary fibrosis injury. These compounds include resveratrol, curcumin, salvianolic acid B, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, gallic acid, corilagin. Each phenolic compound can exert its anti-PF effect through various mechanisms, and the signaling pathways involved in different phenolic compounds are not the same. This review summarized the available evidence on phenolic compounds' effectiveness in pulmonary diseases and explored the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of phenolic compounds from Chinese herbal medicine with the properties of inhibition of ongoing fibrogenesis and resolution of existing fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Deqin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Renshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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9
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Mitochondria preserve an autarkic one-carbon cycle to confer growth-independent cancer cell migration and metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2699. [PMID: 35577770 PMCID: PMC9110368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the most common cause of death in cancer patients. Canonical drugs target mainly the proliferative capacity of cancer cells, which leaves slow-proliferating, persistent cancer cells unaffected. Metabolic determinants that contribute to growth-independent functions are still poorly understood. Here we show that antifolate treatment results in an uncoupled and autarkic mitochondrial one-carbon (1C) metabolism during cytosolic 1C metabolism impairment. Interestingly, antifolate dependent growth-arrest does not correlate with decreased migration capacity. Therefore, using methotrexate as a tool compound allows us to disentangle proliferation and migration to profile the metabolic phenotype of migrating cells. We observe that increased serine de novo synthesis (SSP) supports mitochondrial serine catabolism and inhibition of SSP using the competitive PHGDH-inhibitor BI-4916 reduces cancer cell migration. Furthermore, we show that sole inhibition of mitochondrial serine catabolism does not affect primary breast tumor growth but strongly inhibits pulmonary metastasis. We conclude that mitochondrial 1C metabolism, despite being dispensable for proliferative capacities, confers an advantage to cancer cells by supporting their motility potential. Chemotherapeutic antifolates, such as methotrexate (MTX), impair cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting nucleotide synthesis. Here, the authors show that MTX sustains an autarkic mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism leading to serine synthesis to promote cancer cell migration and metastasis.
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10
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Choi HY, Ahn JH, Kwon H, Yim JH, Lee D, Choi JH. Citromycin Isolated from the Antarctic Marine-Derived Fungi, Sporothrix sp., Inhibits Ovarian Cancer Cell Invasion via Suppression of ERK Signaling. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050275. [PMID: 35621926 PMCID: PMC9143255 DOI: 10.3390/md20050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, microorganisms and their metabolites in the Antarctic marine environment have attracted attention as useful sources for novel therapeutics, including anticancer drugs. Here, we investigated the effects of citromycin, isolated from the Antarctic marine-derived fungus, Sporothrix sp., on human ovarian cancer cells. Citromycin inhibited the migration and invasion of human ovarian cancer SKOV3 and A2780 cells, but had no cytotoxic activity against them. Additionally, it inhibited the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and the activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP9. Moreover, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 signaling was inhibited after citromycin treatment, and the ectopic expression of ERK negated the anti-invasive activity of citromycin. Our findings suggest that citromycin inhibits the migration and invasion of human ovarian cancer cells by downregulating the expression levels of EMT markers and MMP-2/9 via inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yun Choi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Ji-Hye Ahn
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Jeonju 55338, Korea;
| | - Haeun Kwon
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.L.)
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea;
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.L.)
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence:
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11
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Animal models of drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis: an overview of molecular mechanisms and characteristics. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:699-723. [PMID: 34741237 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive loss of pulmonary function. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease has been reported as a severe adverse effect of some drugs, such as bleomycin, amiodarone, and methotrexate. Based on good characteristics, drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) animal model has played a key role in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PF pathogenesis and recapitulates the specific pathology in patients and helps develop therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and characteristics of given fibrotic drug-induced animal models for PFs. Together with the key publications describing these models, this brief but detailed overview would be helpful for the pharmacological research with animal models of PFs. Potential mechanisms underlying drug induced lung toxicity.
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12
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Li J, Chai W, Zhao Z, Zhou Y, Wu Q. Long non‑coding RNA HOTTIP enhances the fibrosis of lung tissues by regulating the miR‑744‑5p/PTBP1 signaling axis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:619. [PMID: 34212978 PMCID: PMC8261623 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis of lung tissue can induce the occurrence and development of numerous types of lung disease. The expression levels of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA (HOTTIP) have been reported to be upregulated during the development of fibrosis in liver tissues, which subsequently activated hepatic stellate cells. However, whether the lncRNA HOTTIP participates in the occurrence and development of lung fibrosis remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA HOTTIP in lung fibrosis and its potential mechanism. In the present study, A549 cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 to induce lung fibrosis in vitro. A549 was transfected with short hairpin RNA-HOTTP, overexpression-polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1), microRNA (miR)-744-5p mimic or miR-744-5p to regulate gene expression. Cell proliferation and migration were determined using 5′-ethynl-2′-deoxyuridine and wound healing assays, respectively. The expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, collagen III and fibronectin 1 were analyzed using western blotting. starBase was used to identify molecules that may interact with the lncRNA HOTTIP and dual luciferase reporter assays were used to validate the findings. Moreover, an in vivo lung fibrosis model was established by bleomycin induction in mice. Histological injury was observed using hematoxylin and eosin and masson staining. The results of the present study revealed that the proliferation and migration of A549 cells were both suppressed following the knockdown of HOTTIP. The lncRNA HOTTIP was found to target and downregulate the expression levels of miR-744-5p. The overexpression of miR-744-5p inhibited the proliferation and migration of A549 cells. Furthermore, miR-744-5p targeted and downregulated the expression levels of PTBP1. It was subsequently demonstrated that the overexpression of PTBP1 rescued miR-744-5p-induced suppression of the proliferation and migration of A549 cells. The knockdown of lncRNA HOTTIP expression also relieved the fibrosis of the lung tissues of mice. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the lncRNA HOTTIP may promote the fibrosis of lung tissues by downregulating the expression levels of miR-744-5p and upregulating the expression levels of PTBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Wenshu Chai
- Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Intensive Care Unit Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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13
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Meng X, Liu K, Xie H, Zhu Y, Jin W, Lu J, Wang R. Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes epithelial‑mesenchymal transition via the PERK signaling pathway in paraquat‑induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:525. [PMID: 34036384 PMCID: PMC8170262 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is the primary reason for mortality in patients with paraquat (PQ) poisoning. Our previous study demonstrated that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) had a role in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in PQ-induced EMT remains clear. The present study aimed to determine the role of ER stress in EMT in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. A549 and RLE-6TN cells were incubated with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) or transfected with protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) small interfering RNA (si) for 24 h prior to being exposed to PQ. Next, the expression levels of ER stress-related proteins, PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway-related proteins and EMT-related markers were analyzed by performing western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays. The results of the present study revealed that the protein expression levels of PERK, phosphorylated (p)-PERK, p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)α were significantly upregulated in the PQ group, whereas p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-GSK-3β were significantly upregulated in the sicontrol + PQ group compared with the sicontrol group. In vitro, following transfection with siPERK or treatment with the PI3K inhibitor, the protein expression levels of E-cadherin (an epithelial marker) were upregulated, whereas the protein expression levels of α-SMA (a mesenchymal marker) were downregulated. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the levels of E-cadherin were markedly upregulated, whereas the levels of α-SMA were notably downregulated following transfection with siPERK compared with the sicontrol group. The results of wound healing assay demonstrated that cell migration in the siPERK + PQ group was markedly decreased compared with the sicontrol + PQ group. These indicated that PQ-induced EMT was suppressed after silencing PERK. The expression levels of p-GSK-3β, p-AKT and p-PI3K were also markedly downregulated in the siPERK + PQ group compared with the sicontrol + PQ group. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that ER stress may promote EMT through the PERK signaling pathway in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, ER stress may represent a potential therapeutic target for PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Kan Liu
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200082, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Ruilan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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14
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Yu X, Li L, Zheng L, Li W. [Differential mRNA expression in C57BL/6 mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and its association with LncRNA co-expression network]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:39-46. [PMID: 33509751 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.01.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the changes in mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression profiles in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and identify lung fibrosis-related mRNA for coding-noncoding coexpression (CNC) bioinformatics analysis of the differential lncRNAs. METHODS Lung fibrosis was induced by intratracheal injection of bleomycin in 10 C57BL/6 mice and another 10 mice with intratracheal injection of saline served as the control group. Lung tissues were harvested from the mice at 14 days after the injections and lung fibrosis was assessed using Masson and HE staining. LncRNA chip technology was used to screen the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs in mice with lung fibrosis, and GO and KEGG pathway analyses of the differential mRNAs were performed using NCBI database and UCSC database to identify possible fibrosis-related mRNAs, which were validated by qRT-PCR to construct a coding and non-coding co- expression network with the differential lncRNAs. RESULTS Compared with the control mice, the mice with intratracheal injection of bleomycin showed obvious lung fibrosis. The results of gene chip analysis showed that 127 mRNAs were upregulated and 184 mRNAs were down-regulated in the model group as compared with the control group. GO and pathway analysis suggested that the differentially expressed genes participated mainly in immune response, cell differentiation, and cytoskeletons; the involved signal pathways were associated mainly with cytokine and cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signal transduction. Bioinformatics analysis identified a significant coexpression network between the fibrosisrelated mRNA and the differentially expressed lncRNA. CONCLUSIONS In mice with lung fibrosis, the differential expressions of fibrosis-related mRNAs in the lung tissues are closely correlated with the co- expressions of a large number of differential lncRNAs, which points to a new direction for investigation of the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Yu
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.,General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Li Li
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Linxin Zheng
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
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15
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Attri A, Thakur D, Kaur T, Sensale S, Peng Z, Kumar D, Singh RP. Nanoparticles Incorporating a Fluorescence Turn-on Reporter for Real-Time Drug Release Monitoring, a Chemoenhancer and a Stealth Agent: Poseidon's Trident against Cancer? Mol Pharm 2020; 18:124-147. [PMID: 33346663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rate and extent of drug release under physiological conditions is a key factor influencing the therapeutic activity of a formulation. Real-time detection of drug release by conventional pharmacokinetics approaches is confounded by low sensitivity, particularly in the case of tissue-targeted novel drug delivery systems, where low concentrations of the drug reach systemic circulation. We present a novel fluorescence turn-on platform for real-time monitoring of drug release from nanoparticles based on reversible fluorescence quenching in fluorescein esters. Fluorescein-conjugated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were esterified with methotrexate in solution and solid phase, followed by supramolecular functionalization with a chemoenhancer (suramin) or/and a stealth agent (dextran sulfate). Suramin was found to increase the cytotoxicity of methotrexate in A549 cells. On the other hand, dextran sulfate exhibited no effect on cytotoxicity or cellular uptake of CNTs by A549 cells, while a decrease in cellular uptake of CNTs and cytotoxicity of methotrexate was observed in macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells). Similar results were also obtained when CNTs were replaced with graphene. Docking studies revealed that the conjugates are not internalized by folate receptors/transporters. Further, docking and molecular dynamics studies revealed the conjugates do not exhibit affinity toward the methotrexate target, dihydrofolate reductase. Molecular dynamics studies also revealed that distinct features of dextran-CNT and suramin-CNT interactions, characterized by π-π interactions between CNTs and dextran/suramin. Our study provides a simple, cost-effective, and scalable method for the synthesis of nanoparticles conferred with the ability to monitor drug release in real-time. This method could also be extended to other drugs and other types of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Attri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173 221, India
