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Ababneh BF, Ong SC, Mahmoud F, Alsaloumi L, Hussain R. Attitudes, awareness, and perceptions of general public and pharmacists toward the extended community pharmacy services and drive-thru pharmacy services: a systematic review. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:37. [PMID: 36864499 PMCID: PMC9979876 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several extended and newly added pharmacy services were evaluated in different countries. This review aims to provide a summary of studies on attitudes, awareness, or perceptions toward various extended and drive-thru pharmacy services at community settings among pharmacists and the general public. METHODS To find qualitative and descriptive quantitative studies, that reported on the attitudes, awareness, or perceptions of the general public and pharmacists toward the practice of any extended community pharmacy service and drive-thru pharmacy services in a community setting and conducted from March 2012 to March 2022. Researchers used databases such as Embase, Medline PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The reviewers extracted data independently using the PRISMA checklist. RESULTS There were 55 studies found according to the inclusion criteria. Various extended pharmacy services (EPS) and drive-thru pharmacy services were noted in the community setting. Pharmaceutical care services and healthcare promotion services were the noticeable performed extended services. There were positive perceptions and attitudes toward extended and drive-thru pharmacy services among pharmacists and the public. However, some factors, such as lack of time and shortage of staff, affect the practice of those services. CONCLUSION Understanding the major concerns toward the provision of extended and drive-thru community pharmacy services and improving pharmacists' skills through more training programs to provide such services efficiently. In the future, more reviews for EPS practice barriers are recommended to faceup all concerns and find standardized guidelines by stakeholders and organizations for efficient EPS practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan F. Ababneh
- grid.11875.3a0000 0001 2294 3534Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Chin Ong
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Fatema Mahmoud
- grid.11984.350000000121138138Discipline of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Louai Alsaloumi
- grid.412132.70000 0004 0596 0713Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus Turkey
| | - Rabia Hussain
- grid.11875.3a0000 0001 2294 3534Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Forehand CC, Fitton K, Keats K, Chase A, Smith SE, Sikora Newsome A. Productivity Tracking: A Survey of Critical Care Pharmacist Practices and Satisfaction. Hosp Pharm 2021; 57:273-280. [PMID: 35601725 PMCID: PMC9117783 DOI: 10.1177/00185787211024209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The position paper on critical care pharmacy services describes two tiers of responsibilities: essential and desirable activities. Activities are categorized into five domains: patient care, quality improvement, research and scholarship, training and education, and professional development. Documentation of these activities can be important for justifying pharmacist positions, comparing pharmacy practice models, conducting performance evaluations, and tracking individual workload; however, limited recommendations are provided for standardized productivity tracking, and national practices remain largely uncharacterized. Objectives: The purpose of this survey was to describe documentation practices of critical care pharmacist activities. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was distributed via email to 1694 members of the ACCP critical care practice research network. The survey asked respondents to describe the methods used to document productivity as it relates to the 5 domains. Results: Seventy-nine (4.7%) critical care pharmacists from 63 institutions completed the survey. Intervention documentation was used for position justification and annual reviews among 54.4% and 44.1% of pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacists were routinely expected to perform additional responsibilities beyond patient care that contribute to overall productivity, but the percentage of institutions that track these activities as a measure of pharmacist productivity was relatively low: quality improvement (46%), research/scholarship (29%), training/education (38%), and professional development (27%). Documentation of these additional responsibilities and activities was primarily used for annual evaluations, but the majority of respondents answered that no standardized method for tracking activities existed. In multivariate regression, dedicated ICU pharmacists was a significant predictor for increased satisfaction (Exp(ß) 4.498, 95% CI 1.054-19.187, P = .042). Conclusion: Practice variation exists in how and for what intent critical care pharmacists track productivity. Further evaluation and standardization of productivity tracking may aid in position justification and practice model evaluation for dedicated ICU pharmacists in today’s value-based era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn Fitton
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kelli Keats
- Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Aaron Chase
- Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Susan E. Smith
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Sikora Newsome
- Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA
- Andrea Sikora Newsome, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 120 15th Street, HM-118, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Bahnassi A. A Qualitative Assessment of Current Pharmacovigilance Education in Lebanese Pharmacy Schools. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2020; 30:855-860. [PMID: 34457742 PMCID: PMC8368960 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-020-00963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore faculty opinions and views regarding pharmacovigilance content in courses taught to pharmacy students in Lebanese universities. METHODS This study identified faculty from all five universities providing pharmacy programs in Lebanon. Participants were identified through the universities' websites. After obtaining required consents, fourteen interviews were conducted and transcribed. All interviews followed a previously prepared and validated interview theme guide. RESULTS Fourteen professors participated in the study. Qualitative analysis revealed four themes with regard to participants' knowledge of the pharmacovigilance content and their students' competency in applying pharmacovigilance concepts in their practice. The emerged themes were identified as follows: limited pharmacovigilance content in current pharmacy schools' curricula, the need to include pharmacovigilance competencies in practical courses and experiential training, plans to strengthen the pharmacovigilance content in pharmacy schools, and the implication of providing adequate pharmacovigilance competencies on the success of the proposed national pharmacovigilance program in the country. CONCLUSION Pharmacovigilance content in pharmacy programs is still inadequate. Our study participants believed that this limited content may overall undermine patient safety. It was thought that preparing pharmacy graduates to undertake pharmacovigilance tasks through providing early didactic teaching of pharmacovigilance concepts, integrating pharmacovigilance competencies into experiential training, providing graduate pharmacovigilance courses, and continuing professional education in topics of pharmacovigilance will improve the level of pharmacy professional practice and patient safety and encourage proper implantation of the national pharmacovigilance program in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Bahnassi
- Foundational Reset Ambassador, Rexall Pharmacy Limited, McKesson Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada
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Abramowitz PW, Maroyka EM, Scheckelhoff DJ. Achieving the PAI 2030 vision: Leading and navigating transformative change. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2019; 77:66-67. [DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxz273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric M Maroyka
- Center on Pharmacy Practice Advancement American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Bethesda, MD
| | - Douglas J Scheckelhoff
- Office of Practice Advancement American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Bethesda, MD
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Poh EW, McArthur A, Stephenson M, Roughead EE. Effects of pharmacist prescribing on patient outcomes in the hospital setting: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 16:1823-1873. [PMID: 30204671 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the review was to synthesize the best available evidence on the safety and effectiveness of pharmacist prescribing on patient outcomes in patients who present to hospital. INTRODUCTION Pharmacist prescribing is legal in many countries. Different models of prescribing include dependent, collaborative and independent. Existing reviews of pharmacist prescribing focus on studies in the community setting, or both community and hospital settings. Other reviews focus on descriptions of current practice or perspectives of clinicians and patients on the practice of pharmacist prescribing. A systematic review on the effects of pharmacist prescribing on patient outcomes in the hospital has not been previously undertaken and is important as this practice can help ease the burden on the healthcare system. INCLUSION CRITERIA Studies with controlled experimental designs comparing pharmacist prescribing to medical prescribing in the hospital setting were included in the review. Primary outcomes of interest included clinical outcomes such as therapeutic failure or benefit, adverse effects, and morbidity or mortality. Secondary outcomes included error rates in prescriptions, medication omissions on the medication chart, time or proportion of International Normalized Ratios in therapeutic range, time to reach therapeutic range, and patient satisfaction. METHODS A comprehensive three-step search strategy was utilized. The search was conducted in January 2017 in eight major databases from database inception. Only studies in English were included. The recommended Joanna Briggs Institute approach to critical appraisal, study selection and data extraction was used. Narrative synthesis was performed due to heterogeneity of the studies included in the review. RESULTS The 15 included studies related to dependent and collaborative prescribing models. In four studies that measured clinical outcomes, there