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Sun Q, Du J, Tian L, Wu J, Zhang X. Detection of organophosphorus pesticides: exploring oxime as a probe with improved sensitivity by CeO 2-modified electrode. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4634-4641. [PMID: 34542114 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the catalytic activity of CeO2 NPs toward oxime oxidation was adopted for the first time to develop an electrochemical sensor with improved sensitivity toward the direct detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) without electrochemical redox activity. To enhance the conductivity of the sensor, CeO2 NPs together with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were deposited onto a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by the simple method of drop-casting. The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared sensor were evaluated in K3[Fe(CN)6] solution and the oxidation behavior of pralidoxime (PAM) chloride on the electrodes was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results show that the modification of CeO2 onto the electrode not only increases the electroactive area of the electrode but also significantly increases the peak current of PAM chloride oxidation, which confirms that CeO2 has an electrocatalytic effect toward oxime oxidation. To evaluate the sensitivity of the as-fabricated sensor, the inhibition rate of PAM chloride peak current was tested in PAM chloride solution containing different concentrations of chlorpyrifos, which shows a very small detection limit of 2.5 × 10-9 M. In addition, the sensor successfully achieved a convenient and sensitive determination of OPs in vegetable extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jiyu Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Li Tian
- MEMS Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xuelin Zhang
- MEMS Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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Methylene blue can act as an antidote to pesticide poisoning of bumble bee mitochondria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14710. [PMID: 34282204 PMCID: PMC8289979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of bumble bees and other pollinators has considerably declined worldwide, probably, due to the toxic effect of pesticides used in agriculture. Inexpensive and available antidotes can be one of the solutions for the problem of pesticide toxicity for pollinators. We studied the properties of the thiazine dye Methylene blue (MB) as an antidote against the toxic action of pesticides in the bumble bee mitochondria and found that MB stimulated mitochondrial respiration mediated by Complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC) and increased respiration of the mitochondria treated with mitochondria-targeted (chlorfenapyr, hydramethylnon, pyridaben, tolfenpyrad, and fenazaquin) and non-mitochondrial (deltamethrin, metribuzin, and penconazole) pesticides. MB also restored the mitochondrial membrane potential dissipated by the pesticides affecting the ETC. The mechanism of MB action is most probably related to its ability to shunt electron flow in the mitochondrial ETC.
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Bajgar J, Kuca K, Kassa J. Inhibition of cholinesterases following percutaneous intoxication with V agents in rats. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1564773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bajgar
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kentrop J, Savransky V, Klaassen SD, van Groningen T, Bohnert S, Cornelissen AS, Cochrane L, Barry J, Joosen MJA. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of atropine sulfate/obidoxime chloride co-formulation against VX in a guinea pig model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 119:104823. [PMID: 33212192 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agent exposure is generally treated by an antidote formulation composed of a muscarinic antagonist, atropine sulfate (ATR), and a reactivator of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) such as pralidoxime, obidoxime (OBI), methoxime, trimedoxime or HI-6 and an anticonvulsant. Organophosphates (OPs) irreversibly inhibit AChE, the enzyme responsible for termination of acetylcholine signal transduction. Inhibition of AChE leads to overstimulation of the central and peripheral nervous system with convulsive seizures, respiratory distress and death as result. The present study evaluated the efficacy and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ATR/OBI following exposure to two different VX dose levels. The PK of ATR and OBI administered either as a single drug, combined treatment but separately injected, or administered as the ATR/OBI co-formulation, was determined in plasma of naïve guinea pigs and found to be similar for all formulations. Following subcutaneous VX exposure, ATR/OBI-treated animals showed significant improvement in survival rate and progression of clinical signs compared to untreated animals. Moreover, AChE activity after VX exposure in both blood and brain tissue was significantly higher in ATR/OBI-treated animals compared to vehicle-treated control. In conclusion, ATR/OBI has been proven to be efficacious against exposure to VX and there were no PK interactions between ATR and OBI when administered as a co-formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska Kentrop
