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Gądarowska D, Kalka J, Daniel-Wójcik A, Mrzyk I. Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:740. [PMID: 36548573 PMCID: PMC9783525 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a term used to refer to the regulatory hazard known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans or contact hypersensitivity in rodents, an important health endpoint considered in chemical hazard and risk assessments. Information on skin sensitization potential is required in various regulatory frameworks, such as the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). The identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals previously required the use of animal testing, which is now being replaced by alternative methods. Alternative methods in the field of skin sensitization are based on the measurement or prediction of key events (KE), i.e., (i) the molecular triggering event, i.e., the covalent binding of electrophilic substances to nucleophilic centers in skin proteins; (ii) the activation of keratinocytes; (iii) the activation of dendritic cells; (iv) the proliferation of T cells. This review article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the methods corresponding to each of the key events in skin sensitization and considers the latest trends in the development and modification of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gądarowska
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalka
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Daniel-Wójcik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Inga Mrzyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
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Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials in Cosmetics: Focus on Dermal and Hair Dyes Products. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials use in cosmetics is markedly enhancing, so their exposure and toxicity are important parameters to consider for their risk assessment. This review article provides an overview of the active cosmetic ingredients used for cosmetic application, including dermal cosmetics and also hair dye cosmetics, as well as their safety assessment, enriched with a compilation of the safety assessment tests available to evaluate the different types of toxicity. In fact, despite the increase in research and the number of papers published in the field of nanotechnology, the related safety assessment is still insufficient. To elucidate the possible effects that nanosized particles can have on living systems, more studies reproducing similar conditions to what happens in vivo should be conducted, particularly considering the complex interactions of the biological systems and active cosmetic ingredients to achieve newer, safer, and more efficient nanomaterials. Toward this end, ecological issues and the toxicological pattern should also be a study target.
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Johnson C, Anger LT, Benigni R, Bower D, Bringezu F, Crofton KM, Cronin MT, Cross KP, Dettwiler M, Frericks M, Melnikov F, Miller S, Roberts DW, Suarez-Rodriguez D, Roncaglioni A, Lo Piparo E, Tice RR, Zwickl C, Myatt GJ. Evaluating Confidence in Toxicity Assessments Based on Experimental Data and In Silico Predictions. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 21:100204. [PMID: 35368849 PMCID: PMC8967148 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the reliability and relevance of a toxicological assessment is important for gauging the overall confidence and communicating the degree of uncertainty related to it. The process involved in assessing reliability and relevance is well defined for experimental data. Similar criteria need to be established for in silico predictions, as they become increasingly more important to fill data gaps and need to be reasonably integrated as additional lines of evidence. Thus, in silico assessments could be communicated with greater confidence and in a more harmonized manner. The current work expands on previous definitions of reliability, relevance, and confidence and establishes a conceptional framework to apply those to in silico data. The approach is used in two case studies: 1) phthalic anhydride, where experimental data are readily available and 2) 4-hydroxy-3-propoxybenzaldehyde, a data poor case which relies predominantly on in silico methods, showing that reliability, relevance, and confidence of in silico assessments can be effectively communicated within Integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Johnson
- Instem, 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH 43215, USA,Corresponding author.
(C. Johnson)
| | | | | | - David Bower
- Instem, 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | | | | | - Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool
John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Magdalena Dettwiler
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123
Allschwill, Switzerland
| | - Markus Frericks
- BASF SE, APD/ET, Li 444, Speyerer St 2, 67117
Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Fjodor Melnikov
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA,
94080, USA
| | | | - David W. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool
John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Alessandra Roncaglioni
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology,
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche
Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Lo Piparo
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Nestlé Research,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Craig Zwickl
- Transendix LLC, 1407 Moores Manor, Indianapolis, IN
46229, USA
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Imai N, Takeyoshi M, Aizawa S, Tsurumaki M, Kurosawa M, Toyoda A, Sugiyama M, Kasahara K, Hirota M, Ogata S. Enhancing between-facility reproducibility of the SH test as an in vitro skin sensitization test by the improved test method. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:235-248. [PMID: 33952800 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increased demand to eliminate animal experiments and to replace the experiments with alternative tests for assessing the safety of cosmetics. The SH test is an in vitro skin sensitization test that evaluates the protein binding abilities of a test substance. Skin sensitization must be evaluated by multiple test methods. The SH test uses the same cell line and measuring instruments as the human Cell-Line Activation Test (h-CLAT), which is one of the test methods used to evaluate different key events and is listed in the OECD test guidelines. There are cost advantages to usher the SH test into facilities that are already running the h-CLAT. The SH test is conducted only at a facility that has developed the SH test because studies on the between-facility reproducibility and validity have not been performed. Therefore, to verify the transferability of the SH test and the between-facilities reproducibility, we evaluated the reproducibility of the SH test results at three facilities, including the development facility. After an initial round of testing, the protocol was refined as follows to improve reproducibility among the three facilities: i) determine the optimum pH range, ii) change the maximum applicable concentration of water-soluble substances, and iii) define the appropriate dispersion conditions for evaluating hydrophobic substances. These refinements markedly enhanced the between-facility reproducibility (from 76.0% to 96.0%) for the 25 substances evaluated in this study. This study confirmed that the SH test is an effective skin sensitization test method with high technical transferability and between-facility reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation.,Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
| | | | - Sakiko Aizawa
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation
| | - Mika Tsurumaki
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation
| | | | - Akemi Toyoda
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc
| | - Maki Sugiyama
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc
| | | | | | - Shinichi Ogata
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
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The IL-1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter cell line THP-G1b can efficiently predict skin-sensitising chemicals. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1647-1657. [PMID: 33715048 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 functions as an essential pro-inflammatory mediator for the sensitisation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). However, studies conducted to date have typically used a limited number of haptens and examined their effects only on murine ACD or murine dendritic cells (DCs). It therefore remains unclear whether IL-1α and/or IL-1β is produced in ACD induced by haptens other than those commonly used in mouse ACD models, and whether they are essential for sensitisation leading to ACD in humans. In addition, it is unclear whether human DCs also produce IL-1α or IL-1β after stimulation by haptens in general. Here, we first demonstrated that 10 haptens (3 extreme, 1 strong, 3 moderate and 3 weak) increased both IL-1α mRNA and IL-1β mRNA expression by the human monocyte cell line THP-1, a commonly used surrogate of DCs in in vitro skin sensitisation tests. Next, we constructed an in vitro skin sensitisation test using a stable IL-1β reporter cell line, THP-G1b, and evaluated whether 88 haptens and 34 non-haptens increase IL-1β reporter activity. We found that 94% of 77 haptens evaluated after considering their applicability domain and solubility in the chosen media stimulated reporter activity. These studies demonstrated that most haptens, irrespective of their potency, increased IL-1β mRNA expression by THP-1 cells, confirming that human DCs also produce IL-1β after stimulation by most haptens. The luciferase assay using THP-G1b cells is thus another skin sensitisation test based on the adverse outcome pathway with reasonable performance.
