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Losada-Barreiro S, Celik S, Sezgin-Bayindir Z, Bravo-Fernández S, Bravo-Díaz C. Carrier Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery: Improving Drug Solubility/Bioavailability and Administration Routes. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:852. [PMID: 39065549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The disadvantages of some conventional drugs, including their low bioavailability, poor targeting efficiency, and important side effects, have led to the rational design of drug delivery systems. In particular, the introduction of drug delivery systems is a potential approach to enhance the uptake of therapeutic agents and deliver them at the right time and in the right amount of concentration at the required site, as well as open new strategies for effective illness treatment. In this review, we provide a basic understanding of drug delivery systems with an emphasis on the use of cyclodextrin-, polymer- and surfactant-based delivery systems. These systems are very attractive because they are biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials with multifunctional components. We also provide some details on their design considerations and their use in a variety of medical applications by employing several routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Losada-Barreiro
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Sumeyye Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Sezgin-Bayindir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sofía Bravo-Fernández
- Dentistry Department, Primary Health Unit, Galician Health Service (SERGAS), Calle Mourin s/n, 15330 Ortigueira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Bravo-Díaz
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Senarathna SMDKG, Strunk T, Petrovski M, Woodland S, Martinez J, Chuang VTG, Batty KT. Physical compatibility of lipid emulsions and intravenous medications used in neonatal intensive care settings. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2023:ejhpharm-2023-003870. [PMID: 37875283 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2023-003870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical compatibility of intravenous lipid emulsions with parenteral medications used in neonatal intensive care. METHODS Lipid emulsion and drug solutions were combined 1:1 in glass vials, inspected for physical incompatibility at 0, 1 and 2 hours, and assessed on the basis of lipid droplet size at 0 and 2 hours after mixing. Intravenous fluid controls (Water for Injection, sodium chloride 0.9% w/v, glucose 5% w/v), positive controls (gentamicin, albumin), negative controls (metronidazole, paracetamol, vancomycin) and 21 previously untested drug combinations were evaluated. RESULTS No phase separation, change in colour, gas production or other visible anomaly was observed. The between-run mean droplet diameter (MDD) for SMOFlipid20% alone (0.301±0.008 µm) was comparable to the lipid emulsion/intravenous fluid and lipid emulsion/drug solution combinations. In addition to gentamicin and albumin, caffeine citrate (20 mg/mL) was shown to be incompatible with the lipid emulsion. All other lipid:drug combinations were compatible, based on the MDD data. CONCLUSION Intravenous lipid emulsions were found to be compatible with 20 parenteral medications, including antimicrobial agents, inotropes, anti-inflammatory drugs and caffeine base, in simulated Y-site conditions. The lipid emulsion was incompatible with caffeine citrate injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Strunk
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Neonatal Directorate, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Petrovski
- Pharmacy Department, Women and Newborn Health Service, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Woodland
- Pharmacy Department, Women and Newborn Health Service, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jorge Martinez
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Victor T G Chuang
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin T Batty
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Sezgin-Bayindir Z, Losada-Barreiro S, Fernández-Bravo S, Bravo-Díaz C. Innovative Delivery and Release Systems for Antioxidants and Other Active Substances in the Treatment of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1038. [PMID: 37513948 PMCID: PMC10383431 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major diseases leading to death worldwide, and the fight against the disease is still challenging. Cancer diseases are usually associated with increased oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as a result of metabolic alterations or signaling aberrations. While numerous antioxidants exhibit potential therapeutic properties, their clinical efficiency against cancer is limited and even unproven. Conventional anticancer antioxidants and drugs have, among others, the great disadvantage of low bioavailability, poor targeting efficiency, and serious side effects, constraining their use in the fight against diseases. Here, we review the rationale for and recent advances in potential delivery systems that could eventually be employed in clinical research on antioxidant therapy in cancer. We also review some of the various strategies aimed at enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble active drugs, including engineered delivery systems such as lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic formulations. The use of cyclodextrins, micro- and nanoemulsions, and thermosensitive smart liposomes as useful systems for the delivery and release of poorly aqueous-soluble drugs, improving their bioactivity and stability, is also addressed. We also provide some details on their formulation processes and their use in a variety of medical applications. Finally, we briefly cover a case study specifically focused on the use of delivery systems to minimize oral cancer and associated dental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerrin Sezgin-Bayindir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Sonia Losada-Barreiro