- TNO Defence, Safety & Security, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, NL-2288, GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Savransky
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | - Steven D Klaassen
- TNO Defence, Safety & Security, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, NL-2288, GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Tomas van Groningen
- TNO Defence, Safety & Security, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, NL-2288, GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Bohnert
- Defense Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Casualty Management Section, PO Box 4000 Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Alex S Cornelissen
- TNO Defence, Safety & Security, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, NL-2288, GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Cochrane
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | - John Barry
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | - Marloes J A Joosen
- TNO Defence, Safety & Security, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, NL-2288, GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
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Machamer JB, Apland JP, Winner BM, Wolfe SE, Pagarigan KT, Bounader KM, Kasten SA, Adler M, McNutt PM. Functional basis for dose-dependent antagonism of rat and rabbit neuromuscular transmission by the bis-pyridinium oxime MMB4. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3877-3891. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Thors L, Wigenstam E, Qvarnström J, Hägglund L, Bucht A. Improved skin decontamination efficacy for the nerve agent VX. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 325:109135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lin X, Jia Y, Dong X, Shen J, Jin Y, Li Y, Wang F, Anenberg E, Zhou J, Zhu J, Chen X, Xie Q, Xie Y. Diplatin, a Novel and Low-Toxicity Anti-Lung Cancer Platinum Complex, Activation of Cell Death in Tumors via a ROS/JNK/p53-Dependent Pathway, and a Low Rate of Acquired Treatment Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:982. [PMID: 31572176 PMCID: PMC6749073 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Platinum-based drugs prevail as the main treatment of lung cancer; this is caused by their relative effectiveness despite known side effects, such as neurotoxicity. The risk reward of the treatment and side effects is confronted when dosage is considered and when resistance to treatment develops. Development of new compounds that improve effectiveness and safety profiles addresses this ongoing need in clinical practice. Objectives: The novel water-soluble platinum complex, diplatin, was synthesized, and its antitumor potency and toxicology profile were evaluated in murine xenograft tumor models and in lung cancer cell lines. Methods: The effects of diplatin, cisplatin (DDP), and carboplatin (CBP) on the viability of nine lung tumor cell lines and one normal human lung epithelial cell line were evaluated using the MTT assay. Therapeutic index was calculated as LD50/ED50 to identify and compare the ideal therapeutic windows of the above compounds. Diplatin’s antitumor effects were assessed in lung xenograft tumors of nude mice; molecular mechanisms of therapeutic effects were identified. Results: Diplatin had desirable IC50 compared to CBP in a variety of cultured tumor cells, notably lung tumor cells. In the mouse xenograft lung tumor, diplatin led to a substantially improved therapeutic index when compared to the effects of DDP and CBP. Importantly, diplatin inhibited the growth of DDP-resistant lung tumor cells. Diplatin’s mode of action was characterized to be through cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and induction of lung tumor apoptosis via ROS/JNK/p53-mediated pathways. Conclusion: Diplatin was observed to have antitumor effects in mice with both greater potency and safety compared with DDP and CBP. These observations indicate that diplatin is promising as a potential treatment in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Lin
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Jia
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Breath Smooth Biotech Hangzhou Co., LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Dong
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Breath Smooth Biotech Hangzhou Co., LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Breath Smooth Biotech Hangzhou Co., LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yachao Jin
- Breath Smooth Biotech Hangzhou Co., LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyou Li
- Beijing Shuobai Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Joinn Laboratories, BAD, Beijing, China
| | - Eitan Anenberg
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiancang Zhou
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Beijing Shuobai Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Qiangmin Xie
