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Kirkcaldy A, Jack BA, Cope LC. Health care professionals' perceptions of a community based 'virtual ward' medicines management service: A qualitative study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 14:69-75. [PMID: 28216092 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a qualitative research study using focus groups to explore the views and experiences of a medicines management team (MMT) on the service they deliver within a 'Virtual Ward' (VW); and those of the wider multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals on the service provided by the MMT. Several themes emerged from the focus groups, including impact on patients and carers, team working and issues and challenges. A dedicated MMT was seen as a positive contribution to the VW, which potentially increased the quality of patient care, and appeared to be a positive experience for both the MM and wider multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kirkcaldy
- Evidence-based Practice Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Barbara A Jack
- Evidence-based Practice Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Louise C Cope
- Evidence-based Practice Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
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Albanese NP, Pignato AM, Monte SV. Provider Perception of Pharmacy Services in the Patient-Centered Medical Home. J Pharm Pract 2016; 30:612-620. [PMID: 27887032 DOI: 10.1177/0897190016679759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the positive data on clinical outcomes, cost savings, and provider experience, no study has surveyed providers to evaluate what pharmacy services they find to be worthwhile. OBJECTIVE To determine what clinical, cost/access, and educational pharmacy services providers in a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) consider worthwhile and the perceived barriers to successful pharmacist incorporation. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants in a PCMH physician group. RESULTS The survey response rate was 78%. Top-tier clinical services were identified as medication counseling, reconciliation, adherence assessment, polypharmacy assessment, and drug information. Formulary review was the only top-tier cost- or access-related service. Top-tier educational services included new black-boxed warnings, drug market withdrawals, and new drug reviews. Ninety-one percent of providers were comfortable referring to a pharmacist for diabetes medication selection and dose titration, but no other disease state eclipsed 75%. More than twice as many providers found the pharmacy service to be very or extremely valuable when the pharmacist is physically located in the office versus virtual interactions (70% vs 34%). CONCLUSION Top-tier clinical, cost/access, and educational services considered worthwhile by providers in a PCMH have been identified. In addition to these services, when developing or evaluating a pharmacy service, special attention should be paid to provider preference for physical location in the office and perceived barriers to the pharmacist availability, concern over complex disease management competency and patient confusion as to the role of the pharmacist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole P Albanese
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa M Pignato
- 2 Buffalo Medical Group, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.,3 Excellus Blue Cross Blue Shield, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Scott V Monte
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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McBane SE, Dopp AL, Abe A, Benavides S, Chester EA, Dixon DL, Dunn M, Johnson MD, Nigro SJ, Rothrock-Christian T, Schwartz AH, Thrasher K, Walker S. Collaborative drug therapy management and comprehensive medication management-2015. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 35:e39-50. [PMID: 25884536 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) previously published position statements on collaborative drug therapy management (CDTM) in 1997 and 2003. Since 2003, significant federal and state legislation addressing CDTM has evolved and expanded throughout the United States. CDTM is well suited to facilitate the delivery of comprehensive medication management (CMM) by clinical pharmacists. CMM, defined by ACCP as a core component of the standards of practice for clinical pharmacists, is designed to optimize medication-related outcomes in collaborative practice environments. New models of care delivery emphasize patient-centered, team-based care and increasingly link payment to the achievement of positive economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes. Hence clinical pharmacists practicing under CDTM agreements or through other privileging processes are well positioned to provide CMM. The economic value of clinical pharmacists in team-based settings is well documented. However, patient access to CMM remains limited due to lack of payer recognition of the value of clinical pharmacists in collaborative care settings and current health care payment policy. Therefore, the clinical pharmacy discipline must continue to establish and expand its use of CDTM agreements and other collaborative privileging mechanisms to provide CMM. Continued growth in the provision of CMM by appropriately qualified clinical pharmacists in collaborative practice settings will enhance recognition of their positive impact on medication-related outcomes.
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Patterson BJ, Kaboli PJ, Tubbs T, Alexander B, Lund BC. Rural access to clinical pharmacy services. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2015; 54:518-25. [PMID: 25216881 DOI: 10.1331/japha.2014.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the impact of rural residence and primary care site on use of clinical pharmacy services (CPS) and to describe the use of clinical telepharmacy within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) health care system. METHODS Using 2011 national VHA data, the frequency of patients with CPS encounters was compared across patient residence (urban or rural) and principal site of primary care (medical center, urban clinic, or rural clinic). The likelihood of CPS utilization was estimated with random effects logistic regression. Individual service types (e.g., anticoagulation clinics) and delivery modes (e.g., telehealth) were also examined. RESULTS Of 3,040,635 patients, 711,348 (23.4%) received CPS. Service use varied by patient residence (urban: 24.9%; rural: 19.7%) and principal site of primary care (medical center: 25.9%; urban clinic: 22.5%; rural clinic: 17.6%). However, in adjusted analyses, urban-rural differences were explained primarily by primary care site and less so by patient residence. Similar findings were observed for individual CPS types. Telehealth encounters were common, accounting for nearly one-half of patients receiving CPS. Video telehealth was infrequent (<0.2%), but more common among patients of rural clinics than those receiving CPS at medical centers (odds ratio [OR] = 9.7; 95% CI 9.0-10.5). CONCLUSION We identified a potential disparity between rural and urban patients' access to CPS, which was largely explained by greater reliance on community clinics for primary care than on medical centers. Future research is needed to determine if this disparity will be alleviated by emerging organizational changes, including expanding telehealth capacity and integrating pharmacists into primary care teams, and whether lessons learned at VHA translate to other settings.
