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Hafeez MN, Khan MA, Sarwar B, Hassan S, Ali Q, Husnain T, Rashid B. Mutant Gossypium universal stress protein-2 (GUSP-2) gene confers resistance to various abiotic stresses in E. coli BL-21 and CIM-496-Gossypium hirsutum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20466. [PMID: 34650178 PMCID: PMC8516947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypium arboreum is considered a rich source of stress-responsive genes and the EST database revealed that most of its genes are uncharacterized. The full-length Gossypium universal stress protein-2 (GUSP-2) gene (510 bp) was cloned in E. coli and Gossypium hirsutum, characterized and point mutated at three positions, 352–354, Lysine to proline (M1-usp-2) & 214–216, aspartic acid to serine (M2-usp-2) & 145–147, Lysine to Threonine (M3-usp-2) to study its role in abiotic stress tolerance. It was found that heterologous expression of one mutant (M1-usp-2) provided enhanced tolerance against salt and osmotic stresses, recombinant cells have higher growth up to 10-5dilution in spot assay as compared to cells expressing W-usp-2 (wild type GUSP-2), M2-usp-2 and M3-usp-2 genes. M1-usp-2 gene transcript profiling exhibited significant expression (8.7 fold) in CIM-496-Gossypium hirsutum transgenic plants and enhance drought tolerance. However, little tolerance against heat and cold stresses in bacterial cells was observed. The results from our study concluded that the activity of GUSP-2 was enhanced in M1-usp-2 but wipe out in M2-usp-2 and M3-usp-2 response remained almost parallel to W-usp-2. Further, it was predicted through in silico analysis that M1-usp-2, W-usp-2 and M3-usp-2 may be directly involved in stress tolerance or function as a signaling molecule to activate the stress adaptive mechanism. However, further investigation will be required to ascertain its role in the adaptive mechanism of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Hafeez
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. .,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,School of PhD Program in Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy. .,Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mohsin Ahmad Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Sarwar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sameera Hassan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. .,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Rashid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Masamba P, Kappo AP. Parasite Survival and Disease Persistence in Cystic Fibrosis, Schistosomiasis and Pathogenic Bacterial Diseases: A Role for Universal Stress Proteins? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10878. [PMID: 34639223 PMCID: PMC8509486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal stress proteins (USPs) were originally discovered in Escherichia coli over two decades ago and since then their presence has been detected in various organisms that include plants, archaea, metazoans, and bacteria. As their name suggests, they function in a series of various cellular responses in both abiotic and biotic stressful conditions such as oxidative stress, exposure to DNA damaging agents, nutrient starvation, high temperature and acidic stress, among others. Although a highly conserved group of proteins, the molecular and biochemical aspects of their functions are largely evasive. This is concerning, as it was observed that USPs act as essential contributors to the survival/persistence of various infectious pathogens. Their ubiquitous nature in various organisms, as well as their augmentation during conditions of stress, is a clear indication of their direct or indirect importance in providing resilience against such conditions. This paper seeks to clarify what has already been reported in the literature on the proposed mechanism of action of USPs in pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Masamba
- Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology (MBSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
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Isokpehi RD, McInnis DS, Destefano AM, Johnson GS, Walker AD, Hall YA, Mapp BW, Johnson MO, Simmons SS. Bioinformatics Investigations of Universal Stress Proteins from Mercury-Methylating Desulfovibrionaceae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081780. [PMID: 34442859 PMCID: PMC8401546 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of methylmercury in aquatic environments and marine food sources is of global concern. The chemical reaction for the addition of a methyl group to inorganic mercury occurs in diverse bacterial taxonomic groups including the Gram-negative, sulfate-reducing Desulfovibrionaceae family that inhabit extreme aquatic environments. The availability of whole-genome sequence datasets for members of the Desulfovibrionaceae presents opportunities to understand the microbial mechanisms that contribute to methylmercury production in extreme aquatic environments. We have applied bioinformatics resources and developed visual analytics resources to categorize a collection of 719 putative universal stress protein (USP) sequences predicted from 93 genomes of Desulfovibrionaceae. We have focused our bioinformatics investigations on protein sequence analytics by developing interactive visualizations to categorize Desulfovibrionaceae universal stress proteins by protein domain composition and functionally important amino acids. We identified 651 Desulfovibrionaceae universal stress protein sequences, of which 488 sequences had only one USP domain and 163 had two USP domains. The 488 single USP domain sequences were further categorized into 340 sequences with ATP-binding motif and 148 sequences without ATP-binding motif. The 163 double USP domain sequences were categorized into (1) both USP domains with ATP-binding motif (3 sequences); (2) both USP domains without ATP-binding motif (138 sequences); and (3) one USP domain with ATP-binding motif (21 sequences). We developed visual analytics resources to facilitate the investigation of these categories of datasets in the presence or absence of the mercury-methylating gene pair (hgcAB). Future research could utilize these functional categories to investigate the participation of universal stress proteins in the bacterial cellular uptake of inorganic mercury and methylmercury production, especially in anaerobic aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael D. Isokpehi
- College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA; (D.S.M.); (A.M.D.); (G.S.J.); (A.D.W.); (Y.A.H.); (B.W.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dominique S. McInnis
- College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA; (D.S.M.); (A.M.D.); (G.S.J.); (A.D.W.); (Y.A.H.); (B.W.M.)
