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King MA, Cross SJ, Morton TH, Hijano DR, Greene WL, Sun Y, Tang L, Pauley JL, Bourque MS, Christensen AM. Evaluation of Continuous Infusion Vancomycin in a Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:520-524. [PMID: 38359358 PMCID: PMC11098708 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous infusion vancomycin (CIV) may benefit children who are unable to achieve therapeutic concentrations with intermittent vancomycin dosing and may facilitate outpatient administration by alleviating the burden of frequent dosing intervals. Previous studies have used variable dosing regimens and steady-state concentration goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total daily dose (TDD) of CIV required to achieve therapeutic steady-state concentrations of 15-25 µg/mL in pediatric hematology/oncology patients. METHODS A single-center retrospective study was performed for patients treated with CIV from January 2017 to June 2019. The primary outcome was the TDD required to achieve therapeutic steady-state concentrations on CIV. Secondary outcomes included time to reach therapeutic steady-state concentrations, CIV indications and adverse events associated with CIV. RESULTS Data were collected for 71 courses of CIV in 60 patients. Median patient age was 4 years (range: 0.4-20 years). The median TDD required to achieve initial therapeutic concentrations was 50.3 mg/kg/d (interquartile range: 38.8-59.2) and was further divided into age-based cohorts. TDD in mg/kg was significantly lower in the older cohort ( P < 0.001), but there was no statistically significant difference between age-based cohorts with TDD in mg/m 2 ( P = 0.97). Median time to achieve first therapeutic concentration was 19.3 hours (range: 8.6-72.3 hours). The most common indication for CIV was ease of outpatient administration (69.0%). Acute kidney injury incidence was minimal (4.2%). CONCLUSIONS CIV is associated with rapid attainment of target concentrations in pediatric hematology/oncology patients and is safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine A. King
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Shane J. Cross
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Theodore H. Morton
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Diego R. Hijano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - William L. Greene
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jennifer L. Pauley
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Melissa S. Bourque
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Anthony M. Christensen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Cafaro A, Stella M, Mesini A, Castagnola E, Cangemi G, Mattioli F, Baiardi G. Dose optimization and target attainment of vancomycin in children. Clin Biochem 2024; 125:110728. [PMID: 38325652 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2024.110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that has been adopted in clinical practice to treat gram-positive infections for more than 70 years. Despite vancomycin's long history of therapeutic use, optimal dose adjustments and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment in children are still under debate. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been widely integrated into pediatric clinical practice to maximize efficacy and safety of vancomycin treatment. Area under the curve (AUC)-guided TDM has been recently recommended instead of trough-only TDM to ensure PK/PD target attainment of AUC0-24h/minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 400 to 600 and minimize acute kidney injury risk. Bayesian forecasting in pediatric patients allows estimation of population PK to accurately predict individual vancomycin concentrations over time, and consequently total vancomycin exposure. AUC-guided TDM for vancomycin, preferably with Bayesian forecasting, is therefore suggested for all pediatric age groups and special pediatric populations. In this review we aim to analyze the current literature on the pediatric use of vancomycin and summarize the current knowledge on dosing optimization for target attainment in special patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cafaro
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analysis, IRCCS Istituto Giannina, Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Stella
- UOC Servizio di Sperimentazioni Cliniche Pediatriche, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology & Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Mesini
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Elio Castagnola
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cangemi
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analysis, IRCCS Istituto Giannina, Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mattioli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology & Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | - Giammarco Baiardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology & Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
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Wysocki E, Tansmore J. When There Is No Trough: Use and Outcomes of Continuous-Infusion Vancomycin at a Free-Standing Children's Hospital. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2022; 27:452-456. [DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-27.5.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
There is minimal published literature regarding the use of continuous-infusion vancomycin (CIV) in children. The objective of this study was to describe the use, dosing requirements, and outcomes of CIV at a free-standing children's hospital.
METHODS
This is a retrospective review of patients who received CIV while admitted to Nationwide Children's Hospital between July 1, 2010, and June 30, 2020. The total daily dose (TDD) of vancomycin required to attain a target serum vancomycin concentration (SVC) was compared between CIV and intermittent-infusion vancomycin (IIV) administration regimens. Safety outcomes and treatment failure were also explored.
RESULTS
Fourteen patients (77% male) with a median age of 7 years (IQR = 1, 10 years) were included. Most patients (71%) were started on CIV in anticipation of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. The median TDD required to achieve a target SVC was higher with IIV compared with CIV (82.4 mg/kg/day vs 50.5 mg/kg/day; p = 0.02). Despite higher TDD with IIV, median SVC with IIV was similar to SVC with CIV (16.6 mg/L vs 17.6 mg/L; p = 2.00). There were no safety concerns or therapeutic failures identified with CIV.