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Patterson BJ, Solimeo SL, Stewart KR, Rosenthal GE, Kaboli PJ, Lund BC. Perceptions of pharmacists' integration into patient-centered medical home teams. Res Social Adm Pharm 2015; 11:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gable KN. Integration of a clinical pharmacist into the healthcare home (HCH). Ment Health Clin 2014. [DOI: 10.9740/mhc.n207649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health is intrinsically linked to general medical health. People with severe and persistent mental illnesses (SPMIs) have been reported to have higher rates of infectious diseases, type 2 diabetes, respiratory illnesses, and cardiovascular disease. They also have 1.5 to 2 times the prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity than the general population. Healthcare Homes (HCHs) are an integrated treatment approach allowing for psychiatric and medical conditions to be addressed collaboratively. The HCH model promotes open communication among healthcare providers, wellness education, and preventative care. Physicians and nurses are mandatory providers within the HCH. Pharmacists are not routine members of this new approach to care. This article will describe an example of how psychiatric pharmacy services have been incorporated into a HCH. It also calls for advocacy within the specialty of psychiatric pharmacy in an effort to encourage state and government policy changes that mandate the addition of pharmacists into the HCH model of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N. Gable
- 1Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, SIUE School of Pharmacy
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Shaya FT, Yan X, Farshid M, Barakat S, Jung M, Low S, Fedder D. Social networks in cardiovascular disease management. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 10:701-5. [PMID: 21155703 DOI: 10.1586/erp.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadia T Shaya
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 220 Arch Street, 12th Floor Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Fleming M, Nemlekar P, Brown CM, Cantu R. Exploratory study of community pharmacists' perceptions about new or transferred prescription incentives. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2013; 52:e53-8. [PMID: 23023859 DOI: 10.1331/japha.2012.11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess community pharmacists' perceptions of new or transferred prescription incentives on quality of care, pharmacy practice (e.g., workload), and patient base. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Texas from March through August 2010. PARTICIPANTS Texas community pharmacists. INTERVENTION In-person and online surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Pharmacists' perceptions of the impact of new or transferred prescription incentives on pharmacy practice and patient care. RESULTS 74 usable surveys were analyzed. Most pharmacists (74%) worked for employers who participated in prescription incentive promotions (e.g., $10 gift cards). Regarding quality of care, pharmacists perceived patients as being less likely to receive thorough drug interaction screenings (4.0 ± 1.4 [mean ± SD]) and reported medication-related problems "sometimes to very often" (3.0 ± 0.9) as a result of transferring prescriptions. Pharmacists also reported that patients commonly fill prescriptions regardless of medical necessity in order to receive incentives (4.1 ± 1.0). With respect to pharmacy practice, the majority believed that prescription incentives devalue the profession (4.3 ± 1.1) and should be eliminated (4.4 ± 1.0). Pharmacists were not inclined to believe that incentives were effective in attracting new patients and retaining their business (2.0 ± 1.0). CONCLUSION Pharmacists believed that prescription incentives are ineffective tools for increasing patient base and may lead to lower quality of care for patients. Pharmacists view prescription incentives as devaluing the profession of pharmacy and exposing patients to medication-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fleming
- Division of Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712-0127, USA
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Smith M, Bates DW, Bodenheimer T, Cleary PD. Why pharmacists belong in the medical home. Health Aff (Millwood) 2013; 29:906-13. [PMID: 20439879 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacists can affect the delivery of primary care by addressing the challenges of medication therapy management. Most office visits involve medications for chronic conditions and require assessment of medication effectiveness, the cost of therapies, and patients' adherence with medication regimens. Pharmacists are often underused in conducting these activities. They perform comprehensive therapy reviews of prescribed and self-care medications, resolve medication-related problems, optimize complex regimens, design adherence programs, and recommend cost-effective therapies. Pharmacists should play key roles as team members in medical homes, and their potential to serve effectively in this role should be evaluated as part of medical home demonstration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Smith
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Kocarnik BM, Liu CF, Wong ES, Perkins M, Maciejewski ML, Yano EM, Au DH, Piette JD, Bryson CL. Does the presence of a pharmacist in primary care clinics improve diabetes medication adherence? BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12:391. [PMID: 23148570 PMCID: PMC3537712 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) are an essential element of therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes, OHA adherence is often suboptimal. Pharmacists are increasingly being integrated into primary care as part of the move towards a patient-centered medical home and may have a positive influence on medication use. We examined whether the presence of pharmacists in primary care clinics was associated with higher OHA adherence. Methods This retrospective cohort study analyzed 280,603 diabetes patients in 196 primary care clinics within the Veterans Affairs healthcare system. Pharmacists presence, number of pharmacist full-time equivalents (FTEs), and the degree to which pharmacy services are perceived as a bottleneck in