was no difference in blood pressure management between pharmacists and doctors while patients of pharmacist prescribers had better cholesterol levels (mean difference in low density lipoprotein of 0.4 mmol/L in one study and 1.1 mmol/L in another; mean difference in total cholesterol of 1.0 mmol/L) and blood sugar levels (mean difference of fasting blood sugar levels of 15 mg/dL, mean difference of glycosylated hemoglobin of 2.6%). In two studies, pharmacists were better at adhering to warfarin dosing nomograms than doctors (average of 100% versus 62% compliance). In six studies, when prescribing warfarin according to dosing nomograms, equivalent numbers or more patients were maintained in therapeutic range by pharmacist prescribers compared to doctors. The incidence of adverse effects related to anticoagulant prescribing was similar across arms but all six studies were underpowered to detect this outcome. Three studies found that pharmacist prescribers made less prescribing errors (20 to 25 times less errors) and omissions (three to 116 times less omissions) than doctors when prescribing patients' usual medications on admission to hospital or in the preoperative setting. Two studies reported that patients were as satisfied with the services provided by pharmacist prescribers as with doctors. CONCLUSIONS This review provides low to moderate evidence that pharmacists can prescribe to the same standards as doctors. Pharmacists are better at adhering to dosing guidelines when prescribing by protocol and make significantly less prescribing errors when charting patients' usual medications on admission to hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Whui Poh
- Medicines Information Service, SA Pharmacy, SA Health, Australia
| | - Alexa McArthur
- Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew Stephenson
- Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Roughead
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Michael Liu CH. Improving the quality of patient experience through student engagement. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2018; 75:93-95. [PMID: 29371189 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp170325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Vest TA, Carrasquillo MA, Morbitzer KA, Cruz JL, Eckel SF. Evaluation of a comprehensive, integrated, medical service-based pharmacy practice model. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Vest
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Michelle A. Carrasquillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Kathryn A. Morbitzer
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Jennifer L. Cruz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Stephen F. Eckel
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy; Chapel Hill North Carolina
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Alcântara TDS, Onozato T, Araújo Neto FDC, Dosea AS, Cunha LC, de Araújo DCSA, Pimentel D, Lyra Junior DP. Perceptions of a group of hospital pharmacists and other professionals of the implementation of clinical pharmacy at a high complexity public hospital in Brazil. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:242. [PMID: 29618345 PMCID: PMC5885414 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the process of implementation of clinical pharmacy services, internal and external factors may favor or hinder the incorporation of care into the hospital routine. This study aimed to understand the perceptions of a group of hospital pharmacists and other professionals of the implementation of clinical pharmacy at a high complexity public hospital in Brazil. METHODS A focus group with 16 pharmacists and interviews with tree key stakeholders including managers in the pharmaceutical, medical, and nursing profession were conducted to understand their perceptions of the implementation clinical pharmacy services in a high complexity public hospital in Brazil. The service proposal was presented to the selected participants before conducting the focus group. Professionals with an overview of the hospital and influence on the relevant departments for the implementation of clinical pharmacy at the institution were selected. Data collected were transcribed and analyzed using the Bardin Content Analysis technique. Data analyzed were systematized into categories and registration units. The methodology involves the organization and analysis of reported content to make inferences. RESULTS The data obtained were divided into four categories: "Perception of the current situation", "Implementation expectations", "Barriers to implementation", "Implementation facilitators". Participants discussed the stagnation of clinical activities of the pharmaceutical profession in Brazil, a reality that results from a lack of clinical training in the country. Pharmacists expressed their expectations for changes in professional performance. According to the managers, such services would positively affect clinical outcomes for patients. Gaps in academic education, lack of knowledge, and poor communication skills were barriers reported in this study. Pharmacists' clinical experience has been reported to facilitate the provision of services. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights factors that may influence the implementation of clinical pharmacy services in the institution analyzed, such as resistance, fear, and frustration as barriers, as well the experience in clinical pharmacy of some pharmacists in the institution was one of the facilitators most cited by participants. This knowledge may aid future planning for the implementation of clinical pharmacy in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaciana Dos S Alcântara