CONCLUSIONS
Continuous-infusion vancomycin was a well-tolerated and effective alternative to IIV for the patients included in this study. The TDD of vancomycin required to achieve a target SVC was lower in patients receiving CIV compared with those receiving IIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wysocki
- Enterprise Pharmacy (EW), Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA
| | - Jessica Tansmore
- Department of Pharmacy (JT), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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Alonso-Moreno M, Mejías-Trueba M, Herrera-Hidalgo L, Goycochea-Valdivia WA, Gil-Navarro MV. Efficacy and Safety of Continuous Infusion of Vancomycin in Children: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080912. [PMID: 34438962 PMCID: PMC8388768 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is used to treat a wide variety of infections within the pediatric population. In adults, continuous infusion of vancomycin (CIV) has been evaluated as an alternative to intermittent infusion of vancomycin (IIV) with potential advantages. In children, the use of CIV is increasing; however, data is currently limited. The objective is to provide efficacy and safety evidence for CIV within this population. The review was carried out following PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic search was performed for studies on PubMed and EMBASE. Clinical trials and observational studies that reported clinical efficacy and/or target attainment of CIV in pediatrics were included. Articles were reviewed to assess their design and target population, characteristics of vancomycin treatment and the main findings in terms of safety and efficacy. A total of 359 articles were identified, of which seven met the inclusion criteria. All of them evaluated the target attainment, six assessed safety but only three assessed clinical efficacy. The best administration method for this antibiotic within the pediatric population is still unknown due to limited evidence. However, studies conducted thus far suggest pharmacokinetic advantages for CIV. Further investigation is required, in particular for studies comparing IIV with CIV for clinical efficacy and toxicity outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.A.-M.); (M.M.-T.)
| | - Marta Mejías-Trueba
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.A.-M.); (M.M.-T.)
| | - Laura Herrera-Hidalgo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Farmacia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-955-012-095
| | - Walter Alfredo Goycochea-Valdivia
- Unidad de Pediatría de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Reumatología e Inmunología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - María Victoria Gil-Navarro
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Farmacia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain;
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Liu XT, Zhao YX, Jia GW, Yang F, Zhang CZ, Han B, Dai JH, Han YQ, Tang BH, Yang XM, Shi HY, Zhou Y, Sui ZG, Chen JZ, van den Anker JN, Zhao W. Pharmacokinetics and safety of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children with acute leukaemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:3292-3300. [PMID: 33506975 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This open-label, phase I study evaluated the pharmacokinetics and safety of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in children with acute leukaemia. METHODS PEG-rhG-CSF was administered as a single 100 mcg/kg (3 mg maximum dose) subcutaneous injection at the end of each chemotherapy period when neutropenia occurred. Blood samples were obtained from patients treated with PEG-rhG-CSF. PEG-rhG-CSF serum concentrations were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis was implemented using the nonlinear mixed-effects model. Short-term safety was evaluated through adverse events collection (registered at clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 03844360). RESULTS A total of 16 acute leukaemia patients (1.8-13.6 years) were included, of whom two (12.5%) had grade 3 neutropenia, six (37.5%) had grade 4 neutropenia, and eight (50.0%) had severe neutropenia. For PPK modelling, 64 PEG-rhG-CSF serum concentrations were obtainable. A one-compartment model with first-order elimination was used for pharmacokinetic data modelling. The current weight was a significant covariate. The median (range) of clearance (CL) and area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) were 5.65 (1.49-14.45) mL/h/kg and 16514.75 (6632.45-54423.30) ng·h/mL, respectively. Bone pain, pyrexia, anaphylaxis and nephrotoxicity were not observed. One patient died 13 days after administration, and the objective assessment of causality was that an association with PEG-rhG-CSF was "possible". CONCLUSIONS The AUC of PEG-rhG-CSF (100 mcg/kg, 3 mg maximum dose) in paediatric patients with acute leukaemia were similar to those of PEG-rhG-CSF (100 mcg/kg) in children with sarcoma. PEG-rhG-CSF is safe, representing an important therapeutic option for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in paediatric patients with acute leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ting Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang-Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuan-Zhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Hua Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yue-Qin Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Bo-Hao Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Yan Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhong-Guo Sui
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Johannes N van den Anker
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology & Physiology, Genomics & Precision Medicine, the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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Willems J, Hermans E, Schelstraete P, Depuydt P, De Cock P. Optimizing the Use of Antibiotic Agents in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Narrative Review. Paediatr Drugs 2021; 23:39-53. [PMID: 33174101 PMCID: PMC7654352 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-020-00426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are one of the most prescribed drug classes in the pediatric intensive care unit, yet the incidence of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing remains high in critically ill children. Optimizing the use of antibiotics in this population is imperative to guarantee adequate treatment, avoid toxicity and the occurrence of antibiotic resistance, both on a patient level and on a population level. Antibiotic stewardship encompasses all initiatives to promote responsible antibiotic usage and the PICU represents a major target environment for antibiotic stewardship programs. This narrative review provides a summary of the available knowledge on the optimal selection, duration, dosage, and route of administration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill children. Overall, more scientific evidence on how to optimize antibiotic treatment is warranted in this population. We also give our personal expert opinion on research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Willems
