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Coliță CI, Olaru DG, Coliță D, Hermann DM, Coliță E, Glavan D, Popa-Wagner A. Induced Coma, Death, and Organ Transplantation: A Physiologic, Genetic, and Theological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065744. [PMID: 36982814 PMCID: PMC10059721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the clinic, the death certificate is issued if brain electrical activity is no longer detectable. However, recent research has shown that in model organisms and humans, gene activity continues for at least 96 h postmortem. The discovery that many genes are still working up to 48 h after death questions our definition of death and has implications for organ transplants and forensics. If genes can be active up to 48 h after death, is the person technically still alive at that point? We discovered a very interesting parallel between genes that were upregulated in the brain after death and genes upregulated in the brains that were subjected to medically-induced coma, including transcripts involved in neurotransmission, proteasomal degradation, apoptosis, inflammation, and most interestingly, cancer. Since these genes are involved in cellular proliferation, their activation after death could represent the cellular reaction to escape mortality and raises the question of organ viability and genetics used for transplantation after death. One factor limiting the organ availability for transplantation is religious belief. However, more recently, organ donation for the benefit of humans in need has been seen as “posthumous giving of organs and tissues can be a manifestation of love spreading also to the other side of death”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar-Ivan Coliță
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020276 Bucharest, Romania; (C.-I.C.)
| | - Denissa-Greta Olaru
- Department of Psychiatry, University for Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Daniela Coliță
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020276 Bucharest, Romania; (C.-I.C.)
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Eugen Coliță
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020276 Bucharest, Romania; (C.-I.C.)
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University for Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University for Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.P.-W.)
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Alleva R, Tognù A, Tomasetti M, Benassi MS, Pazzaglia L, van Oven H, Viganò E, De Simone N, Pacini I, Giannone S, Gagic S, Borghi R, Picone S, Borghi B. Effect of different anaesthetic techniques on gene expression profiles in patients who underwent hip arthroplasty. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219113. [PMID: 31344051 PMCID: PMC6657832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the modulation of genes whose expression level is indicative of stress and toxicity following exposure to three anaesthesia techniques, general anaesthesia (GA), regional anaesthesia (RA), or integrated anaesthesia (IA). Methods Patients scheduled for hip arthroplasty receiving GA, RA and IA were enrolled at Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute of Bologna, Italy and the expression of genes involved in toxicology were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected before (T0), immediately after surgery (T1), and on the third day (T2) after surgery in association with biochemical parameters. Results All three anaesthesia methods proved safe and reliable in terms of pain relief and patient recovery. Gene ontology analysis revealed that GA and mainly IA were associated with deregulation of DNA repair system and stress-responsive genes, which was observed even after 3-days from anaesthesia. Conversely, RA was not associated with substantial changes in gene expression. Conclusions Based on the gene expression analysis, RA technique showed the smallest toxicological effect in hip arthroplasty. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03585647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Alleva
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Tognù
- Department of Anaesthesia and Postoperative Intensive Care, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Tomasetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hanna van Oven
- Department of Anaesthesia and Postoperative Intensive Care, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ettore Viganò
- Department of Anaesthesia and Postoperative Intensive Care, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola De Simone
- Department of Anaesthesia and Postoperative Intensive Care, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pacini
- Department of Anaesthesia and Postoperative Intensive Care, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Giannone
- Department of Anaesthesia and Postoperative Intensive Care, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sanjin Gagic
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Borghi
- Department of Anaesthesia and Postoperative Intensive Care, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Picone
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Battista Borghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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Nakatsu N, Igarashi Y, Aoshi T, Hamaguchi I, Saito M, Mizukami T, Momose H, Ishii KJ, Yamada H. Isoflurane is a suitable alternative to ether for anesthetizing rats prior to euthanasia for gene expression analysis. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:491-497. [PMID: 28717108 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Diethyl ether (ether) had been widely used in Japan for anesthesia, despite its explosive properties and toxicity to both humans and animals. We also had used ether as an anesthetic for euthanizing rats for research in the Toxicogenomics Project (TGP). Because the use of ether for these purposes will likely cease, it is required to select an alternative anesthetic which is validated for consistency with existing TGP data acquired under ether anesthesia. We therefore compared two alternative anesthetic candidates, isoflurane and pentobarbital, with ether in terms of hematological findings, serum biochemical parameters, and gene expressions. As a result, few differences among the three agents were observed. In hematological and serum biochemistry analysis, no significant changes were found. In gene expression analysis, four known genes were extracted as differentially expressed genes in the liver of rats anesthetized with ether, isoflurane, or pentobarbital. However, no significant relationships were detected using gene ontology, pathway, or gene enrichment analyses by DAVID and TargetMine. Surprisingly, although it was expected that the lung would be affected by administration via inhalation, only one differentially expressed gene was extracted in the lung. Taken together, our data indicate that there are no significant differences among ether, isoflurane, and pentobarbital with respect to effects on hematological parameters, serum biochemistry parameters, and gene expression. Based on its smallest affect to existing data and its safety profile for humans and animals, we suggest isoflurane as a suitable alternative anesthetic for use in rat euthanasia in toxicogenomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Nakatsu
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Yoshinobu Igarashi
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University.,Vaccine Dynamics Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Masumichi Saito
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
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