- Education and Research Laboratory of Social Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Thelma Onozato
- Education and Research Laboratory of Social Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Fernando de C Araújo Neto
- Education and Research Laboratory of Social Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline S Dosea
- Education and Research Laboratory of Social Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Luiza C Cunha
- Education and Research Laboratory of Social Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Dyego C S A de Araújo
- Education and Research Laboratory of Social Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Déborah Pimentel
- Federal University of Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Divaldo P Lyra Junior
- Education and Research Laboratory of Social Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
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Hashmi FK, Hassali MA, Khalid A, Saleem F, Aljadhey H, Babar ZUD, Bashaar M. A qualitative study exploring perceptions and attitudes of community pharmacists about extended pharmacy services in Lahore, Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:500. [PMID: 28724411 PMCID: PMC5518160 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent decades, community pharmacies reported a change of business model, whereby a shift from traditional services to the provision of extended roles was observed. However, such delivery of extended pharmacy services (EPS) is reported from the developed world, and there is scarcity of information from the developing nations. Within this context, the present study was aimed to explore knowledge, perception and attitude of community pharmacists (CPs) about EPS and their readiness and acceptance for practice change in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A qualitative approach was used to gain an in-depth knowledge of the issues. By using a semi-structured interview guide, 12 CPs practicing in the city of Lahore, Pakistan were conveniently selected. All interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and were then analyzed for thematic contents by the standard content analysis framework. Results Thematic content analysis yielded five major themes. (1) Familiarity with EPS, (2) current practice of EPS, (3) training needed to provide EPS, (4) acceptance of EPS and (5) barriers toward EPS. Majority of the CPs were unaware of EPS and only a handful had the concept of extended services. Although majority of our study respondents were unaware of pharmaceutical care, they were ready to accept practice change if provided with the required skills and training. Lack of personal knowledge, poor public awareness, inadequate physician-pharmacist collaboration and deprived salary structures were reported as barriers towards the provision of EPS at the practice settings. Conclusion Although the study reported poor awareness towards EPS, the findings indicated a number of key themes that can be used in establishing the concept of EPS in Pakistan. Over all, CPs reported a positive attitude toward practice change provided to the support and facilitation of health and community based agencies in Pakistan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2442-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan K Hashmi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Fahad Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Hisham Aljadhey
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ud Din Babar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England
| | - Mohammad Bashaar
- SMART Afghan International Trainings & Consultancy, Kabul, Afghanistan.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study describes the literature of hospital pharmacy and identifies the journals most commonly cited by authors in the field, the publication types most frequently cited, the age of citations, and the indexing access to core journals. The study also looks at differing citation practices between journals with a wide audience compared to a national journal with a focus on regional issues and trends in the field. METHOD Cited references from five discipline-specific source journals were collected and analyzed for publication type and age. Two sets were created for comparison. Bradford's Law of Scattering was applied to both sets to determine the most frequently cited journals. RESULTS Three-quarters of all cited items were published within the last 10 years (71%), and journal articles were the most heavily cited publication type (n=65,760, 87%). Citation analysis revealed 26 journal titles in Zone 1, 177 journal titles in Zone 2, and the remaining were scattered across 3,886 titles. Analysis of a national journal revealed Zone 1 comprised 9 titles. Comparison of the 2 sets revealed that Zone 1 titles overlapped, with the exception of 2 titles that were geographically focused in the national title. CONCLUSION Hospital pharmacy literature draws heavily from its own discipline-specific sources but equally from core general and specialty medical journals. Indexing of cited journals is complete in PubMed and EMBASE but lacking in International Pharmaceutical Abstracts. Gray literature is a significant information source in the field.
