Pharmacist’s intervention for older hospitalized patients

Optimizing pharmacotherapy in elderly patients: the role of pharmacists

As the world's population ages, global health care systems will face the burden of chronic diseases and polypharmacy use among older adults. The traditional tasks of medication dispensing and provision of basic education by pharmacists have evolved to active engagement in direct patient care and collaborative team-based care. The care of older patients is an especially fitting mission for pharmacists, since the key to geriatric care often lies with management of chronic diseases and polypharmacy use, and preventing harmful consequences of both. Because most chronic conditions are treated with medications, pharmacists, with their extensive training in pharmacotherapy and pharmacokinetics, are in a unique and critical position in the management of them. Pharmacists have the expertise to detect, resolve, and prevent medication errors and drug-related problems, such as overtreatment, undertreatment, adverse drug events, and nonadherence. Pharmacists are also competent in critically reviewing and applying clinical guidelines to the care of individual patients, and in some instances confront the lack of data (common in older adults) to provide the best possible patient-centered care. The current review aimed to depict the evidence of geriatric pharmacy care, demonstrate current impact of pharmacists' interventions on older patients, survey the tools used by pharmacists to provide effective care, and explore their role in pharmacotherapy optimization in elders. The findings of the current review strongly support previous studies that showed positive impact of pharmacists' interventions on older patients' health-related outcomes. There is a clear role for pharmacists working directly or collaboratively to improve medication use and management in older populations. Therefore, in global health care systems, teams caring for elders should involve pharmacists to optimize pharmacotherapy.

Descrição da atuação do farmacêutico em equipe multiprofissional com ênfase no cuidado ao idoso hospitalizado

OBJETIVOS: Descrever a atuação do farmacêutico numa equipe multiprofissional, com ênfase no cuidado ao idoso hospitalizado, e intervenções farmacêuticas realizadas durante o seguimento farmacoterapêutico dos indivíduos atendidos. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, exploratório, retrospectivo. A amostra englobou 24 pacientes com idade >60anos, atendidos pelo farmacêutico da equipe multiprofissional de cuidado ao idoso do Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, Belo Horizonte, MG. A farmacoterapia foi analisada em relação ao número de medicamentos; indicação; dose; posologia; aspectos biofarmacêuticos relacionados à via de administração oral ou enteral; estabilidade; incompatibilidade e via de medicamentos parenterais; interações medicamentosas; efetividade e segurança. Verificou-se também a adequação dos medicamentos para idosos, segundo os critérios de Beers. Os medicamentos com atividade anticolinérgica foram identificados segundo Rudolph et al. e Chew et al. As informações foram registradas em instrumento de coleta de dados e a análise estatística descritiva foi realizada em SPSS 10.0. RESULTADOS: Houve diminuição na utilização de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos, sendo que na prescrição de alta nenhum idoso estava em uso destes; oito (30%) utilizaram esses medicamentos na admissão; e cinco (20,8%), durante a internação hospitalar. O número de pacientes com prescrição de medicamentos anticolinérgicos reduziu-se de 19 (79,2%) durante a internação para quatro (16,6%) no momento da alta. Vinte e um (87,5%) pacientes demandaram intervenções farmacêuticas, sendo que 20 (83,3%) demandaram intervenções farmacêuticas junto ao médico. Realizou-se um total de 163 intervenções farmacêuticas, com uma média de 6,79 intervenções/paciente e aceitação de 82,2%. CONCLUSÕES: A atuação farmacêutica no cuidado ao idoso, integrada com ações multidisciplinares, otimiza a farmacoterapia, refletindo na segurança e efetividade da assistência prestada ao idoso.

Drug related problems and pharmacist interventions in a geriatric unit employing electronic prescribing

BACKGROUND

Computerised physician order entry (CPOE) and the integration of a pharmacist in clinical wards have been shown to prevent drug related problems (DRPs).

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective was to make an inventory of the DRPs and resident pharmacist on-ward interventions (PIs) identified in a geriatric acute care unit using CPOE system. The secondary objective was to evaluate the physicians' acceptance of the proposed interventions.

SETTING

A 26-bed geriatric ward of a 1,300-bed teaching hospital.

METHOD

A 6-month descriptive study with prescription analysis and recommendations to physicians by a resident pharmacist during five half days a week.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Patients' characteristics, number of prescribed drugs per patient, nature and frequency of DRPs and PIs, physicians' acceptance and drugs questioned.