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Wilhelm CM, Snider TH, Babin MC, Platoff GE, Jett DA, Yeung DT. Evaluating the broad-spectrum efficacy of the acetylcholinesterase oximes reactivators MMB4 DMS, HLö-7 DMS, and 2-PAM Cl against phorate oxon, sarin, and VX in the Hartley guinea pig. Neurotoxicology 2018; 68:142-148. [PMID: 30056178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNA), are threats to the general population as possible weapons of terrorism or by accidental exposure whether through inadvertent release from manufacturing facilities or during transport. To mitigate the toxicities posed by these threats, a therapeutic regimen that is quick-acting and efficacious against a broad spectrum of OPs is highly desired. The work described herein sought to assess the protective ratio (PR), median effective doses (ED50), and therapeutic index (TI = oxime 24-h LD50/oxime ED50) of MMB4 DMS, HLö-7 DMS, and 2-PAM Cl against the OPs sarin (GB), VX, and phorate-oxon (PHO). All OPs are representative of the broader classes of G and V chemical warfare nerve agents and persistent pesticides. MMB4 DMS and HLö-7 DMS were previously identified as comparative efficacy leads warranting further evaluations. 2-PAM Cl is the U.S. FDA-approved standard-of-care oxime therapy for OP intoxication. Briefly, PRs were determined in male guinea pigs by varying the subcutaneously (SC) delivered OP dose followed then by therapy with fixed levels of the oxime and atropine (0.4 mg/kg; administered intramuscularly [IM]). ED50s were determined using a similar approach except the OP dose was held constant at twice the median lethal dose (2 × LD50) while the oxime treatment levels were varied. The ED50 information was then used to calculate the TI for each OP/oxime combination. Both MMB4 DMS and HLö-7 DMS provided significant protection, i.e., higher PR against GB, VX, and PHO when compared to atropine controls, but significance was not readily demonstrated across the board when compared against 2-PAM Cl. The ED50 values of MMB4 DMS was consistently lower than that of the other oximes against all three OPs. Furthermore, based on those ED50s, the TI trend of the various oximes against both GB and VX was MMB4 DMS > HLö-7 DMS > 2-PAM Cl, while against PHO, MMB4 DMS > 2-PAM Cl > HLö-7 DMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas H Snider
- Battelle, 505 King Avenue, JM-7, Columbus, OH 43201-2693, USA
| | - Michael C Babin
- Battelle, 505 King Avenue, JM-7, Columbus, OH 43201-2693, USA.
| | - Gennady E Platoff
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David A Jett
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David T Yeung
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Exploring pralidoxime chloride as a universal electrochemical probe for organophosphorus pesticides detection. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 982:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Kassouf N, Syed S, Larner J, Amlôt R, Chilcott RP. Evaluation of absorbent materials for use as ad hoc dry decontaminants during mass casualty incidents as part of the UK's Initial Operational Response (IOR). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170966. [PMID: 28152053 PMCID: PMC5289487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The UK’s Initial Operational Response (IOR) is a revised process for the medical management of mass casualties potentially contaminated with hazardous materials. A critical element of the IOR is the introduction of immediate, on-scene disrobing and decontamination of casualties to limit the adverse health effects of exposure. Ad hoc cleansing of the skin with dry absorbent materials has previously been identified as a potential means of facilitating emergency decontamination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro oil and water absorbency of a range of materials commonly found in the domestic and clinical environments and to determine the effectiveness of a small, but representative selection of such materials in skin decontamination, using an established ex vivo model. Five contaminants were used in the study: methyl salicylate, parathion, diethyl malonate, phorate and potassium cyanide. In vitro measurements of water and oil absorbency did not correlate with ex vivo measurements of skin decontamination. When measured ex vivo, dry decontamination was consistently more effective than a standard wet decontamination method (“rinse-wipe-rinse”) for removing liquid contaminants. However, dry decontamination was ineffective against particulate contamination. Collectively, these data confirm that absorbent materials such as wound dressings and tissue paper provide an effective, generic capability for emergency removal of liquid contaminants from the skin surface, but that wet decontamination should be used for non-liquid contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Kassouf
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Syed
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Larner
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Microbial Risk Assessment and Behavioural Science, Public Health England, Emergency Response Department, Health Protection Directorate, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Chilcott
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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