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Palumbo R, Annarumma C. Empowering organizations to empower patients: An organizational health literacy approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2016.1253254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Management & Innovation Systems, University of Salerno, 84084, Via Giovanni Paolo II, nr. 132, Fisciano, Sa, Italy
| | - Carmela Annarumma
- Department of Management & Innovation Systems, University of Salerno, 84084, Via Giovanni Paolo II, nr. 132, Fisciano, Sa, Italy
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Pedrami F, Asenso P, Devi S. Using Text Analytics of AJPE Article Titles to Reveal Trends In Pharmacy Education Over the Past Two Decades. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:104. [PMID: 27667841 PMCID: PMC5023975 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe806104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To identify trends in pharmacy education during last two decades using text mining. Methods. Articles published in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (AJPE) in the past two decades were compiled in a database. Custom text analytics software was written using Visual Basic programming language in the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) editor of Excel 2007. Frequency of words appearing in article titles was calculated using the custom VBA software. Data were analyzed to identify the emerging trends in pharmacy education. Results. Three educational trends emerged: active learning, interprofessional, and cultural competency. Conclusion. The text analytics program successfully identified trends in article topics and may be a useful compass to predict the future course of pharmacy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoush Pedrami
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Bradenton, Florida
| | - Pamela Asenso
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Bradenton, Florida
| | - Sachin Devi
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Bradenton, Florida
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Almarsdottir AB, Babar ZUD. Future methods in pharmacy practice research. Int J Clin Pharm 2016; 38:724-30. [PMID: 27209486 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-016-0300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the current and future practice of pharmacy scenario underpinning and guiding this research and then suggests future directions and strategies for such research. First, it sets the scene by discussing the key drivers which could influence the change in pharmacy practice research. These are demographics, technology and professional standards. Second, deriving from this, it seeks to predict and forecast the future shifts in use of methodologies. Third, new research areas and availability of data impacting on future methods are discussed. These include the impact of aging information technology users on healthcare, understanding and responding to cultural and social disparities, implementing multidisciplinary initiatives to improve health care, medicines optimization and predictive risk analysis, and pharmacy as business and health care institution. Finally, implications of the trends for pharmacy practice research methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Almarsdottir
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Z U D Babar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Building 505, Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Lahore Pharmacy College (A project of Lahore Medical and Dental College), Tulspura Canal Bank, Lahore, 53400, Pakistan.
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Abstract
Leaders in health-system pharmacy are challenged to minimize costs, maximize revenue, and maintain or improve quality while simultaneously expanding services. Strong command of productivity and workload measurement is necessary to achieve these goals. This article reviews foundational pharmacy productivity concepts and key terminology, reviews historical pharmacy productivity models and their limitations, and considers new and evolving pharmacist productivity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Les Louden
- Pharmacy Services, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ben R Lopez
- Pharmacy Services, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ryan W Naseman
- Pharmacy Services, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert J Weber
- Pharmacy Services, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Engels MJ, Chaffee BW, Clark JS. Comparison and alignment of an academic medical center’s strategic goals with ASHP initiatives. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2015; 72:2065-78. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp150286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Engels
- Process and Service Quality, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers (UMHHC), Ann Arbor, and Adjunct Clinical Instructor, Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy (UMCP), Ann Arbor
| | - Bruce W. Chaffee
- Informatics and Outcomes, UMHHC, and Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, UMCP
| | - John S. Clark
- UMHHC, and Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy Services, UMCP
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Shane R, Abramowitz PW. Choosing Wisely: Pharmacy’s role in effective use of medications. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2015; 72:1529-30. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp150324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Shane
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA
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Smith MB, Gumpper KF, Riebandt G, Handel EM. Implementation of the Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative within comprehensive cancer centers. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014; 71:1647-60. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp140137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B. Smith
- Novant Health Presbyterian Medical Center, Charlotte, NC; at the time of writing she was Resident Pharmacist, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Karl F. Gumpper
