Strategies of Plant Biotechnology to Meet the Increasing Demand of Food and Nutrition in India

Surveillance of foodborne diseases in Taiwan: A retrospective study

ABSTRACT

Foodborne pathogens cause diseases and death, increasing the economic burden. It needs to identify incident places, media food and pathgens. Our aim is to survey empirical data that provide a retrospective historical perspective on foodborne diseases and explore the causes and trends of outbreaks.We examined publicly available annual summary data on reported foodborne disease outbreaks in Taiwan from 2014 to 2018. We calculated the percentage of places, media food, bacteria and natural toxin sources in foodborne diseases and performed a chi-square test for difference evaluation. The higher risk of places and causes in 2018 compared with 2014 was empolyzed with univariate logistic regression.There were 26847 patients with foodborne diseases during the period from 2014 to 2018. The top 2 primary source locations of the foodborne diseases were schools and restaurants. The top 2 primary food media classifications of the foodborne diseases were boxed meals and compounded foods. The top 2 primary incident bacterial classifications of the observed foodborne diseases were Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The top 2 primary natural toxin classifications of the foodborne diseases were plants and histamines. The incidence of foodborne disease in military facilities, fruits and vegetables, and Staphylococcus aureus was increased in our study.Our study confirmed the high risk and increased incidence of foodborne diseases, food media classifications, bacterial classifications, and natural toxins in Taiwan. It is worthy of attention for the government health department-designed policy to promote disease prevention.

TECHNOLOGIES OF GENETIC MATERIAL USE RESTRICTION: TYPES, MOLECULAR-GENETIC BASE AND ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF THEIR APPLICATION

In order to save money, some farms use the seed obtained in the process of cultivation not only for sale, but also for sowing, which has not found supporters among companies engaged in the production of genetically modified seed. To protect their rights, the latter have created technologies to limit the use of genetic material, which are intended to be used for protection the intellectual rights to reproduce plants with a changed genotype. However, these technologies contain also a commercial component and violate a number of moral principles and international acts. Aim. To describe the types of terminator technologies, their genetic and molecular basis and purpose. To assess a correspondence of their compliance with the international documents and norms. Method. Terminator technologies types, genetic bases and application and their analysis from the standpoint of international norms were studied. To achieve the goal, the methods of fact analysis, comparison and generalization were used. Results. There are two types of terminator technologies (variety- and trait-specific), which are based on the interaction of three genes, which leads to the implementation of certain phenotypic manifestations. It was found that the technologies for limiting the use of genetic material are both contradictory and consistent with a number of international legal acts, which did not make it possible to determine clearly the appropriateness of their use in agriculture. Conclusions. Terminator technologies application is still a controversial fact since they are based on the duality principle: to carry simultaneously a positive and a negative manifestation for people.