| | - Deepak Thakur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173 221, India
| | - Taranpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Government Mohindra College, Patiala, Punjab 147 001, India
| | - Sebastian Sensale
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5637, United States
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biology, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173 221, India
| | - Raman Preet Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173 221, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Government Polytechnic College, Bathinda, Punjab 151 001, India
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16
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Di Gregorio J, Robuffo I, Spalletta S, Giambuzzi G, De Iuliis V, Toniato E, Martinotti S, Conti P, Flati V. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition as a Possible Therapeutic Target in Fibrotic Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607483. [PMID: 33409282 PMCID: PMC7779530 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which leads to scarring and loss of function of the affected organ or tissue. Indeed, the fibrotic process affects a variety of organs and tissues, with specific molecular background. However, two common hallmarks are shared: the crucial role of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and the involvement of the inflammation process, that is essential for initiating the fibrotic degeneration. TGF-β in particular but also other cytokines regulate the most common molecular mechanism at the basis of fibrosis, the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). EMT has been extensively studied, but not yet fully explored as a possible therapeutic target for fibrosis. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk between fibrosis and EMT may represent an opportunity for the development of a broadly effective anti-fibrotic therapy. Here we report the evidences of the relationship between EMT and multi-organ fibrosis, and the possible therapeutic approaches that may be developed by exploiting this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Di Gregorio
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Iole Robuffo
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Section of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sonia Spalletta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, E. Profili Hospital, Fabriano, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Giambuzzi
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Iuliis
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Toniato
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Martinotti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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17
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Gong GC, Song SR, Su J. Pulmonary fibrosis alters gut microbiota and associated metabolites in mice: An integrated 16S and metabolomics analysis. Life Sci 2020; 264:118616. [PMID: 33098825 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The "gut-lung axis" reflects intimate connection and bidirectional effect between gut and lung, involving numerous lung diseases. Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease with high fatality rate, so far, its association with gut remains unexplored. We investigated the correlation between pulmonary fibrosis and gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected feces from two pulmonary fibrotic models respectively, and performed a combinatory study using 16S rDNA sequencing and non-targeted metabonomics. Correlation matrix was used to indicate the correlation between microbiome, metabolites and fibrotic indicators, and the possibility of gut microbiota in identifying pulmonary fibrosis was assessed by ROC analysis. KEY FINDINGS 412 genera of microflora and 26 kinds of metabolites were synchronously altered with same trend in two models but differed observably with control. Among these, 7 microorganisms and 9 metabolites were the typical representatives, which were correlated significantly and highly correlated with fibrotic indicators shown by correlation matrix. ROC analysis indicated that it was dependable to identify pulmonary fibrosis by using gut microorganisms and metabolites in both models (AUC > 0.85, p < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE In summary, our findings first revealed a previously unknown correlation between gut and pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models, which creates novel insights of the interaction between pulmonary fibrosis and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Cheng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510030, PR China
| | - Sheng-Ren Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510030, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, PR China
| | - Jin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510030, PR China.
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18
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Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in methotrexate-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:543-548. [PMID: 32113686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the development of organ fibrosis. We demonstrated that methotrexate (MTX) clearly induced EMT through the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-related signaling pathway in human alveolar epithelial cell line, A549. However, critical factors associated with MTX-induced EMT have not yet been identified. In our study, we attempted to identify factors playing a crucial role in MTX-induced EMT in A549 cells. We focused on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as the possible target for the prevention of MTX-induced EMT-related lung injury. Comprehensive gene expression analysis by microarray revealed that mRNA expression level of PAI-1 was clearly increased by MTX treatment. In addition, using several cloned A549 cells, we found a good correlation between MTX-induced increase in mRNA expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), a representative EMT marker, and PAI-1. Furthermore, MTX upregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of PAI-1 in A549 cells; this upregulation was canceled by co-treatment with SB431542, a TGF-β-related signaling pathway inhibitor. Notably, tiplaxtinin, a PAI-1 inhibitor, and knockdown of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) prevented MTX-induced EMT in A549 cells. These findings indicate that MTX may induce EMT via upregulation of PAI-1 expression and interaction of PAI-1 with uPAR in A549 cells.
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19
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Investigation on inhibitory effect of folic acid on methotrexate-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition focusing on dihydrofolate reductase. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:396-399. [PMID: 31601464 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of methotrexate (MTX) can induce serious adverse lung reactions, such as pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, we demonstrated that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which triggers pulmonary fibrosis, was induced by MTX, and folic acid (FA) suppressed MTX-induced EMT in A549 cells. In this study, the role of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a target of MTX, in FA-mediated inhibition of MTX-induced EMT was evaluated. The inhibitory effects of FA and tetrahydrofolate (THF), a metabolite of FA produced by DHFR, on MTX-induced increases in mRNA expression of α-SMA, an EMT marker, were compared. The IC50 values of FA and THF for DHFR were 103.3 and 19.4 μM, respectively. In contrast, DHFR knockdown did not alter the mRNA expression of α-SMA. Notably, the inhibitory effect of FA, but not THF, on MTX-induced EMT was blunted in DHFR knockdown cells. These results suggested that DHFR may not directly contribute to MTX-induced EMT, but may contribute to suppression of MTX-induced EMT via production of THF in A549 cells.