each clinic were obtained from the 2007 VA Clinical Practice Organizational Survey—Primary Care Director Module. Patient-level adherence to OHAs using medication possession ratios (MPRs) were constructed using refill data from administrative pharmacy databases after adjusting for patient characteristics. Clinic-level OHA adherence was measured as the proportion of patients with MPR >= 80%. We analyzed associations between pharmacy measures and clinic-level adherence using linear regression. Results We found no significant association between pharmacist presence and clinic-level OHA adherence. However, adherence was lower in clinics where pharmacy services were perceived as a bottleneck. Conclusions Pharmacist presence, regardless of the amount of FTE, was not associated with OHA medication adherence in primary care clinics. The exact role of pharmacists in clinics needs closer examination in order to determine how to most effectively use these resources to improve patient-centered outcomes including medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Mielke Kocarnik
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, 329 NinthAve, Campus Box 359780, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Leikola SN, Virolainen J, Tuomainen L, Tuominen RK, Airaksinen MS. Comprehensive medication reviews for elderly patients: Findings and recommendations to physicians. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2012; 52:630-3. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2012.10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Berdine HJ, Skomo ML. Development and integration of pharmacist clinical services into the patient-centered medical home. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2012; 52:661-7. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2012.10206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Spinewine A, Fialová D, Byrne S. The Role of the Pharmacist in Optimizing Pharmacotherapy in Older People. Drugs Aging 2012; 29:495-510. [PMID: 22642783 DOI: 10.2165/11631720-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Spinewine
- Universit catholique de Louvain Louvain Drug Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium.
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Berdine H, Dougherty T, Ference J, Karpa K, Klootwyk J, Kozminski M, Leon N, Osborne M, Welch AC, Willey VJ, Peterson A, Stanchak LA, Whisler AG. The pharmacists' role in the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH): a white paper created by the Health Policy Committee of the Pennsylvania Pharmacists Association (PPA). Ann Pharmacother 2012; 46:723-50. [PMID: 22535839 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1r189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Role of collaborative care models including pharmacists in improving blood pressure management in chronic kidney disease patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011; 20:498-503. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834902c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kucukarslan SN, Hagan AM, Shimp LA, Gaither CA, Lewis NJW. Integrating medication therapy management in the primary care medical home: A review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2011; 68:335-45. [PMID: 21289329 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of medication therapy management (MTM) on patient outcomes in the primary care medical home were reviewed to determine how these services may be integrated into the primary care medical home. METHODS A literature search was conducted to identify RCTS published between 1989 and 2009 that evaluated the impact of MTM services on patient outcomes. To qualify as MTM services, the interventions had to include both a review of medication therapy and patient interactions, including educating patients about drug therapy, identifying potential barriers to medication adherence, and helping patients manage their diseases. The internal validity of the studies was evaluated using previously published criteria. The description, specification, and appropriateness of study objectives, study population, intervention, randomization, blinding, outcome measures, statistical analysis, and conclusions were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 1795 publications were identified, but only 8 met the inclusion criteria. These studies targeted patients with specific medical conditions or patients with multiple medications without specifying a medical condition. The interventions varied in intensity (i.e., frequency and length of patient contact), ranging from a single patient contact in a community pharmacy setting to multiple visits with an ambulatory care pharmacist practicing in a collaborative care model. Two of the 8 studies obtained expected results. These studies targeted patients with unrealized therapeutic goals, and the interventions involved collaboration between pharmacists and physicians and extensive patient follow-up. CONCLUSION Of 1795 publications identified, 8 were RCTs meeting selection criteria for evaluation of the effect of MTM services on patient outcomes. Two service elements that benefit patient care were identified: (1) selecting patients with specific therapeutic problems and (2) implementing MTM services that involve timely communication with primary care providers to discuss therapeutic problems, along with routine patient follow-up to support medication adherence to changes in therapy.
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Abrons JP, Smith M. Patient-centered medical homes: Primer for pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2011; 51:e38-48; quiz e49-50. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2011.11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kozminski M, Busby R, McGivney MS, Klatt PM, Hackett SR, Merenstein JH. Pharmacist integration into the medical home: Qualitative analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2011; 51:173-83. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2011.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sterling JA. Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy. Hosp Pharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4408-711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest regarding a broad scope of topics are abstracted monthly.
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