- Pharmacy Informatics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA; at the time of writing he was Director of Pharmacy Informatics and Technology, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD
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Ryder PT, Meyerson BE, Coy KC, von Hippel CDJ. Pharmacists' perspectives on HIV testing in community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2014; 53:595-600. [PMID: 24091415 DOI: 10.1331/japha.2013.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility, readiness, and acceptability of offering rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in community pharmacies. DESIGN Qualitative study. SETTING Community pharmacies in Indiana from May to September 2012. PARTICIPANTS 17 licensed community pharmacists. INTERVENTION Semistructured interviews among a convenience sample of community pharmacists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Community pharmacists' self-reported attitudes toward rapid HIV testing in community pharmacies, perceptions of peer acceptability, and opinions about readiness for implementation of the practice in community pharmacies. RESULTS Participants accepted the idea of pharmacy-based HIV testing, describing it as accessible, convenient, and nonstigmatizing. Acceptability was closely linked to positive patient relationships and pharmacist comfort with consultation. Identified challenges to pharmacy-based HIV testing included staffing issues, uneasiness with delivering positive test results, lack of information needed to link patients to care, insufficient consulting space, and need for additional training. Participants indicated that peer beliefs about the acceptability of pharmacist-based HIV testing would vary but that more recently trained pharmacists likely would be more accepting of the practice. CONCLUSION Most participants felt that offering HIV testing was a reasonable addition to the evolving role of the community pharmacist, pending resolution of personal and institutional barriers.
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Meyerson BE, Ryder PT, Richey-Smith C. Achieving pharmacy-based public health: a call for public health engagement. Public Health Rep 2013; 128:140-3. [PMID: 23633728 DOI: 10.1177/003335491312800303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beth E Meyerson
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Rural Center for AIDS/STD Prevention, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Meyerson BE, Ryder PT, von Hippel C, Coy K. We can do more than just sell the test: pharmacist perspectives about over-the-counter rapid HIV tests. AIDS Behav 2013; 17:2109-13. [PMID: 23417643 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacist attitudes about the over-the-counter (OTC) sale of HIV rapid tests in pharmacies were explored through interviews conducted among 17 licensed community pharmacists in a Midwestern, moderate HIV incidence state between May and September 2012. Participants recognized that OTC rapid HIV tests would increase the number of people aware of their HIV status. Concerns included linkage to care and results consultation for those who test HIV-positive. Point of sale was identified as an opportunity for consultation about the test and to establish a relationship for future discussion about results and linkage to care. Pharmacists could provide initial test consultation or information, and consultation about the test results in order to provide post diagnosis support and facilitate linkage to care.
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21
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Abramowitz PW, Shane R, Daigle LA, Noonan KA, Letendre DE. Pharmacist interdependent prescribing: a new model for optimizing patient outcomes. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 69:1976-81. [PMID: 23135564 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp120546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Shane
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, and Assistant Dean, Clinical Pharmacy Services, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
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22
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Brisseau L, Bussières JF, Bois D, Vallée M, Racine MC, Bonnici A. Ranking of healthcare programmes based on health outcome, health costs and safe delivery of care in hospital pharmacy practice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2013; 21:46-54. [PMID: 23301533 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2012.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish a consensual and coherent ranking of healthcare programmes that involve the presence of ward-based and clinic-based clinical pharmacists, based on health outcome, health costs and safe delivery of care. METHODS This descriptive study was derived from a structured dialogue (Delphi technique) among directors of pharmacy department. We established a quantitative profile of healthcare programmes at five sites that involved the provision of ward-based and clinic-based pharmaceutical care. A summary table of evidence established a unique quality rating per inpatient (clinic-based) or outpatient (ward-based) healthcare programme. Each director rated the perceived impact of pharmaceutical care per inpatient or outpatient healthcare programme on three fields: health outcome, health costs and safe delivery of care. They agreed by consensus on the final ranking of healthcare programmes. KEY FINDINGS A ranking was assigned for each of the 18 healthcare programmes for outpatient care and the 17 healthcare programmes for inpatient care involving the presence of pharmacists, based on health outcome, health costs and safe delivery of care. There was a good correlation between ranking based on data from a 2007-2008 Canadian report on hospital pharmacy practice and the ranking proposed by directors of pharmacy department. CONCLUSIONS Given the often limited human and financial resources, managers should consider the best evidence available on a profession's impact to plan healthcare services within an organization. Data are few on ranking healthcare programmes in order to prioritize which healthcare programme would mostly benefit from the delivery of pharmaceutical care by ward-based and clinic-based pharmacists.
