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Wang H, Yang Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Zhang W, Liu T, Chen G, Wang K. Phage-based delivery systems: engineering, applications, and challenges in nanomedicines. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:365. [PMID: 38918839 PMCID: PMC11197292 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) represent a unique category of viruses with a remarkable ability to selectively infect host bacteria, characterized by their assembly from proteins and nucleic acids. Leveraging their exceptional biological properties and modifiable characteristics, phages emerge as innovative, safe, and efficient delivery vectors. The potential drawbacks associated with conventional nanocarriers in the realms of drug and gene delivery include a lack of cell-specific targeting, cytotoxicity, and diminished in vivo transfection efficiency. In contrast, engineered phages, when employed as cargo delivery vectors, hold the promise to surmount these limitations and attain enhanced delivery efficacy. This review comprehensively outlines current strategies for the engineering of phages, delineates the principal types of phages utilized as nanocarriers in drug and gene delivery, and explores the application of phage-based delivery systems in disease therapy. Additionally, an incisive analysis is provided, critically examining the challenges confronted by phage-based delivery systems within the domain of nanotechnology. The primary objective of this article is to furnish a theoretical reference that contributes to the reasoned design and development of potent phage-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Medical Group), Qingdao, 266024, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266024, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Gang Chen
- Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Medical Group), Qingdao, 266024, China.
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266024, China.
| | - Kaikai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Needham P, Page RC, Yehl K. Phage-layer interferometry: a companion diagnostic for phage therapy and a bacterial testing platform. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6026. [PMID: 38472239 PMCID: PMC10933294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuing and rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance (AMR) calls for innovations in antimicrobial therapies. A promising, 're-emerging' approach is the application of bacteriophage viruses to selectively infect and kill pathogenic bacteria, referred to as phage therapy. In practice, phage therapy is personalized and requires companion diagnostics to identify efficacious phages, which are then formulated into a therapeutic cocktail. The predominant means for phage screening involves optical-based assays, but these methods cannot be carried out in complex media, such as colored solutions, inhomogeneous mixtures, or high-viscosity samples, which are often conditions encountered in vivo. Moreover, these assays cannot distinguish phage binding and lysis parameters, which are important for standardizing phage cocktail formulation. To address these challenges, we developed Phage-layer Interferometry (PLI) as a companion diagnostic. Herein, PLI is assessed as a quantitative phage screening method and prototyped as a bacterial detection platform. Importantly, PLI is amenable to automation and is functional in complex, opaque media, such as baby formula. Due to these newfound capabilities, we foresee immediate and broad impact of PLI for combating AMR and protecting against foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Needham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, 45056, USA
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, 45056, USA
| | - Kevin Yehl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, 45056, USA.
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Shen Y, Wang J, Li Y, Yang CT, Zhou X. Modified Bacteriophage for Tumor Detection and Targeted Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13040665. [PMID: 36839030 PMCID: PMC9963578 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumor is one of the leading causes of death in human beings. In recent years, bacteriophages (phages), a natural bacterial virus, have been genetically engineered for use as a probe for the detection of antigens that are highly expressed in tumor cells and as an anti-tumor reagent. Furthermore, phages can also be chemically modified and assembled with a variety of nanoparticles to form a new organic/inorganic composite, thus extending the application of phages in biological detection and tumor therapeutic. This review summarizes the studies on genetically engineered and chemically modified phages in the diagnosis and targeting therapy of tumors in recent years. We discuss the advantages and limitations of modified phages in practical applications and propose suitable application scenarios based on these modified phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhao Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chih-Tsung Yang
- Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (C.-T.Y.)
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (C.-T.Y.)