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - Sofía Fernández-Bravo
- Odontology Department, Primary Health Care Unit, Galician Health Service (SERGAS), Camiño do Lodairo s/n, 15570 Narón, Spain
| | - Carlos Bravo-Díaz
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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Brito-de la Fuente E, Muñiz-Becerá S, Ascanio G. Lipid emulsions in clinical nutrition: Enteral and parenteral nutrition. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 105:301-342. [PMID: 37516466 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinical nutrition emulsions are important products that can be life-saving for many patients suffering from gastrointestinal tract disorders, swallowing impairment, cancer, liver diseases, and many other clinical conditions. The transfer of lipids to the human body can be either intravenously (Parenteral Nutrition, PN) or through the gastrointestinal tract (Enteral Nutrition, EN). PN emulsions are considered pharmaceuticals and thus regulated accordingly. On the other hand, EN emulsions are classified as Food for Specific Medical Purposes (FSMP) and do not follow pharmaceutical regulations. Regarding product design, PN emulsions must follow theoretical emulsion formulation and production aspects, but special requirements regarding droplet size distribution must be followed to comply with national pharmacopeia monographs. Furthermore, a full clinical program on clinical evidence to prove safety and efficacy must be provided for marketing approval. On the contrary, EN emulsions require limited clinical evidence to substantiate health or clinical benefits. A short introduction to clinical nutrition with a focus on lipid emulsions is presented in this chapter. Furthermore, a general overview of the composition and main ingredients of clinical nutrition lipid emulsions is reviewed. Main clinical aspects are also mentioned here, highlighting the difficulties of clinically proving the efficacy of these products. The manufacturing and control of clinical nutrition emulsions are also reviewed, focusing on PN products and the main regulatory requirements related to the safety of these intravenous emulsions. Finally, stability and physicochemical properties are reviewed, and examples of commercially available products are used to illustrate these properties linked to the stability of these products. Lipids in clinical nutrition is a moving field and we do hope this chapter may remain a valuable source to understand newly emerging research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Brito-de la Fuente
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sahylin Muñiz-Becerá
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Ascanio
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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Optimization of Multiple W 1/O/W 2 Emulsions Processing for Suitable Stability and Encapsulation Efficiency. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091367. [PMID: 35564093 PMCID: PMC9103989 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Double emulsions are a type of multiple emulsions, which can be defined as a multicompartmentalized system where the droplets are dispersed into the continuous phase containing other emulsions. Although double food-grade emulsions have been manufactured, there is a lack of scientific background related to the influence of different processing conditions. This work analyses the influence of processing variables in (W1/O/W2) double emulsions: passes through the valve homogenizer, pressure applied, lipophilic emulsifier concentration, the ratio between the continuous phase (W2) and the primary emulsion (W1/O), and the incorporation of xanthan gum (XG) as a stabilizer. The results obtained show that these emulsions can be obtained after selecting suitable processing conditions, making them easily scalable in industrial processes. In terms of droplet size distribution, the input of higher energy to the system (20 MPa) during emulsification processing led to emulsions with smaller droplet sizes (D3,2). However, more monodispersed emulsions were achieved when the lowest pressure (5 MPa) was used. As for the number of passes, the optimal (emulsions more monodispersed and smaller droplet sizes) was found around 2–3 passes, regardless of the valve homogenizer pressure. However, emulsions processed at 20 MPa involved lower encapsulation efficiency (EE) than emulsions processed at 5 MPa (87.3 ± 2.3 vs. 96.1 ± 1.8, respectively). The addition of XG led to more structured emulsions, and consequently, their kinetic stability increased. The results obtained indicated that a correct formulation of these W1/O/W2 double emulsions allowed the optimal encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds. Thus, the development of food matrices, in the form of multiple emulsions, would allow the encapsulation of bioactive compounds, which would result in the development of novelty food products.