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Abstract
Objectives: The primary objective was to examine the consistency of prioritization decisions made by pharmacy residents in a simulated environment where the available resources are constrained. Secondary objectives were to rank the factors that influenced their prioritization and to compare the residents’ results with those of Canadian pharmacy leaders. Methods: We have developed a prioritization exercise that aims at evaluating how pharmaceutical activities are prioritized. The simulation was conducted with hospital pharmacy residents in 2 Quebec universities in 2011. Results: Residents covered a similar number of activities in the prioritization simulation (mean 27 of 32). Teams tended to favor a broad range of services delivered less comprehensively. Participants ranked “perception of the favorable impact of the activity on health outcomes” higher than “conclusive evidence available to support the decisions.” The relative weight attributed per domain was similar between pharmacy residents and pharmacy leaders, but their ranking of factors that influenced their decisions was different. Conclusions: Pharmacy residents opted to provide a wide range of services, but at a low level of comprehensiveness. The high variation between each team’s coverage per activity in this simulation supports the observation that pharmacy residents do not agree on a core set of pharmaceutical activities that should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Renet
- Département de Pharmacie, Unité de recherche en pratique pharmaceutique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Tanguay
- Département de Pharmacie, Unité de recherche en pratique pharmaceutique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Hall
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bussières
- Département de Pharmacie, Unité de recherche en pratique pharmaceutique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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24
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Shane RR. Translating health care imperatives and evidence into practice: The “Institute of Pharmacy” report. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2012; 69:1373-83. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp120292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita R. Shane
- Pharmacy Services, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, and Assistant Dean, Clinical Pharmacy Services, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
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25
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26
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Collaborative prescribing: A qualitative exploration of a role for pharmacists in mental health. Res Social Adm Pharm 2012; 8:179-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Hall KW, Raymond CB, Woloschuk DMM, Honcharik N. Organizational restructuring of regional pharmacy services to enable a new pharmacy practice model. Can J Hosp Pharm 2012; 64:451-6. [PMID: 22479101 DOI: 10.4212/cjhp.v64i6.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Hall
- , BScPharm, PharmD, is with the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
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28
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Burgess LH, Cohen MR, Denham CR. A new leadership role for pharmacists: a prescription for change. J Patient Saf 2012; 6:31-7. [PMID: 22130300 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0b013e3181d108cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacists can play an important role as leaders to reduce patient safety risks, optimize the safe function of medication management systems, and align pharmacy services with national initiatives that measure and reward quality performance. The objective of this article is to determine the actions that pharmacists can take to create a visible and sustainable safe medication management structure and system in the health care environment. METHODS An evidence-based literature search was performed to determine what actions successful pharmacist leaders have taken to improve patient safety. RESULTS There is a growing number of quality and patient safety standards, as well as measures that focus specifically on medication use and education. Health care organizations must be made aware of the valuable resources that pharmacists provide and of the complexity of medication management. There are steps that pharmacist leaders can take to achieve these goals. CONCLUSIONS The 10 steps that pharmacist leaders can take to create a visible and sustainable safe medication management structure and system are the following: 1. Identify and mitigate medication management risks and hazards to reduce preventable patient harm. 2. Establish pharmacy leadership structures and systems to ensure organizational awareness of medication safety gaps. 3. Support an organizational culture of safe medication use. 4. Ensure evidence-based medication regimens for all patients. 5. Have daily check-in calls/meetings, with the primary focus on significant safety or quality issues. 6. Establish a medication safety committee. 7. Perform medication safety walk-rounds to evaluate medication processes, and request front-line staff ’s input about medication safe practices. 8. Ensure that pharmacy staff engage in teamwork, skill building, and communication training. 9. Engage in readiness planning for implementation of health information technology (HIT). 10. Include medication history-taking and reviews upon entry into the organization; medication counseling and training during the discharge process; and follow-up after the transition to home.