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eline Hermans
- Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Petra Schelstraete
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Depuydt
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Cock
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
- Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
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Practice survey on the use of vancomycin in pediatrics in the New Aquitaine region and guidelines of learned societies. Arch Pediatr 2020; 27:176-182. [PMID: 32331912 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vancomycin is an old antibiotic whose use is still being debated today. The objective of this work was to establish an inventory of the use of vancomycin in the various pediatric and neonatal hospital services in the New Aquitaine region. MATERIALS AND METHODS A declaratory practice survey was conducted in 49 pediatric and neonatal hospital units. These practices were compared with the guidelines of several learned societies. RESULTS A total of 36 responses could be analyzed: 12 units (33%) used vancomycin in discontinuous administration, 18 (50%) had opted for continuous infusion, and six used it in both modalities (17%). The reported dosages were highly variable. Blood tests were performed by 26 units (72%), but the target values of the trough serum concentration were also highly variable. After dosing, all units reported adjusting the dosage and re-dosing after modification (26/26). Finally, 21 units (58%) reported taking into account the MIC of the possibly isolated bacterium. CONCLUSION Our study shows that vancomycin is used in very different ways from one unit to another, within the same region, including in ways not recommended by the main learned societies. Much work remains to be done to determine the optimal dosages of vancomycin in pediatrics, to set the serum trough concentration of vancomycin values, and to determine whether continuous infusion use is comparable to discontinuous administration in terms of efficacy.
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Girand HL. Continuous Infusion Vancomycin in Pediatric Patients: A Critical Review of the Evidence. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:198-214. [PMID: 32265603 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-25.3.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of continuous infusion vancomycin in pediatric patients. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION PubMed, Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant published articles (1977 to November 2019) using the following search terms: vancomycin, neonates, pediatrics, infusion, continuous, administration, children, nephrotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. All English-language primary references that evaluated continuous infusion vancomycin in pediatric patients were included in this review. DATA SYNTHESIS Vancomycin is typically administered with intermittent infusions, but continuous infusion is an alternative delivery method used to improve achievement of target serum concentrations. Fifteen articles were reviewed that evaluated continuous infusion vancomycin in pediatric patients. Study data were heterogeneous with limited evidence to support improved clinical or microbiologic outcomes as compared with intermittent dosing. Potential benefits and limitations of continuous infusions are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Currently available evidence is lacking to support routine implementation of continuous infusion vancomycin in pediatric patients. However, it is a therapeutic option in certain clinical conditions and could be beneficial for individuals with serious Gram-positive infections where rapid achievement of target serum concentrations is critical. Continuous infusions may also benefit individuals who do not achieve target concentrations or who experience significant red man syndrome with traditional dosing, particularly when high daily doses are required. Optimal dosing and ideal target serum concentrations have not been established and may vary for different populations. Future prospective randomized clinical trials should be performed to identify optimal dosing and monitoring regimens and determine comparative safety and efficacy with traditional intermittent dosing in various pediatric populations.
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Vancomycin-associated Nephrotoxicity and Risk Factors in Critically Ill Children Without Preexisting Renal Injury. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:934-938. [PMID: 31232892 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent systematic review concluded that critically ill pediatric patients have higher odds of vancomycin-related nephrotoxicity [odds ratio (OR): 3.61, 95% CI: 1.21-10.74]. We aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors for vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in critically ill children without preexisting renal injury. METHODS A cohort of children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit, from 2011 to 2016 treated with vancomycin without preexisting renal injury. The main diagnosis, therapeutic interventions and medications administered in this period were evaluated. Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess the association between clinical covariates and the dependent variable pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease (pRIFLE). RESULTS Hundred ten patients, representing 1177 vancomycin days, were analyzed. Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity was seen in 11.8%. In a multivariate model, higher vancomycin doses were not associated with poorer renal function (P = 0.08). Higher serum vancomycin levels were weakly associated with pRIFLE classification (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.07). Furosemide or amphotericin B in addition to the vancomycin treatment was associated with impaired renal function (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.38-4.8 and OR: 7.7 95% CI: 2.55-23, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in acute ill children without preexisting renal injury, measured with pRIFLE, is close to 11.8%. Furosemide and amphotericin B in addition to the vancomycin treatment are strong predictors of worse pRIFLE scores. The influence of acute kidney injury status at pediatric intensive care unit admission and the method used for renal function assessment might influence the incidence of vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity and its associated risk factors.