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20
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Kawami M, Harada R, Ojima T, Yamagami Y, Yumoto R, Takano M. Association of cell cycle arrest with anticancer drug-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicology 2019; 424:152231. [PMID: 31170432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs exert serious cytotoxic effects on pulmonary tissues. Although several reports have shown an association of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with anticancer drug-induced lung injury, mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated mechanisms of anticancer drug-induced EMT, with a focus on involvement of cell cycle arrest. We found that methotrexate (MTX) altered mRNA expression levels of many genes as determined by microarray analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that cell cycle arrest pathways may be associated with MTX-induced EMT. In addition, thymidine (THY) and nocodazole (NOC), which induce cell cycle arrest at S-phase and G2/M-phase, increased mRNA expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), an EMT marker. Furthermore, α-SMA protein expression in cells arrested at S- and G2/M-phases by MTX and paclitaxel (PTX) was significantly higher than that in cells at G1. Notably, co-treatment of cells with THY or NOC and EMT-inducing anticancer drugs did not result in additional upregulation of α-SMA mRNA expression. These findings suggested that cell cycle arrest may be closely associated with anticancer drug-induced EMT in alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kawami
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Risako Harada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ojima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamagami
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ryoko Yumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Takano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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21
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Liu Z, Liang X, Li X, Liu X, Zhu M, Gu Y, Zhou P. MiRNA-21 functions in ionizing radiation-induced epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by downregulating PTEN. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:328-340. [PMID: 31160967 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00019d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) results from thoracic radiotherapy and severely limits the use of radiotherapy. Recent studies suggest that epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to pulmonary fibrosis. Although miRNA dysregulation participates in a variety of pathophysiologic processes, their roles in fibrotic lung diseases and EMT are unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify key miRNAs involved in this process using a mouse model of RIPF previously established by irradiation with a single dose (20 Gy) of 60Co γ-rays. At 2-weeks post-irradiation, a set of significantly upregulated miRNAs was identified in lung tissue by miRNA array analysis. This included miR-21, which has been reported to contribute to the pulmonary fibrotic response induced by stereotactic body radiotherapy. Here, we showed that miR-21 expression increased in parallel with EMT progression in the lungs of irradiated mice. Ectopic miR-21 expression promoted EMT progression in lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-21 expression by transfection of its inhibitor inhibited ionizing radiation (IR)-induced EMT. Knockdown of PTEN, which is the functional target of miR-21, reversed the attenuation of IR-induced EMT mediated by miR-21 downregulation. Radiation treatment decreased PTEN expression and increased Akt phosphorylation; these effects were abolished by the miR-21 inhibitor. MiR-21 overexpression in lung epithelial cell also downregulated PTEN expression and upregulated Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that miR-21 functions as a key regulator of IR-induced EMT in lung epithelial cells via the PTEN/Akt pathway. Targeting miR-21 is implicated as a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention of RIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Liang
- Graduate School , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui province 230032 , P. R. China
| | - Xueping Li
- School of Life Science , Shihezi University , Shihezi , Xinjiang Province 832003 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Gu
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
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22
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Liu H, Qin Y, Zhai D, Zhang Q, Gu J, Tang Y, Yang J, Li K, Yang L, Chen S, Zhong W, Meng J, Liu Y, Sun T, Yang C. Antimalarial Drug Pyrimethamine Plays a Dual Role in Antitumor Proliferation and Metastasis through Targeting DHFR and TP. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:541-555. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Coenzyme Q10 attenuates lung and liver fibrosis via modulation of autophagy in methotrexate treated rat. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:892-901. [PMID: 30551543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the potential protective effects of coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ10) administration on methotrexate induced lung and liver fibrosis in rat model, and to explore our hypothesis regarding its possible mechanism of action through reactivation of autophagy pathway. Methotrexate induced fibrosis was achieved by intraperitoneal injections twice a week for 4 weeks. A combined treatment of CoQ10 and methotrexate were used. Blood samples for biochemical analysis, lung and livers tissue for biochemical and histopathological analysis, were investigated. Concomitant treatment of CoQ10 & methotrexate caused improvement in histological picture of the lung and liver tissues, liver function and oxidative stress biomarkers, modulation of autophagy genes [mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR), Microtubule-associated proteins 1 A/1B light chain 3 (MAP1LC3B), and Sequestosome 1 ubiquitin-binding protein p62 (p62/SQSTM1)] with simultaneous reduction in High Mobility Group Protein B1 (HMGB1). Based on our results we postulated that CoQ10 up regulates autophagy pathway that could explain its protective properties against lung and liver fibrosis caused by methotrexate treatment in current study rat model.
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24
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Kawami M, Honda N, Miyamoto M, Yumoto R, Takano M. Reduced folate carrier-mediated methotrexate transport in human distal lung epithelial NCl-H441 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:167-175. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
We had previously found that reduced folate carrier (RFC; SLC19A1) is mainly involved in an influx of transport of methotrexate (MTX), a folate analogue, using alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Therefore, we examined MTX uptake in NCl-H441 (H441) cells, another in vitro alveolar epithelial model, focusing on the localization of RFC in the present study.
Methods
Transport function of RFC in H441 cells was studied using [3H]MTX.