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Haas CE, Eckel S, Arif S, Beringer PM, Blake EW, Lardieri AB, Lobo BL, Mercer JM, Moye P, Orlando PL, Wargo K. Acute Care Clinical Pharmacy Practice: Unit- versus Service-Based Models. Pharmacotherapy 2012; 32:e35-44. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis E. Haas
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester New York
| | - Stephen Eckel
- Department of Pharmacy; University of North Carolina Hospitals; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Sally Arif
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy; Downers Grove Illinois
| | | | - Elizabeth W. Blake
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences; South Carolina College of Pharmacy; Columbia South Carolina
| | | | | | - Jessica M. Mercer
- Pharmacy; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston South Carolina
| | - Pamela Moye
- Pharmacy Practice; Mercer University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Atlanta Georgia
| | | | - Kurt Wargo
- Internal Medicine; Huntsville Regional Campus; University of Alabama-Birmingham; Huntsville Alabama
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30
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Shane R. Critical requirements for health-system pharmacy practice models that achieve optimal use of medicines. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2011; 68:1101-11. [PMID: 21642569 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Shane
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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31
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Valgus J, Jarr S, Schwartz R, Rice M, Bernard SA. Pharmacist-led, interdisciplinary model for delivery of supportive care in the ambulatory cancer clinic setting. J Oncol Pract 2011; 6:e1-4. [PMID: 21358943 DOI: 10.1200/jop.2010.000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a pharmacist-led, interdisciplinary method of care delivery begun at the University of North Carolina. We describe the characteristics of the population seen and the role of the individual members of the interdisciplinary team, and provide an early analysis of the program's impact on symptom improvement. METHODS A supportive care consultation service was begun at the University of North Carolina Hospitals to serve adult outpatients with cancer undergoing treatment or follow-up. Patients data were entered into an institutional review board-approved database to permit detailed assessments over time. Patient demographics were analyzed using descriptive statistics, medications used and changes made were noted, and symptom scores from a previously described instrument were captured and compared over time. RESULTS Patients were seen from all adult oncology services, including gynecologic, radiation, medical, and surgical. The characteristics of the population seen were similar to those of the hospital population as a whole. Most of the patients were seen for pain management, and many required a medication change. Symptom scores improved by the second visit, and the improvement was maintained. CONCLUSION We are able to demonstrate that the use of a pharmacist-led, interdisciplinary team produced an improvement in symptom scores comparable to what has been seen in the inpatient palliative care service within our institution. Projected shortages of oncology providers may be mitigated by pharmacists working in collaborative practices, with prescriptive authority, in the ambulatory oncology setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Valgus
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Hospitals; UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy; UNC School of Medicine; Sheps Center for Health Services Research, Chapel Hill; Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC
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33
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Siska MH. E-prescribing: One giant leap toward pharmacy practice integration. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2011; 68:380-1. [PMID: 21330677 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Siska
- Informatics and Technology Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Hepler
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 328 Marsh Point Circle, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
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Sterling JA. Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy. Hosp Pharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4410-917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest regarding a broad scope of topics are abstracted monthly.
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