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Pellevoisin C, Cottrez F, Johansson J, Pedersen E, Coleman K, Groux H. Pre-validation of SENS-IS assay for in vitro skin sensitization of medical devices. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 71:105068. [PMID: 33301901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
According to ISO 10993-1:2018, the skin sensitization potential of all medical devices must be evaluated, and for this endpoint ISO 10993-10:2010 recommends the use of in vivo assays. The goal of the present study was to determine if the in vitro SENS-IS assay could be a suitable alternative to the current in vivo assays. The SENS-IS assay uses the Episkin Large and SkinEthic RHE reconstructed human epidermis models to evaluate marker genes. In our study, the SENS-IS assay correctly identified 13 sensitizers spiked in a non-polar solvent. In a subsequent analysis six medical device silicone samples previously impregnated with sensitizers were extracted with polar and non-polar solvents. The SENS-IS assay correctly identified five of these extracts, while a sixth extract, which contained the weak sensitizer phenyl benzoate, was classified as negative. However, when this extract was concentrated, or a longer exposure time was used, the assay was able to detect phenyl benzoate. The SENS-IS assay was transferred to a naïve laboratory which correctly identified sensitizers in six blinded silicone samples, including the one containing phenyl benzoate. In light of these results, we conclude that the SENS-IS assay is able to correctly identify the presence of sensitizers in medical devices extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Cottrez
- ImmunoSearch, Les Cyclades, Chemin de Camperousse, Grasse, France
| | - J Johansson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Borås, Sweden
| | - E Pedersen
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Borås, Sweden
| | | | - H Groux
- ImmunoSearch, Les Cyclades, Chemin de Camperousse, Grasse, France
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The modified IL-8 Luc assay, an in vitro skin sensitisation test, can significantly improve the false-negative judgment of lipophilic sensitizers with logK ow values > 3.5. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:749-758. [PMID: 33068120 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
False-negative judgment due to poor chemical solubility is a problem with in vitro skin sensitisation tests. Water-insoluble chemicals are typically dissolved in DMSO in most sensitisation tests but precipitate when diluted with medium beyond their solubility in water. Such tests lack procedures to rule out false-negative judgments due to poor solubility. The IL-8 Luc assay (OECD442E) is unique in that if chemicals do not dissolve at 20 mg/mL in medium and have no effect on IL-8 luciferase activity (IL8LA), they are classified as indeterminate. The purpose of the present study was to reduce the number of indeterminate chemicals and improve assay performance. The IL-8 Luc assay can simultaneously examine glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase luciferase activity (GAPLA) and IL8LA, and thus we examined the correlation between the reduction of GAPLA (defined as Inh-GAPLA) and the reduction of propidium iodide (PI)-excluding cells for three sensitizers and three non-sensitizers. We observed a significant correlation between luciferase activity driven by the GAPDH promoter of THP-G8 cells and the number of viable cells. Furthermore, chemicals providing an Inh-GAPLA value below 0.8 always reduced the ratio of PI-excluding cells to less than 0.6. Using the modified criteria, indeterminate chemicals are judged as negative if they provide Inh-GAPLA values below 0.8. This modification reduced the number of indeterminate chemicals and increased specificity, highlighting the unique advantage of the IL-8 Luc assay.
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Bergal M, Puginier M, Gerbeix C, Groux H, Roso A, Cottrez F, Milius A. In vitro testing strategy for assessing the skin sensitizing potential of “difficult to test” cosmetic ingredients. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mitachi T, Kouzui M, Maruyama R, Yamashita K, Ogata S, Kojima H, Itagaki H. Some non-sensitizers upregulate CD54 expression by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:213-224. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Mitachi
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Yokohama National University
- Corporate Research Center, Daicel Corporation
| | - Mai Kouzui
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | - Ryo Maruyama
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | | | - Shinichi Ogata
- Department of Environment and Information Science, Yokohama National University
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Yokohama National University
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