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Sawrey EL, Subramanian MW, Ramirez KA, Snyder BS, Logston BB, Russell GB. Use of Body Surface Area for Dosing of Vancomycin. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:296-303. [PMID: 31337992 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.4.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vancomycin weight-based dosing regimens often fail to achieve therapeutic trough serum concentration in children ≤12 years of age and rigorous studies evaluating efficacy and safety of body surface area (BSA)-based dosing regimens have not been performed. We compared vancomycin trough serum concentrations in pediatric patients receiving a weight- or BSA-based dosing regimen. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective study evaluating pediatric patients, ages 1 to 12 years, who received vancomycin from September 2012 to October 2015. Patients received a minimum of 3 consecutive doses at the same scheduled interval within a dosing regimen prior to a measured vancomycin serum trough concentration. The primary outcome was percentage of initial vancomycin trough concentrations ≥10 mg/L. The secondary outcomes were percentage of supratherapeutic, therapeutic, and subtherapeutic vancomycin serum concentration for all patients, including a subset of overweight and obese patients, and number of nephrotoxic occurrences. RESULTS BSA-based dosing regimens resulted in 50% of the initial vancomycin trough concentrations ≥ 10 mg/L compared with 17% for the weight-based dosing regimens (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were noted between the 2 dosing regimens for supratherapeutic, therapeutic, or subtherapeutic trough concentrations for all patients, and for the subset of overweight and obese patients. Nephrotoxic occurrences were noted in 7% of the weight-based dosing regimens compared with none in the BSA-based dosing regimens. CONCLUSIONS A BSA-based vancomycin dosing regimen resulted in significantly more initial vancomycin trough concentrations ≥10 mg/L and trended towards higher initial vancomycin trough concentrations without observable nephrotoxicity.
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Hurst AL, Baumgartner C, MacBrayne CE, Child J. Experience with Continuous Infusion Vancomycin Dosing in a Large Pediatric Hospital. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019; 8:174-179. [PMID: 29718415 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data on dosing of continuous infusion of vancomycin (CIV) in pediatric patients, despite it being an attractive treatment option for limiting escalating doses of intermittent infusion of vancomycin. The purpose of this study was to determine the total daily dose of CIV required to attain therapeutic serum vancomycin concentrations (SVCs) in pediatric patients according to age (≥31 days to <2 years, 2 to <8 years, and 8 to <18 years). METHODS We retrospectively evaluated patients who were transitioned from intermittent infusion of vancomycin to CIV between January 2013 and December 2016. Demographic data, vancomycin data (indication, dosing, steady-state SVCs, and time to reach goal SVC), and adverse-effect data (infusion reactions and serum creatinine level) were collected. RESULTS Of the 240 patients included, 76 had a goal SVC of 10 to 15 µg/mL and 164 had a goal of 15 to 20 µg/mL. The dose of CIV required to reach an SVC of 10 to 15 µg/mL in the youngest age group was 48.4 mg/kg per day versus 45.6 and 39.4 mg/kg per day in the older age groups (P < .005). The 2 younger age groups of patients with a goal SVC of 15 to 20 µg/mL required 50.2 and 50.6 mg/kg per day, respectively, whereas patients aged ≥8 years required 44.7 mg/kg per day (P = .008). One patient experienced renal injury, and 1 experienced renal failure. CONCLUSIONS CIV is an effective method for attaining a therapeutic SVC in pediatric patients. Patients <8 years of age require higher dosing than older pediatric patients to reach the goal SVCs of 10 to 15 and 15 to 20 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Hurst
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | | | | | - Jason Child
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
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13
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McKinzie CJ, Esther CR, Vece TJ. Continuous vancomycin in a pediatric cystic fibrosis patient. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:E4-E5. [PMID: 29193836 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Continuous vancomycin has been previously reported to maximize antimicrobial activity while avoiding toxicities associated with dose escalation, but the efficacy of this dosing strategy has not been reported. This case report describes the successful use of continuous vancomycin, including improvement in lung function and avoidance of nephrotoxicity, demonstrated in a pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patient with MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J McKinzie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charles R Esther
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Timothy J Vece
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Vancomycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adolescents Receiving Extended Infusion. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, MacDougall C, Schuetz AN, Septimus EJ, Srinivasan A, Dellit TH, Falck-Ytter YT, Fishman NO, Hamilton CW, Jenkins TC, Lipsett PA, Malani PN, May LS, Moran GJ, Neuhauser MM, Newland JG, Ohl CA, Samore MH, Seo SK, Trivedi KK. Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:e51-77. [PMID: 27080992 PMCID: PMC5006285 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1871] [Impact Index Per Article: 233.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based guidelines for implementation and measurement of antibiotic stewardship interventions in inpatient populations including long-term care were prepared by a multidisciplinary expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. The panel included clinicians and investigators representing internal medicine, emergency medicine, microbiology, critical care, surgery, epidemiology, pharmacy, and adult and pediatric infectious diseases specialties. These recommendations address the best approaches for antibiotic stewardship programs to influence the optimal use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar F Barlam