Key findings
The uptake of MTX was increased remarkably after pretreatment of the cell monolayer with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in H441 cells but not in A549 cells, indicating the contribution of the basolaterally located transporter. In addition, folic acid and thiamine monophosphate, RFC inhibitors, inhibited the uptake of MTX from the basolateral side of the H441 cells. In order to compare the function of RFC on the apical and basolateral sides of the cells, the uptake of MTX from each side was examined using a Transwell chamber. Intracellular MTX amounts from the basolateral side were found to be significantly higher than those from the apical side.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that the distribution of MTX in the lung alveolar epithelial cells may be mediated by basolaterally located RFC in alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kawami
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Natsuko Honda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mioka Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryoko Yumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Takano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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25
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Chen J, Lu J, Wang B, Zhang X, Huang Q, Yuan J, Hao H, Chen X, Zhi J, Zhao L, Chu H. Polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale inhibit bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via the TGFβ1-Smad2/3 axis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:2163-2175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Weng J, Chen H, Wu H, Tu M, Wang Z, Chen D, Wang Z, Chen C. Amiodarone induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells via activation of TGF-β1. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:415-422. [PMID: 30192650 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1497055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amiodarone is a high effectiveness anti-arrhythmia agent which is able to induce pulmonary fibrosis. Many studies have shown that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was a significant process in pulmonary fibrosis. So far, there are no studies about whether EMT was associated with amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which was therefore explored in this study. In addition, the underlying mechanisms of amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis were examined in vitro. We found the EMT marker (α-SMA) was significantly increased, while the E-cadherin was significantly decreased in adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) after amiodarone treatment, suggesting that the epithelial cells were an important source of mesenchymal cells. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) was also increased significantly after amiodarone treatment. In conclusion, this study suggested amiodarone could induce pulmonary fibrosis via EMT, and the TGF-β1 may be a key profibrotic cytokine in mechanisms of amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Weng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - He Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Tu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Li XH, Xiao T, Yang JH, Qin Y, Gao JJ, Liu HJ, Zhou HG. Parthenolide attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via the NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway. Respir Res 2018; 19:111. [PMID: 29871641 PMCID: PMC5989384 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parthenolide (PTL) is a natural molecule isolated from Tanacetum parthenium that exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF), especially idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is a chronic lung disease that lacks a proven effective therapy. The present study evaluated the therapeutic effect of PTL on PF. Methods Serum-starved primary lung fibroblasts and HFL1 cells were treated with different doses of PTL, and cell viability and the migration rate were measured. Western blot analysis and a dual-luciferase assay were used to analyze the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related transcription factors influenced by PTL treatment in A549 cells and primary lung epithelial cells. Mice with bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis were treated with different doses of intragastric PTL, and pathological changes were evaluated using Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical analysis. Results Our results demonstrated that PTL reduced the cell viability and migration rate of lung fibroblasts and inhibited the expression of EMT-related transcription factors in lung epithelial cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that PTL attenuated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis and improved the body weight and pathological changes of BLM-treated mice. We further demonstrated that PTL attenuated BLM-induced PF primarily via inhibition of the NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway. Conclusion These findings suggest that PTL inhibits EMT and attenuates BLM-induced PF via the NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway. PTL is a worthwhile candidate compound for pulmonary fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Jing Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Juan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Gang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.
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Li RQ, Wang BY, Ding YW, Zhang R, Zhang JX, Lu XK. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The present study explores the mechanism of resistance to pulmonary fibrosis by observing the possible effects of serum containing drugs prepared from Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) on transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) induced Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. The inhibition rate was observed with the help of thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) in 24 h and 48 h treated cells. Inverted microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to study the changes in the morphology and ultrastructure of the cells. The expressions of E-cadherin and Vimentin were comparatively analyzed by Western blotting, while the expressions of Collagen I and III were analyzed by ELISA. The data obtained indicated that the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin was decreased, while the expressions of EMT markers such as Vimentin and Collagen I and III were increased in 24 h after TGF-β1 induction. However, the serum containing drugs of GLXB-D were found to inhibit the TGF-β1 induced proliferation of cells, increase the expression of E-cadherin and decrease the expression of Vimentin, collagen I and III. In conclusion, the serum containing drugs of GLXB-D effectively reduced pulmonary fibrosis, mainly via the reversal of EMT induction by TGF-β1. Thus, it can be considered as a potential candidate for the development of better treatment methods for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-qin Li
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Bai-yan Wang
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Basic Medicine , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Yu-wen Ding
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Rui Zhang
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Jun-xia Zhang
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Xiao-kang Lu
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
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29
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Brooks D, Zimmer A, Wakefield L, Lyle LT, Difilippantonio S, Tucci FC, Illiano S, Annunziata CM, Steeg PS. Limited fibrosis accompanies triple-negative breast cancer metastasis in multiple model systems and is not a preventive target. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23462-23481. [PMID: 29805748 PMCID: PMC5955109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) is mechanistically implicated in both tumor metastasis and tissue fibrosis. Previously, metastasis was increased when fulminant fibrosis was first induced in mice, suggesting a direct connection between these processes. The current report examined the extent of metastasis-induced fibrosis in breast cancer model systems, and tested the metastasis preventive efficacy and fibrosis attenuation of antagonists for LPAR1 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) in breast and ovarian cancer models. Staining analysis demonstrated only focal, low-moderate levels of fibrosis in lungs from eleven metastasis model systems. Two orally available LPAR1 antagonists, SAR100842 and EPGN9878, significantly inhibited breast cancer motility to LPA in vitro. Both compounds were negative for metastasis prevention and failed to reduce fibrosis in the experimental MDA-MB-231T and spontaneous murine 4T1 in vivo breast cancer metastasis models. SAR100842 demonstrated only occasional reductions in invasive metastases in the SKOV3 and OVCAR5 ovarian cancer experimental metastasis models. Two approved drugs for IPF, nintedanib and pirfenidone, were investigated. Both were ineffective at preventing MDA-MB-231T metastasis, with no attenuation of fibrosis. In summary, metastasis-induced fibrosis is only a minor component of metastasis in untreated progressive breast cancer. LPAR1 antagonists, despite in vitro evidence of specificity and efficacy, were ineffective in vivo as oral agents, as were approved IPF drugs. The data argue against LPAR1 and fibrosis as monotherapy targets for metastasis prevention in triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brooks