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Modification of a Tumor-Targeting Bacteriophage for Potential Diagnostic Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216564. [PMID: 34770973 PMCID: PMC8588016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-targeting bacteriophages can be used as a versatile new platform for the delivery of diagnostic imaging agents and therapeutic cargo. This became possible due to the development of viral capsid modification method. Earlier in our laboratory and using phage display technology, phages to malignant breast cancer cells MDA-MB 231 were obtained. The goal of this study was the optimization of phage modification and the assessment of the effect of the latter on the efficiency of phage particle penetration into MDA-MB 231 cells. METHODS In this work, we used several methods, such as chemical phage modification using FAM-NHS ester, spectrophotometry, phage amplification, sequencing, phage titration, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. RESULTS We performed chemical phage modification using different concentrations of FAM-NHS dye (0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM, 8 mM). It was shown that with an increase of the modification degree, the phage titer decreases. The maximum modification coefficient of the phage envelope with the FAM-NHS dye was observed with 4 mM modifying agent and had approximately 804,2 FAM molecules per phage. Through the immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry methods, it was shown that the modified bacteriophage retains the ability to internalize into MDA-MB-231 cells. The estimation of the number of phages that could have penetrated into one tumor cell was conducted. CONCLUSIONS Optimizing the conditions for phage modification can be an effective strategy for producing tumor-targeting diagnostic and therapeutic agents, i.e., theranostic drugs.
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Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses whose ubiquity in nature and remarkable specificity to their host bacteria enable an impressive and growing field of tunable biotechnologies in agriculture and public health. Bacteriophage capsids, which house and protect their nucleic acids, have been modified with a range of functionalities (e.g., fluorophores, nanoparticles, antigens, drugs) to suit their final application. Functional groups naturally present on bacteriophage capsids can be used for electrostatic adsorption or bioconjugation, but their impermanence and poor specificity can lead to inconsistencies in coverage and function. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored both genetic and chemical modifications to enable strong, specific bonds between phage capsids and their target conjugates. Genetic modification methods involve introducing genes for alternative amino acids, peptides, or protein sequences into either the bacteriophage genomes or capsid genes on host plasmids to facilitate recombinant phage generation. Chemical modification methods rely on reacting functional groups present on the capsid with activated conjugates under the appropriate solution pH and salt conditions. This review surveys the current state-of-the-art in both genetic and chemical bacteriophage capsid modification methodologies, identifies major strengths and weaknesses of methods, and discusses areas of research needed to propel bacteriophage technology in development of biosensors, vaccines, therapeutics, and nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M. Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sam R. Nugen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Ishii H, Zahra MH, Takayanagi A, Seno M. A Novel Artificially Humanized Anti-Cripto-1 Antibody Suppressing Cancer Cell Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041709. [PMID: 33567764 PMCID: PMC7915030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cripto-1 is a member of the EGF-CFC/FRL1/Cryptic family and is involved in embryonic development and carcinogenesis. We designed a novel anti-Cripto-1 artificial antibody and assessed the recognition to the antigen and the potential to suppress the growth of cancer stem cells. First, single chain antibody clones were isolated by bio-panning with the affinity to recombinant Cripto-1 protein from our original phage-display library. Then, the variable regions of heavy chain VH and light chain VL in each clone were fused to constant regions of heavy chain CH and light chain CL regions respectively. These fused genes were expressed in ExpiCHO-S cells to produce artificial humanized antibodies against Cripto-1. After evaluation of the expression levels, one clone was selected and the anti-Cripto-1 antibody was produced and purified. The purified antibody showed affinity to recombinant Cripto-1 at 1.1 pmol and immunoreactivity to cancer tissues and cell lines. The antibody was available to detect the immunoreactivity in tissue microarrays of malignant tumors as well as in Cripto-1 overexpressing cells. Simultaneously, the antibody exhibited the potential to suppress the growth of human colon cancer derived GEO cells overexpressing Cripto-1 with IC50 at approximately 110 nM. The artificially humanized antibody is proposed to be a good candidate to target cancer cells overexpressing Cripto-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ishii
- GSP Enterprise, Inc., 1-4-38 12F Minato-machi, Naniwaku, Osaka 556-0017, Japan; (H.I.); (A.T.)
| | - Maram H. Zahra
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Atushi Takayanagi
- GSP Enterprise, Inc., 1-4-38 12F Minato-machi, Naniwaku, Osaka 556-0017, Japan; (H.I.); (A.T.)