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Wang C, Wang S, Wu C, Lei L, Wang DX, Zhang Q. Physical and Chemical Compatibility of Etomidate and Propofol Injectable Emulsions. Pharmacology 2021; 106:644-657. [PMID: 34644710 DOI: 10.1159/000519236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mixture of etomidate and propofol is widely used in clinical practice to improve efficacy of general anesthesia and to minimize side effects. As a thermodynamically unstable system, emulsion is prone to destabilization through mechanisms including coalescence, flocculation, and creaming. Such unwanted phenomenon can induce fat embolism after intravenous administration. This study was aimed to investigate the physical and chemical stability of the mixture of etomidate and propofol in the dosage form of emulsion. METHODS This compatibility study focused on the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of drug-containing emulsions, such as appearance, pH, particle size and distribution, zeta potential, the observation under centrifugation, and drug content and impurity. RESULTS As the results, there were no significant changes in the CQAs of the mixed emulsions up to 24 h after mixing at refrigeration temperature (4°C), room temperature (25°C), and body temperature (37°C). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that etomidate emulsion is physically and chemically compatible with propofol emulsions up to 24 h at 4°C, 25°C, and 37°C, suggesting that etomidate and propofol can be administrated in mixture without adversely affecting product characteristics, at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China,
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Delivery Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Cuishuan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Delivery Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Delivery Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Godarzi H, Mohammadifar MA, Rad AH, Pirouzian HR, Ansari F, Pourjafar H. Physicochemical properties of oil in water emulsions prepared with irradiated gum tragacanth in acidic conditions. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nothelfer S, Foschum F, Kienle A. Goniometer for determination of the spectrally resolved scattering phase function of suspended particles. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:083110. [PMID: 31472625 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An apparatus for direct determination of the spectral resolved scattering phase function of suspensions and emulsions is described. The system consists of a polychromatic xenon lamp as a light source and a spectrometer as a detector. Together with a stepper motor, the system enables spectrally and angularly resolved measurements in the range of 450 nm-950 nm and 10°-170°, respectively. A model for light propagation inside the cuvette in the regime of single scattering, which also takes the spectral dimension into account, was developed. A postprocessing algorithm applying the model and an extrapolation to the measured angular data allows a direct determination of the complete scattering phase function. By comparing measurements on polystyrene microspheres with Mie theory, the concept of the presented instrument was validated. Finally, the method was used to determine the scattering phase function of different types and brands of soybean oil emulsions such as Intralipid or Lipovenös. The measured scattering phase functions were then used to calculate the corresponding Legendre moments to an order of 20 and for wavelengths between 450 nm and 750 nm (available online), which besides the anisotropy factor also allow the determination of higher order factors such as gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nothelfer
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Messtechnik, Helmholtzstr. 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - F Foschum
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Messtechnik, Helmholtzstr. 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - A Kienle
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Messtechnik, Helmholtzstr. 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Patil SM, Li V, Peng J, Kozak D, Xu J, Cai B, Keire DA, Chen K. A Simple and Noninvasive DOSY NMR Method for Droplet Size Measurement of Intact Oil-In-Water Emulsion Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:815-820. [PMID: 30291851 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a typical oil-in-water emulsion drug product, oil droplets with varied sizes are dispersed in a water phase and stabilized by surfactant molecules. The size and polydispersity of oil droplets are critical quality attributes of the emulsion drug product that can potentially affect drug bioavailability. More critically, to ensure accuracy in characterization of the finished drug product, analytical methods should introduce minimal physical perturbation (e.g., temperature variation or dilution) before the analysis. The classical methods of dynamic light scattering or electron microscopy can be used but they generally require sample dilution or harsh preparation conditions, respectively. By contrast, the size distribution of emulsion formulations can be assessed with a simple and noninvasive solution nuclear magnetic resonance method, namely, two-dimensional Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY. The two-dimensional Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY method probed signal decay of methyl resonances from oil and sorbate molecules and was applied to 3 types of U.S.-marketed emulsion drug products, that is, difluprednate, cyclosporine, and propofol, yielding measured droplet sizes of 40-280 nm in diameter. The high precision of ±6 nm of the new nuclear magnetic resonance method allows analytical differentiation of lot-to-lot and brand-to-brand droplet size differences in emulsion drug products, critical for drug-quality development, control, and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadrao M Patil
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Vincent Li
- Division of Liquid Based Products, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Jiangnan Peng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Darby Kozak
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Jin Xu
- Division of Liquid Based Products, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Bing Cai
- Division of Liquid Based Products, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - David A Keire
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993.