RESULTS

Resident pharmacist reviewed 311 patients and identified 241 DRPs. One hundred and fifty-two patients (49 %) had at least one DRP (mean ± SD age 87 ± 6 years, mean ± SD number of prescribed drugs 10.7 ± 3.4). Most frequent DRPs were: untreated indication (n = 58, 24.1 %), dose too high (n = 46, 19.1 %), improper administration (n = 31, 12.9 %) and drug interactions (n = 23, 9.5 %). The rate of physicians' acceptance was 90.0 % (7.5 % refusals, 2.5 % not assessable). DRPs related to CPOE system misuse (n = 35, 14.5 %) appeared as a worrying phenomenon (e.g., errors in selecting dosage or unit, or duplication of therapy).

CONCLUSION

A resident pharmacist detected various DRPs. Most PIs were accepted. DRPs related to the misuse of the CPOE system appeared potentially dangerous and need particular attention by healthcare professionals. The description of the DRPs is an essential step for implementation of targeted clinical pharmacy services in order to optimize pharmacists' job time.

Geriatric patient care by U.S. pharmacists in healthcare teams: systematic review and meta-analyses

OBJECTIVES

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses to examine the effects of pharmacists' care on geriatric patient-oriented health outcomes in the United States (U.S.).

DESIGN

Studies examining U.S. pharmacists' patient care services from inception of the databases through July 2012 were searched. The databases searched include PubMed/MEDLINE, Ovid/MEDLINE, ABI/INFORM, Health Business Fulltext Elite, Academic Search Complete, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database, and Clinical Trials.gov. Studies reporting pharmacists' intervention for geriatric patients, comparison groups, and patient-oriented outcomes were assessed. Dual review for inclusion and data extraction were performed.

SETTING

University of Arizona College of Pharmacy.

MEASUREMENTS

Study and participant characteristics, pharmacist intervention, and outcomes with data for meta-analyses were collected. A forest plot was constructed to obtain a pooled standardized mean difference using a random effects model.

RESULTS

One hundred fifty-two articles were reviewed, with 20 resulting studies included in the final meta-analyses. Study sample size ranged from 36 to 4,218, with mean age of subjects being 65 and older. The studies were most frequently conducted in ambulatory care clinics, followed by inpatient settings; the majority focused on multiple diseases and conditions. Pharmacist activities varied widely, with technical interventions used most often. Favorable results were found in all outcome categories, and meta-analyses conducted for therapeutic, safety, hospitalization, and adherence were significant (P < .001), favoring pharmacist care over comparison. Some identifiable variability existed between included studies.

CONCLUSION

Pharmacist intervention has favorable effects on therapeutic, safety, hospitalization, and adherence outcomes in older adults. Pharmacists should be involved in team-based care of older adults.

Review of the cost-effectiveness of interventions to improve seamless care focusing on medication

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review of the international literature aims to assess the evidence and its methodological quality relating to the cost-effectiveness of interventions to improve seamless care focusing on medication.

METHOD

Studies were identified by searching Medline, EMBASE, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and EconLit up to March 2011 using search terms related to health economics and to seamless care. To be included, economic evaluations had to explore the costs and consequences of an intervention to improve seamless care focusing on medication as compared with usual care. Methodological quality of studies was assessed by considering perspective; design; source of clinical and economic data; cost and consequence measures; allowance for uncertainty; and incremental analysis. Costs were actualized to 2007 values.

RESULTS

Eight studies on medication interventions for hospitalized patients in the transition between ambulatory and hospital care were included in the review. A variety of types of medication interventions and target populations have been assessed, but the evidence is limited to one economic evaluation for each particular intervention type and each specific target population. Most studies demonstrated an impact of interventions on compliance and (re)hospitalization rates and costs. The studies did not find an impact on quality of life or symptoms. Economic evaluations suffered from methodological limitations related to the narrow perspective; restriction to health care costs only; exclusion of costs of the intervention; use of intermediate consequence measures; no allowance for uncertainty; and absence of incremental analysis.

CONCLUSION

In light of the small number of economic evaluations and their methodological limitations, it is not possible to recommend a specific intervention to improve seamless care focusing on medication on health economic grounds.