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara E Cosgrove
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lilian M Abbo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Conan MacDougall
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Audrey N Schuetz
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Edward J Septimus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Arjun Srinivasan
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy H Dellit
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Yngve T Falck-Ytter
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Neil O Fishman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia
| | | | | | - Pamela A Lipsett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine and Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Preeti N Malani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
| | - Larissa S May
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Gregory J Moran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Sylmar
| | | | - Jason G Newland
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christopher A Ohl
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Matthew H Samore
- Department of Veterans Affairs and University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Susan K Seo
- Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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16
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Continuous Infusion Vancomycin Through the Addition of Vancomycin to the Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Solution in the PICU: A Case Series. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17:e138-45. [PMID: 26890194 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe our experience with achieving therapeutic serum vancomycin concentrations in pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy by using continuous infusion vancomycin by mixing vancomycin into the continuous renal replacement therapy solution. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING A 189-bed, freestanding children's tertiary care teaching hospital in Philadelphia, PA. PATIENTS Pediatric patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy from April 1, 2009, through December 31, 2014. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There were a total of 21 patients who received continuous renal replacement therapy during the study period. Of these, 11 (52.3%) received vancomycin in the continuous renal replacement therapy solution. The median (range) concentration of vancomycin added to the continuous renal replacement therapy solution was 25 mg/L (18-35 mg/L). The mean vancomycin plateau level was 22.8 ± 3.3 mg/L. All patients achieved a serum vancomycin plateau level that was greater than 15 mg/L. There were no adverse events related to the addition of vancomycin to the continuous renal replacement therapy solution. CONCLUSIONS The addition of vancomycin to the continuous renal replacement therapy solution(s) is an effective modality that is used for delivering vancomycin continuous infusion and for ensuring therapeutic vancomycin serum plateau levels in the setting of pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy. Further studies are required to evaluate whether this delivery method can lead to improved patient outcomes.
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17
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Towards Rational Dosing Algorithms for Vancomycin in Neonates and Infants Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1013-21. [PMID: 26643337 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01968-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the recent awareness that vancomycin doses should aim to meet a target area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) instead of trough concentrations, more aggressive dosing regimens are warranted also in the pediatric population. In this study, both neonatal and pediatric pharmacokinetic models for vancomycin were externally evaluated and subsequently used to derive model-based dosing algorithms for neonates, infants, and children. For the external validation, predictions from previously published pharmacokinetic models were compared to new data. Simulations were performed in order to evaluate current dosing regimens and to propose a model-based dosing algorithm. The AUC/MIC over 24 h (AUC24/MIC) was evaluated for all investigated dosing schedules (target of >400), without any concentration exceeding 40 mg/liter. Both the neonatal and pediatric models of vancomycin performed well in the external data sets, resulting in concentrations that were predicted correctly and without bias. For neonates, a dosing algorithm based on body weight at birth and postnatal age is proposed, with daily doses divided over three to four doses. For infants aged <1 year, doses between 32 and 60 mg/kg/day over four doses are proposed, while above 1 year of age, 60 mg/kg/day seems appropriate. As the time to reach steady-state concentrations varies from 155 h in preterm infants to 36 h in children aged >1 year, an initial loading dose is proposed. Based on the externally validated neonatal and pediatric vancomycin models, novel dosing algorithms are proposed for neonates and children aged <1 year. For children aged 1 year and older, the currently advised maintenance dose of 60 mg/kg/day seems appropriate.
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