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Zbytovská J, Gallusová J, Vidlářová L, Procházková K, Šimek J, Štěpánek F. Physical Compatibility of Propofol–Sufentanil Mixtures. Anesth Analg 2017; 124:776-781. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mollakhalili Meybodi N, Mohammadifar MA, Farhoodi M, Skytte JL, Abdolmaleki K. Physical stability of oil-in-water emulsions in the presence of gamma irradiated gum tragacanth. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2016.1215250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Mollakhalili Meybodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Ttechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Mohammadifar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Ttechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Ttechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacob Lercke Skytte
- Research Group for Food Production Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Khadije Abdolmaleki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Ttechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Klang MG. PFAT5 and the Evolution of Lipid Admixture Stability. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 39:67S-71S. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607115595976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G. Klang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Dapčević Hadnađev T, Dokić P, Krstonošić V, Hadnađev M. Influence of oil phase concentration on droplet size distribution and stability of oil-in-water emulsions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Di Ninni P, Bérubé-Lauzière Y, Mercatelli L, Sani E, Martelli F. Fat emulsions as diffusive reference standards for tissue simulating phantoms? APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:7176-82. [PMID: 23089769 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.007176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intralipid 20% was recently suggested as a diffusive reference standard for tissue simulating phantoms. In this work, we extend previously obtained results to other fat emulsions, specifically Intralipid 10%, Intralipid 30%, Lipovenoes 10%, Lipovenoes 10% PhosphoLipid Reduced, Lipovenoes 20%, Lipofundin S 10%, and Lipofundin S 20%. Of particular importance for practical applications, our measurements carried out at a wavelength of 751 nm show the following features. First, these products show high stability and small batch-to-batch variations in their diffusive optical properties, similar to Intralipid 20%. Second, the absorption coefficient of Intralipid, Lipovenoes, and Lipofundin S are very similar and their measured values are within the experimental errors; moreover the reduced scattering coefficient of Intralipid 20%, Lipovenoes 20%, and Lipofundin S 20% are similar and their measured values are within 5%. Third, the reduced scattering coefficient of Intralipid 10% and Intralipid 30% can be scaled from that of Intralipid 20% with an error of 9% and 2%, respectively. A similar scaling property is valid for Lipovenoes and Lipofundin S. We have verified that this scaling property depends on the composition of the fat emulsions: If the ingredients exactly scale with the concentration then the reduced scattering coefficient almost exactly scale as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Ninni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Gallegos C, Valencia C, Partal P, Franco JM, Maglio O, Abrahamsson M, Brito-de la Fuente E. Droplet-size distribution and stability of commercial injectable lipid emulsions containing fish oil. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2012; 69:1332-5. [PMID: 22821793 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The droplet size of commercial fish oil-containing injectable lipid emulsions, including conformance to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards on fat-globule size, was investigated. METHODS A total of 18 batches of three multichamber parenteral products containing the emulsion SMOFlipid as a component were analyzed. Samples from multiple lots of the products were evaluated to determine compliance with standards on the volume-weighted percentage of fat exceeding 0.05% (PFAT(5)) specified in USP chapter 729 to ensure the physical stability of i.v. lipid emulsions. The products were also analyzed to determine the effects of various storage times (3, 6, 9, and 12 months) and storage temperatures (25, 30, and 40 °C) on product stability. Larger-size lipid particles were quantified via single-particle optical sensing (SPOS). The emulsion's droplet-size distribution was determined via laser light scattering. RESULTS SPOS and light-scattering analysis demonstrated mean PFAT(5) values well below USP-specified globule-size limits for all the tested products under all study conditions. In addition, emulsion aging at any storage temperature in the range studied did not result in a significant increase of PFAT(5) values, and mean droplet-size values did not change significantly during storage of up to 12 months at temperatures of 25-40 °C. CONCLUSION PFAT(5) values were below the USP upper limits in SMOFlipid samples from multiple lots of three multichamber products after up to 12 months of storage at 25 or 30 °C or 6 months of storage at 40 °C.
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