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Zimmer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalage Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L. Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Christina M. Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia S. Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Ding L, Wang C, Cui Y, Han X, Zhou Y, Bai J, Li R. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in methotrexate-resistant osteosarcoma cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1841-1852. [PMID: 29620168 PMCID: PMC5919717 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS), a common worldwide primary aggressive bone malignancy, arises from primitive transformed cells of mesenchymal origin and usually attacks adolescents and young adults. Methotrexate (MTX) is the anti-folate drug used as a pivotal chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of OS. However, patients with OS often develop drug resistance, leading to poor treatment outcomes. In the present study, in order to explore the underlying mechanisms responsible for MTX resistance, we established MTX-resistant OS cells using the U2OS and MG63 cell lines and examined whether MTX-resistant OS cells underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by Transwell assay, wound healing assay, MTT assay, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. We found that the viability of the MTX-resistant cells remained relatively unaltered following further treatment with MTX compared to the parental cells. The resistant cells appeared to possess a mesenchymal phenotype, with an elongated and more spindle-like shape, and acquired enhanced invasive, migratory and attachment abilities. The measurement of EMT markers also supported EMT transition in the MTX-resistant OS cells. Our result further demonstrated that the overexpression of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) was closely involved in the resistance of OS cells to MTX and in the acquirement of EMT properties. Thus, the pharmacological inhibition of Skp2 may prove to be a novel therapeutic strategy with which to overcome drug resistance in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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31
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Caruso JA, Stemmer PM. Petroleum coke exposure leads to altered secretome profiles in human lung models. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1215-1232. [PMID: 29577758 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118765326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum coke (PC) is a coal-like product that is produced during the refinement of crude oil and bituminous sand. Fugitive dust from open storage of PC in urban areas is a potential human health concern. Animal inhalation studies suggest that PC leads to an adverse pulmonary histopathology, including areas of fibrosis and chronic inflammation; however, little is known about its impact on human health. In order to identify biomarkers and cellular pathways that are associated with exposure, we performed two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analyses on secreted proteins from two human lung culture models. A total of 2795 proteins were identified and relatively quantified from an immortalized cell line and 2406 proteins from primary cultures that were either mock treated or exposed to particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5-10 μm PC or filtered urban air particulates for 16 h. Pathway analysis on secretomes from primary lung cultures indicated that PC exposure suppressed the secretion of proteins involved in the organization of the extracellular matrix and epithelial differentiation. Because these cellular processes could facilitate fibrosis, we performed chronic 12-day exposure studies on three-dimensional human lung cultures consisting of epithelia and stromal fibroblasts. Relative to mock-treated cells, matrix metallopeptidase 9 levels in the conditioned media were lower by 4 days postexposure and remained suppressed for the duration of the experiment. Immunocytochemical staining of collagen III, a marker associated with fibrosis, showed increased accumulation in the epithelial layer and at the air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Caruso
- 1 Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - P M Stemmer
- 2 Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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32
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Kawami M, Harabayashi R, Harada R, Yamagami Y, Yumoto R, Takano M. Folic acid prevents methotrexate-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via suppression of secreted factors from the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:457-463. [PMID: 29448106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) often induces serious lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. Although MTX is known to be a folic acid (FA) antagonist, the effect of FA on MTX-induced lung injury remains unclear. Recent studies indicate that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we aimed to clarify the effect of FA on MTX-induced EMT in human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 using conditioned medium (CM). CM was prepared from the supernatants of A549 cells treated with MTX in the absence (CMM) or presence (CMMF) of FA. FA suppressed EMT-like morphological changes and elevated mRNA/protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin induced by MTX in A549 cells. In addition, CMM induced EMT-like phenotypical changes, whereas CMMF had no effect on the phenotype of A549 cells, indicating that FA may suppress MTX-induced EMT via inhibiting the secretion of certain factors into the supernatant of the cells. Furthermore, FA also prevented CMM-induced EMT-like phenotypical changes in A549 cells. These findings indicate that FA may be a useful pharmaceutical for MTX-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kawami
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Rika Harabayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Risako Harada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamagami
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ryoko Yumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Takano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Drozdowski M, Maciejewska-Radomska A, Choszcz D, Placek W. The effect of subcutaneous methotrexate on markers of metabolic syndrome in psoriatic patients - preliminary report. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2018; 35:53-59. [PMID: 29599672 PMCID: PMC5872240 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.71358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methotrexate (MTX) has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects in psoriasis. Moreover, low doses can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. It turns out that psoriasis and atherosclerosis have a similar pathogenetic mechanism: the same pro-inflammatory cytokines, Th1 and Th17, are involved in both diseases. AIM To evaluate the effects of metabolic markers, protective cytokines (interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)) and a marker of endothelial damage (endocan) in patients with plaque psoriasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 24 patients aged 27-69 years (9 female, 15 male) with plaque psoriasis. The metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) was evaluated. The laboratory tests were performed under fasting conditions: C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), uric acid, endocan, IL-10, and TGF-β. After 12 weeks of treatment with MTX injections 15 mg/week, every patient was assessed with the same laboratory tests. RESULTS After treatment we observed a statistically significant increase of endocan and IL-10, but no significant differences in the titer of TGF-β. C-reactive protein was reduced by approximately 54.7%. No improvement of lipid profile was observed, and even a significant increase in triglycerides was noted. Similarly, no significant difference was seen in the case of glucose and uric acid prior to and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Methotrexate in low doses in short-term treatment decreases CRP (anti-inflammatory effect) and increases endocan and IL-10 (potential protective role). Methotrexate is characterized by good efficacy and tolerability in therapy of patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marek Drozdowski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Maciejewska-Radomska
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz Choszcz
- Department of Machines and Research Methodology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Waldemar Placek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Nagarajan D, Wang L, Zhao W, Han X. Trichostatin A inhibits radiation-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the alveolar epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101745-101759. [PMID: 29254201 PMCID: PMC5731911 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis are major complications following thoracic radiotherapy. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in tissue injury leading to organ fibrosis, including lung. Our previous studies have reported that radiation can induce EMT in the type II alveolar epithelial cells in both in vitro and in vivo. HDAC inhibitors are a new family of anti-cancer agents currently being used in several clinical trials. In addition to their intrinsic anti-tumor properties, HDAC inhibition is also important in other human diseases, including fibrosis and radiation-induced damage. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Trichostatin A (TSA), a HDAC inhibitor, on radiation-induced EMT in type II alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN). Pre-treatment of RLE-6TN cells with TSA inhibited radiation-induced EMT-like morphological alterations including elevated protein level of α-SMA and Snail, reduction of E-cadherin expression, enhanced phosphorylation of GSK3β and ERK1/2, increased generation of ROS. Radiation enhanced the protein level of TGF-β1, which was blocked by N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant. Treating cells with SB-431542, TGF-β1 type I receptor inhibitor, diminished radiation-induced alterations in the protein levels of p-GSK-3β, Snail-1 and α-SMA, suggesting a regulatory role of TGF-β1 in EMT. Pre-incubation of cells with TSA showed significant decrease in the level of TGF-β1 compared to radiation control. Collectively, these results demonstrate that i] radiation-induced EMT in RLE-6TN cells is mediated by ROS/MEK/ERK and ROS/TGF-β1 signaling pathways and ii] the inhibitory role of TSA in radiation-induced EMT appears to be due, at least in part, to its action of blocking ROS and TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devipriya Nagarajan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaochen Han
- Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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35
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Zhu Y, Wang J, Meng X, Xie H, Tan J, Guo X, Han P, Wang R. A positive feedback loop promotes HIF-1α stability through miR-210-mediated suppression of RUNX3 in paraquat-induced EMT. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3529-3539. [PMID: 28699703 PMCID: PMC5706527 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreversible pulmonary fibrosis induced by paraquat (PQ) poisoning is the major cause of death in patients with PQ poisoning. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is postulated to be one of the main mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we investigated the role of miR‐210 in PQ‐induced EMT and its relationship with hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α). Western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation and other methods were used in this study. We found that miR‐210 expression was significantly increased after PQ poisoning, and it may be regulated by HIF‐1α. Overexpression of miR‐210 further increased the HIF‐1α protein level and promoted EMT. Moreover, miR‐210 knock‐down reduced the HIF‐1α protein level and decreased the degree of EMT. Runt‐related transcription factor‐3 (RUNX3), a direct target of miR‐210, was inhibited by miR‐210 in response to PQ poisoning. RUNX3 increased the hydroxylation ability of prolyl hydroxylase domain‐containing protein 2 (PHD2), a key enzyme that promotes HIF‐1α degradation. PHD2 immunoprecipitated with RUNX3 and its level changed similarly to that of RUNX3. The expression of the HIF‐1α protein was significantly reduced when RUNX3 was overexpressed. HIF‐1α protein levels were markedly increased when RUNX3 was silenced. Based on these results, a positive feedback loop may exist between miR‐210 and HIF‐1α. The mechanism may function through miR‐210‐mediated repression of RUNX3, which further decreases the hydroxylation activity of PHD2, enhances the stability of HIF‐1α, and promotes PQ‐induced EMT, aggravating the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. This study further elucidates the mechanism of PQ‐induced pulmonary fibrosis and may provide a new perspective for the future development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuting Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinkun Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruilan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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36
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Togami K, Yamaguchi K, Chono S, Tada H. Evaluation of permeability alteration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor-β1 in A549, NCI-H441, and Calu-3 cells: Development of an in vitro model of respiratory epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 86:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Methotrexate prevents epidural fibrosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 796:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kawami M, Harabayashi R, Miyamoto M, Harada R, Yumoto R, Takano M. Methotrexate-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line A549. Lung 2016; 194:923-930. [PMID: 27604426 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-016-9935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methotrexate (MTX) therapy of certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis often induces serious interstitial lung complications including pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by MTX and by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 in order to develop new strategies for the prevention of EMT. METHODS First, we examined the effect of TGF-β1 and MTX on cell morphology and the expression of EMT-related mRNAs in A549 cells. Then, the effects of SB431542 (SB), a potent inhibitor of TGF-β receptor kinase, and a neutralizing antibody for TGF-β1 on the phenotypic changes of A549 cells induced by TGF-β1 and MTX were examined. RESULTS After incubation with TGF-β1 and MTX, the mRNA expression of epithelial markers such as cytokeratin 19 was reduced, while that of mesenchymal markers such as α-smooth muscle actin was increased. SB suppressed the development of morphological changes and partially rescued alterations in mRNA expression of EMT markers induced by MTX. In addition, the enhancement of SMAD2 phosphorylation by MTX was also prevented by SB. On the other hand, EMT-related changes induced by MTX were not affected by a neutralizing antibody for TGF-β1. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that phenotypic changes of A549 cells induced by MTX are partly mediated by a TGF-β1-related intracellular signaling pathway, although TGF-β1 itself is not directly involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kawami
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Rika Harabayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mioka Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Risako Harada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ryoko Yumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Takano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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Kolahian S, Fernandez IE, Eickelberg O, Hartl D. Immune Mechanisms in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:309-22. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0121tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Kobayashi K, Koyama K, Suzukawa M, Igarashi S, Hebisawa A, Nagase T, Ohta K. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition promotes reactivity of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells to CpG ODN. Allergol Int 2016; 65 Suppl:S45-52. [PMID: 27475623 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is reported to promote airway remodeling in asthmatics, which is the main histological change that causes complex and severe symptoms in asthmatics. However, little is known about whether EMT also plays a role in acute exacerbations of asthma evoked by respiratory tract infections. METHODS A human lung adenocarcinoma line, A549, was incubated with TGF-β1 at 10 ng/ml to induce EMT. Then the cells were stimulated with CpG ODN. Expression of surface and intracellular molecules was analyzed by flow cytometry. IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 in the culture supernatant were measured by Cytometric Bead Assay, and the expression of mRNA was quantitated by real-time PCR. CpG ODN uptake was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The culture supernatant levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 and the expression of mRNA for these cytokines in CpG ODN-stimulated A549 cells that had undergone EMT was significantly higher compared to those that had not. Addition of ODN H154, a TLR9-inhibiting DNA, significantly suppressed the CpG ODN-induced production of those cytokines. However, flow cytometry found the level of TLR9 expression to be slightly lower in A549 cells that had undergone EMT compared to those that had not. On the other hand, CpG ODN uptake was increased in cells that had undergone EMT. CONCLUSIONS EMT induction of A549 cells enhanced CpG ODN uptake and CpG ODN-induced production of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. These results suggest that EMT plays an important role in exacerbation in asthmatics with airway remodeling by enhancing sensitivity to extrinsic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Koyama
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Suzukawa
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Igarashi
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Hebisawa
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Lai K, Luo C, Zhang X, Ye P, Zhang Y, He J, Yao K. Regulation of angiogenin expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by HIF-1α signaling in hypoxic retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1594-607. [PMID: 27259982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a major cause of vision loss in many retinal diseases. Hypoxia is determined to be a key inducer of CNV and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is an important transcription factor. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the synthesis of proangiogenic cytokines make great contributions to the development of CNV. In the present study, the role of HIF-1α signaling in the regulation of angiogenin (ANG) expression and EMT in hypoxic retinal pigment epithelial cells was investigated. A significant elevation expression of ANG expression level in a mouse model of laser-induced CNV was demonstrated. In a hypoxic model of ARPE-19, an increased expression level of ANG and induction of EMT accompanied with stabilization and nucleus translocation of HIF-1α. Blockage of HIF-1α signaling resulted in inhibition of high expression of ANG and EMT features. The direct interaction between HIF-1α and ANG promoter region was identified by ChIP-qPCR. The association of RNase 4 mRNA level with HIF-1α signaling was also clarified in APRE-19. Moreover, the exogenous ANG translocated into the nucleus, enhanced 45S rRNA transcription, promoted cell proliferation and tube formation in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, the hypoxic conditions regulate the expression of ANG and EMT via an activation of HIF-1α signaling. It provides molecular evidence for potential therapy strategies of treating CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairan Lai
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenqi Luo
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Ye
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yidong Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiliang He
- Institutes of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China.
