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Hu F, Chi X, Yang M, Ding P, Yin D, Ding J, Huang X, Luo J, Chang Y, Zhao C. Effects of eliminating interactions in multi-layer culture on survival, food utilization and growth of small sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius at high temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15116. [PMID: 34302013 PMCID: PMC8302603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor growth and disease transmission of small sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius in summer greatly hamper the production efficiency of the longline culture. Reducing the adverse effects of high stocking density while maintaining high biomass is essential to address these problems. Here, we conducted a laboratory experiment to simulate the multi-layer culture for sea urchins at ambient high temperatures (from 22.2 to 24.5 °C) in summer for ~ 7 weeks. Survival, body size, lantern growth, gut weight, food consumption, Aristotle's lantern reflex, 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration, pepsin activity and gut morphology were subsequently evaluated. The present study found that multi-layer culture led to significantly larger body size than those without multi-layer culture (the control group). This was probably because of the greater feeding capacity (indicated by lantern growth and Aristotle's lantern reflex) and food digestion (indicated by morphology and pepsin activity of gut) in the multi-layer cultured sea urchins. These results indicate that multi-layer is an effective approach to improving the growth efficiency of sea urchins at high temperatures. We assessed whether eliminating interaction further improve these commercially important traits of sea urchins in multi-layer culture. This study found that eliminating interactions displayed greater body size and Aristotle's lantern reflex than those not separated in the multi-layer culture. This approach also significantly reduced the morbidity compared with the control group. These novel findings indicate that eliminating interactions in multi-layer culture greatly contributes to the growth and disease prevention of sea urchins at high temperatures. The present study establishes a new technique for the longline culture of sea urchins in summer and provides valuable information into the longline culture management of other commercially important species (e.g. scallops, abalones and oysters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaomei Chi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Mingfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Donghong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jingyun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Chong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Totani Y, Aonuma H, Oike A, Watanabe T, Hatakeyama D, Sakakibara M, Lukowiak K, Ito E. Monoamines, Insulin and the Roles They Play in Associative Learning in Pond Snails. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:65. [PMID: 31001093 PMCID: PMC6454038 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscan gastropods have long been used for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. One such gastropod, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, exhibits long-term memory (LTM) following both classical and operant conditioning. Using Lymnaea, we have successfully elucidated cellular mechanisms of learning and memory utilizing an aversive classical conditioning procedure, conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Here, we present the behavioral changes following CTA training and show that the memory score depends on the duration of food deprivation. Then, we describe the relationship between the memory scores and the monoamine contents of the central nervous system (CNS). A comparison of learning capability in two different strains of Lymnaea, as well as the filial 1 (F1) cross from the two strains, presents how the memory scores are correlated in these populations with monoamine contents. Overall, when the memory scores are better, the monoamine contents of the CNS are lower. We also found that as the insulin content of the CNS decreases so does the monoamine contents which are correlated with higher memory scores. The present review deepens the relationship between monoamine and insulin contents with the memory score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Totani
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Aonuma
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Akira Oike
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dai Hatakeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manabu Sakakibara
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Sunada H, Watanabe T, Hatakeyama D, Lee S, Forest J, Sakakibara M, Ito E, Lukowiak K. Pharmacological effects of cannabinoids on learning and memory in Lymnaea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:3026-3038. [PMID: 28855319 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.159038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are hypothesized to play an important role in modulating learning and memory formation. Here, we identified mRNAs expressed in Lymnaeastagnalis central nervous system that encode two G-protein-coupled receptors (Lymnaea CBr-like 1 and 2) that structurally resemble mammalian cannabinoid receptors (CBrs). We found that injection of a mammalian CBr agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN 55) into the snail before operant conditioning obstructed learning and memory formation. This effect of WIN 55 injection persisted for at least 4 days following its injection. A similar obstruction of learning and memory occurred when a severe traumatic stimulus was delivered to L. stagnalis In contrast, injection of a mammalian CBr antagonist AM 251 enhanced long-term memory formation in snails and reduced the duration of the effects of the severe traumatic stressor on learning and memory. Neither WIN 55 nor AM 251 altered normal homeostatic aerial respiratory behaviour elicited in hypoxic conditions. Our results suggest that putative cannabinoid receptors mediate stressful stimuli that alter learning and memory formation in Lymnaea This is also the first demonstration that putative CBrs are present in Lymnaea and play a key role in learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sunada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.,Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Watanabe
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0811, Japan
| | - Dai Hatakeyama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jeremy Forest
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Manabu Sakakibara
- School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan .,Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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Aonuma H, Totani Y, Kaneda M, Nakamura R, Watanabe T, Hatakeyama D, Dyakonova VE, Lukowiak K, Ito E. Effects of 5-HT and insulin on learning and memory formation in food-deprived snails. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 148:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Sunada H, Totani Y, Nakamura R, Sakakibara M, Lukowiak K, Ito E. Two Strains of Lymnaea stagnalis and the Progeny from Their Mating Display Differential Memory-Forming Ability on Associative Learning Tasks. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:161. [PMID: 28955210 PMCID: PMC5601001 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis learns and forms long-term memory (LTM) following both operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behavior and classical conditioning of taste aversive behavior. In the present study, we examined whether there are interstrain differences in the ability to form LTM following these two types of conditioning. A strain of Lymnaea (TC1) collected in Alberta, Canada exhibits superior memory-forming ability following aerial respiratory operant conditioning compared to a laboratory-reared strain of Lymnaea from Netherlands known as the Dutch strain. We asked whether the offspring of the Canadian TC1 and Dutch snails (i.e., filial 1 (F1) cross snails) would have the superior memory ability and found, rather, that their memory ability was average like the Dutch snails. That is, the Canadian TC1 snails have superior ability for LTM formation following aerial respiratory operant conditioning, but the Dutch and the generated F1 cross have average ability for memory forming. We next examined the Canadian TC1, Dutch and F1 cross snails for their ability to learn and form memory following conditioned taste aversion (CTA). All three populations showed similar associative CTA responses. However, both LTM formation and the ratio of good-to-poor performers in the memory retention test were much better in the Dutch snails than the Canadian TC1 and F1 cross snails. The memory abilities of the Canadian TC1 and F1 cross snails were average. Our present findings, therefore, suggest that snails of different strains have different memory abilities, and the F1 cross snails do not inherit the memory ability from the smart strain. To our knowledge, there have been a limited number of studies examining differences in memory ability among invertebrate strains, with the exception of studies using mutant flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sunada