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-86-251-8216
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Iskandar SE, Haberman VA, Bowers AA. Expanding the Chemical Diversity of Genetically Encoded Libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:712-733. [PMID: 33167616 PMCID: PMC8284915 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The power of ribosomes has increasingly been harnessed for the synthesis and selection of molecular libraries. Technologies, such as phage display, yeast display, and mRNA display, effectively couple genotype to phenotype for the molecular evolution of high affinity epitopes for many therapeutic targets. Genetic code expansion is central to the success of these technologies, allowing researchers to surpass the intrinsic capabilities of the ribosome and access new, genetically encoded materials for these selections. Here, we review techniques for the chemical expansion of genetically encoded libraries, their abilities and limits, and opportunities for further development. Importantly, we also discuss methods and metrics used to assess the efficiency of modification and library diversity with these new techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Iskandar
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Victoria A Haberman
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Albert A Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Chiba M, Kubota S, Sakai A, Monzen S. Cell‑to‑cell communication via extracellular vesicles among human pancreatic cancer cells derived from the same patient. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3989-3996. [PMID: 30106154 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite existing multimodal therapies, pancreatic cancer exhibits high metastatic capability and poor prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles comprising lipid bilayers and various other components, such as protein and nucleic acids, derived from secreted cells. Recent research has demonstrated the involvement of EVs released from cancer cells in the metastasis of cancer cells to distant organs. However, the effects of EVs released from pancreatic cancer cells on other pancreatic cancer cells in a tumor microenvironment remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate that EVs released from PK‑45H pancreatic cancer cells are taken up by PK‑45P pancreatic cancer cells derived from the same patient through dynamin‑related endocytosis. Additionally, EVs released from PK‑45H cells augment the phosphorylation of classical mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in PK‑45P cells. The uptake of EVs released from PK‑45H cells by PK‑45P cells stimulates cell migration through the classical MAPK‑dependent pathway, suggesting that EVs released from one pancreatic cancer cell are taken up by other surrounding pancreatic cancer cells and could be critical inducers of cancer metastasis in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Chiba
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8564, Japan
| | - Shiori Kubota
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8564, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sakai
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8564, Japan
| | - Satoru Monzen
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8564, Japan
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Zhang H, Laaf D, Elling L, Pieters RJ. Thiodigalactoside-Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugates as High-Potency Inhibitors of Galectin-3: An Outstanding Example of Multivalent Presentation of Small Molecule Inhibitors. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1266-1275. [PMID: 29474087 PMCID: PMC5909177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Galectin inhibitors
are urgently needed to understand the mode
of action and druggability of different galectins, but potent and
selective agents still evade researchers. Small-sized inhibitors based
on thiodigalactoside (TDG) have shown their potential while modifications
at their C3 position indicated a strategy to improve selectivity and
potency. Considering the role of galectins as glycoprotein traffic
police, involved in multivalent bridging interactions, we aimed to
create multivalent versions of the potent TDG inhibitors. We herein
present for the first time the multivalent attachment of a TDG derivative
using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the scaffold. An efficient synthetic
method is presented to obtain a novel type of neoglycosylated proteins
loaded with different numbers of TDG moieties. A polyethylene glycol
(PEG)-spacer is introduced between the TDG and the protein scaffold
maintaining appropriate accessibility for an adequate galectin interaction.