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Sarin H. Conserved molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of small molecule xenobiotic chemotherapeutics on cells. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 4:326-368. [PMID: 26998284 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For proper determination of the apoptotic potential of chemoxenobiotics in synergism, it is important to understand the modes, levels and character of interactions of chemoxenobiotics with cells in the context of predicted conserved biophysical properties. Chemoxenobiotic structures are studied with respect to atom distribution over molecular space, the predicted overall octanol-to-water partition coefficient (Log OWPC; unitless) and molecular size viz a viz van der Waals diameter (vdWD). The Log OWPC-to-vdWD (nm-1 ) parameter is determined, and where applicable, hydrophilic interacting moiety/core-to-vdWD (nm-1 ) and lipophilic incorporating hydrophobic moiety/core-to-vdWD (nm-1 ) parameters of their part-structures are determined. The cellular and sub-cellular level interactions of the spectrum of xenobiotic chemotherapies have been characterized, for which a classification system has been developed based on predicted conserved biophysical properties with respect to the mode of chemotherapeutic effect. The findings of this study are applicable towards improving the effectiveness of existing combination chemotherapy regimens and the predictive accuracy of personalized cancer treatment algorithms as well as towards the selection of appropriate novel xenobiotics with the potential to be potent chemotherapeutics for dendrimer nanoparticle-based effective transvascular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, WV 25314, USA
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Regulatory T Cells Promote β-Catenin–Mediated Epithelium-to-Mesenchyme Transition During Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:425-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kalemci S, Topal Y, Celik SY, Yilmaz N, Beydilli H, Kosar MI, Dirican N, Altuntas I. Silibinin attenuates methotrexate-induced pulmonary injury by targeting oxidative stress. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:503-507. [PMID: 26622344 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the protective effect of silibinin against methotrexate (MTX)-induced pulmonary toxicity. Rats were divided into four groups (MTX, MTX + silibinin, silibinin and control. MTX was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) into female Wistar rats (10 mg/kg/day for 3 days), which resulted in significant increases in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and oxidant enzymes, including nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase. Furthermore, significant reductions were detected in the serum activity levels of the antioxidative enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, when compared with the control group. However, administration of silibinin (100 mg/kg/day for 10 days, i.p.) was shown to ameliorate the MTX-induced pulmonary toxicity, as indicated by the normalization of the oxidative stress parameters. Furthermore, silibinin treatment was demonstrated to reduce the histopathological changes associated with MTX. In conclusion, silibinin exhibited protective effects against MTX-induced pulmonary toxicity, which may be attributed to its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Kalemci
- Department of Chest Disease, Medical Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey
| | - Yasar Topal
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yasar Celik
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey
| | - Nigar Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey
| | - Halil Beydilli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ilkay Kosar
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey
| | - Nigar Dirican
- Department of Chest Disease, Medical Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32000, Turkey
| | - Irfan Altuntas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts are not formed from cancer cells by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in nu/nu mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:463-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Analysis of TGF-β1- and drug-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cultured alveolar epithelial cell line RLE/Abca3. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 30:111-8. [PMID: 25760538 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and drugs in genetically engineered type II alveolar epithelial cell line RLE/Abca3. Treatment of RLE/Abca3 cells with TGF-β1 induced marked changes in cell morphology from epithelial-like to elongated fibroblast-like morphology. With these morphological changes, mRNA expression of epithelial markers such as cytokeratin 19 (CK19) decreased, while that of mesenchymal markers such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) increased. TGF-β1 treatment also decreased the mRNA expression of Abca3, a type II cell marker, and formation of lamellar body structures. Interestingly, the effect of TGF-β1 on Abca3 mRNA expression was observed in RLE/Abca3 cells, but not in wild-type RLE-6TN, A549, and H441 cells. Treatment of RLE/Abca3 cells with bleomycin (BLM) and methotrexate (MTX) induced similar morphological and mRNA expression changes. In addition, the increase in α-SMA and the decrease in Abca3 mRNA expression by these drugs were observed only in RLE/Abca3 cells. These findings suggest that, like TGF-β1, BLM and MTX induce EMT in RLE/Abca3 cells, and RLE/Abca3 cells would be a good model to study drug-induced EMT. The effect of pirfenidone, an antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory drug, on EMT induced by TGF-β1 was also discussed.
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