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri UniversitySanuki, Japan
| | - Yuki Totani
- Department of Biology, Waseda UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Sakakibara
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri UniversitySanuki, Japan.,Department of Biology, Waseda UniversityTokyo, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda UniversityTokyo, Japan.,WASEDA Bioscience Research Institute in SingaporeSingapore, Singapore.,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center and Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Totani
- Department of Biology, Waseda University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. Oike
- Department of Biology, Waseda University , Tokyo, Japan
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Aonuma H, Kaneda M, Hatakeyama D, Watanabe T, Lukowiak K, Ito E. Weak involvement of octopamine in aversive taste learning in a snail. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:189-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sunada H, Lukowiak K, Ito E. Cerebral Giant Cells are Necessary for the Formation and Recall of Memory of Conditioned Taste Aversion inLymnaea. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:72-80. [DOI: 10.2108/zs160152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Aonuma H, Kaneda M, Hatakeyama D, Watanabe T, Lukowiak K, Ito E. Relationship between the grades of a learned aversive-feeding response and the dopamine contents in Lymnaea. Biol Open 2016; 5:1869-1873. [PMID: 27815244 PMCID: PMC5200912 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pond snail Lymnaea learns conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and remembers not to respond to food substances that initially cause a feeding response. The possible relationship between how well snails learn to follow taste-aversion training and brain dopamine contents is not known. We examined this relationship and found the following: first, snails in the act of eating just before the commencement of CTA training were poor learners and had the highest dopamine contents in the brain; second, snails which had an ad libitum access to food, but were not eating just before training, were average learners and had lower dopamine contents; third, snails food-deprived for one day before training were the best learners and had significantly lower contents of dopamine compared to the previous two cohorts. There was a negative correlation between the CTA grades and the brain dopamine contents in these three cohorts. Fourth, snails food-deprived for five days before training were poor learners and had higher dopamine contents. Thus, severe hunger increased the dopamine content in the brain. Because dopamine functions as a reward transmitter, CTA in the severely deprived snails (i.e. the fourth cohort) was thought to be mitigated by a high dopamine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Aonuma
- Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Mugiho Kaneda
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Dai Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Watanabe
- Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan .,Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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Report on the 13th symposium on invertebrate neurobiology held 26-30 August 2015 at the Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for ecological research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:3. [PMID: 27149972 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-016-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the lectures and posters presented at the International Society for Invertebrate Neurobiology's 13th symposium held 26-30 August 2015, at the Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary. The symposium provided an opportunity for scientists working on a range of topics in invertebrate neurobiology to meet and present their research and discuss ways to advance the discipline.
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Function of insulin in snail brain in associative learning. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2015; 201:969-81. [PMID: 26233474 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-015-1032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is well known as a hormone regulating glucose homeostasis across phyla. Although there are insulin-independent mechanisms for glucose uptake in the mammalian brain, which had contributed to a perception of the brain as an insulin-insensitive organ for decades, the finding of insulin and its receptors in the brain revolutionized the concept of insulin signaling in the brain. However, insulin's role in brain functions, such as cognition, attention, and memory, remains unknown. Studies using invertebrates with their open blood-vascular system have the promise of promoting a better understanding of the role played by insulin in mediating/modulating cognitive functions. In this review, the relationship between insulin and its impact on long-term memory (LTM) is discussed particularly in snails. The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis has the ability to undergo conditioned taste aversion (CTA), that is, it associatively learns and forms LTM not to respond with a feeding response to a food that normally elicits a robust feeding response. We show that molluscan insulin-related peptides are up-regulated in snails exhibiting CTA-LTM and play a key role in the causal neural basis of CTA-LTM. We also survey the relevant literature of the roles played by insulin in learning and memory in other phyla.
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Ito E, Yamagishi M, Hatakeyama D, Watanabe T, Fujito Y, Dyakonova V, Lukowiak K. Memory block: a consequence of conflict resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1699-704. [PMID: 25883377 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Food deprivation for 1 day in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis before aversive classical conditioning results in optimal conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and long-term memory (LTM) formation, whereas 5-day food deprivation before training does not. We hypothesize that snails do in fact learn and form LTM when trained after prolonged food deprivation, but that severe food deprivation blocks their ability to express memory. We trained 5-day food-deprived snails under various conditions, and found that memory was indeed formed but is overpowered by severe food deprivation. Moreover, CTA-LTM was context dependent and was observed only when the snails were in a context similar to that in which the training occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Ito
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Miki Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Dai Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neurocybernetics, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yutaka Fujito
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Varvara Dyakonova
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Institute for Developmental Biology, RAS, Moscow 119909, Russia
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
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