The novel conjugates were evaluated in galectin binding and inhibition
studies in vitro. The conjugate with a moderate density
of 19 conjugated TDGs was identified as one of the most potent multivalent
Gal-3 inhibitors so far, with a clear demonstration of the benefit
of a multivalent ligand presentation. The described method may facilitate
the development of specific galectin inhibitors and their application
in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Dominic Laaf
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering , RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstrasse 20 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering , RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstrasse 20 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Uldahl KB, Walk ST, Olshefsky SC, Young MJ, Peng X. SMV1, an extremely stable thermophilic virus platform for nanoparticle trafficking in the mammalian GI tract. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1286-1297. [PMID: 28891224 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Analysis of the stability and safety of Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 (SMV1) during passage through the mammalian GI tract. METHODS AND RESULTS A major challenge of using nano-vectors to target gut microbiome is their survival during passage through the extremely acidic and proteolytic environment of the mammalian GI tract. Here, we investigated the thermo-acidophilic archaeal virus SMV1 as a candidate therapeutic nano-vector for the distal mammalian GI tract microbiome. We investigated the anatomical distribution, vector stability and immunogenicity of this virus following oral ingestion in mice and compared these traits to the more classically used Inovirus vector M13KE. We found that SMV1 particles were highly stable under both simulated GI tract conditions (in vitro) and in mice (in vivo). Moreover, SMV1 could not be detected in tissues outside the GI tract and it elicited a nearly undetectable inflammatory response. Finally, we used human intestinal organoids (HIOs) to show that labelled SMV1 did not invade or otherwise perturb the human GI tract epithelium. CONCLUSION Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 appeared stable and safe during passage though the mammalian GI tract. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study evaluating an archaeal virus as a potential therapeutic nanoparticle delivery system and it opens new possibilities for future development of novel nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Uldahl
- Danish Archaea Centre and Department of biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - S C Olshefsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - M J Young
- Thermal Biology Institute and Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - X Peng
- Danish Archaea Centre and Department of biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bernard JML, Francis MB. Chemical strategies for the covalent modification of filamentous phage. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:734. [PMID: 25566240 PMCID: PMC4274979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically filamentous bacteriophage have been known to be the workhorse of phage display due to their ability to link genotype to phenotype. More recently, the filamentous phage scaffold has proven to be powerful outside the realm of phage display technology in fields such as molecular imaging, cancer research and materials, and vaccine development. The ability of the virion to serve as a platform for a variety of applications heavily relies on the functionalization of the phage coat proteins with a wide variety of functionalities. Genetic modification of the coat proteins has been the most widely used strategy for functionalizing the virion; however, complementary chemical modification strategies can help to diversify the range of materials that can be developed. This review emphasizes the recent advances that have been made in the chemical modification of filamentous phage as well as some of the challenges that are involved in functionalizing the virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M L Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Materials Sciences Division - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew B Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Materials Sciences Division - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories Berkeley, CA, USA
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Newton-Northup JR, Figueroa SD, Quinn TP, Deutscher SL. Bifunctional phage-based pretargeted imaging of human prostate carcinoma. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:789-800. [PMID: 19720291 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two-step and three-step pretargeting systems utilizing biotinylated prostate tumor-homing bacteriophage (phage) and (111)In-radiolabeled streptavidin or biotin were developed for use in cancer radioimaging. The in vivo selected prostate carcinoma-specific phage (G1) displaying up to five copies of the peptide IAGLATPGWSHWLAL was the focus of the present study. METHODS The ability of G1 phage to extravasate and target prostate tumor cells was investigated using immunohistochemistry. G1 phages were biotinylated, streptavidin was conjugated to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and biotin was conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Biodistribution studies and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging of xenografted PC-3 tumors via two-step pretargeted (111)In-labeled streptavidin and three-step pretargeted (111)In-labeled biotin were performed in SCID mice to determine the optimal pretargeting method. RESULTS The ability of G1 phage to extravasate the vasculature and bind directly to human PC-3 prostate carcinoma tumor cells in vivo was demonstrated via immunocytochemical analysis. Comparative biodistribution studies of the two-step and three-step pretargeting strategies indicated increased PC-3 human prostate carcinoma tumor uptake in SCID mice of 4.34+/-0.26 %ID g(-1) at 0.5 h postinjection of (111)In-radiolabeled biotin (utilized in a three-step protocol) compared to 0.67+/-0.06 %ID g(-1) at 24 h postinjection of (111)In radiolabeled streptavidin (employed in a two-step protocol). In vivo SPECT/CT imaging of xenografted PC-3 tumors in SCID mice with the three-step pretargeting method was superior to that of the two-step pretargeting method, and, importantly, blocking studies demonstrated specificity of tumor uptake of (111)In-labeled biotin in the three-step pretargeting scheme. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the use of multivalent bifunctional phage in a three-step pretargeting system for prostate cancer radioimaging.
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