| | - Antoinette M. Destefano
- College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA; (D.S.M.); (A.M.D.); (G.S.J.); (A.D.W.); (Y.A.H.); (B.W.M.)
| | - Gabrielle S. Johnson
- College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA; (D.S.M.); (A.M.D.); (G.S.J.); (A.D.W.); (Y.A.H.); (B.W.M.)
| | - Akimio D. Walker
- College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA; (D.S.M.); (A.M.D.); (G.S.J.); (A.D.W.); (Y.A.H.); (B.W.M.)
| | - Yessenia A. Hall
- College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA; (D.S.M.); (A.M.D.); (G.S.J.); (A.D.W.); (Y.A.H.); (B.W.M.)
| | - Baraka W. Mapp
- College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA; (D.S.M.); (A.M.D.); (G.S.J.); (A.D.W.); (Y.A.H.); (B.W.M.)
| | - Matilda O. Johnson
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA;
| | - Shaneka S. Simmons
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, TX 75765, USA;
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Onile OS, Fadahunsi AI, Adekunle AA, Oyeyemi BF, Anumudu CI. An immunoinformatics approach for the design of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine for urogenital schistosomiasis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8795. [PMID: 33062404 PMCID: PMC7534685 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of T and B memory cells capable of eliciting long-term immunity against schistosomiasisis is important for people in endemic areas. Changes in schistosomes environment due to developmental cycle, induces up-regulation of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) which assist the parasite in coping with the hostile conditions associated with its life cycle. This study therefore focused on exploring the role of HSPs in urogenital schistosomiasis to develop new multi-epitope subunit vaccine against the disease using immunoinformatic approaches. The designed subunit vaccine was subjected to in silico antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity and physicochemical parameters analysis. A 3D structure of the vaccine construct was predicted, followed by disulphide engineering for stability, codon adaptation and in silico cloning for proper expression and molecular protein–protein docking of vaccine construct in the vector against toll-like receptor 4 receptor, respectively. Consequently, a 493 amino acid multi-epitope vaccine construct of antigenicity probability of 0.91 was designed. This was predicted to be stable, non-allergenic in nature and safe for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga S Onile
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyinka I Fadahunsi
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Ameerah A Adekunle
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji F Oyeyemi
- Molecular Biology Group, Department Science Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Chiaka I Anumudu
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Aruleba RT, Adekiya TA, Oyinloye BE, Masamba P, Mbatha LS, Pretorius A, Kappo AP. PZQ Therapy: How Close are we in the Development of Effective Alternative Anti-schistosomal Drugs? Infect Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:337-349. [PMID: 30599112 PMCID: PMC7046992 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666181231153139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Today schistosomiasis, caused mainly by the three major schistosome species (S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum), has for many decades and still continues to be on a rapid and swift rise globally, claiming thousands of lives every year and leaving 800 million people at the risk of infection. Due to the high prevalence of this disease and the steady increase in the infection rates, praziquantel (PZQ) remains the only effective drug against this acute disease although it has no effect on the juvenile schistosome parasite. However, no significant approaches have been made in recent years in the discovery of new or alternative drugs and unfortunately, resistance to this drug has been reported in some parts of the world. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a new drug for this debilitating disease. In this review, a brief history of past, present, and new promising anti-schistosomal drugs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Tayo Alex Adekiya
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria
| | - Priscilla Masamba
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Londiwe Simphiwe Mbatha
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Ashley Pretorius
- Bioinformatics Research Group (BRG), DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
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Masamba P, Adenowo AF, Oyinloye BE, Kappo AP. Universal Stress Proteins as New Targets for Environmental and Therapeutic Interventions of Schistosomiasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E972. [PMID: 27706050 PMCID: PMC5086711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of various control measures and eradication methods that have been in progress, schistosomiasis still prevails as one of the most prevalent debilitating parasitic diseases, typically affecting the poor and the underprivileged that are predominantly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasitic schistosome blood fluke responsible for causing the disease completes its complex developmental cycle in two hosts: humans and freshwater snails, where they physically undergo gross modifications to endure the different conditions associated with each host. Just like any other organism, the worm possesses mechanisms that help them respond to environmental insults. It has been hypothesized that a special class of proteins known as Universal Stress Proteins (USPs) are up-regulated during sudden environmental changes, thus assisting the worm to tolerate the unfavourable conditions associated with its developmental cycle. The position of praziquantel as the drug of choice against all schistosome infections has been deemed vulnerable due to mounting concerns over drug pressure and so the need for alternative treatment is now a matter of urgency. Therefore, this review seeks to explore the associations and possible roles of USPs in schistosomiasis as well as the functioning of these proteins in the schistosomulae stage in order to develop new therapeutic interventions against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Masamba
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Abiola Fatimah Adenowo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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Isokpehi RD, Udensi UK, Simmons SS, Hollman AL, Cain AE, Olofinsae SA, Hassan OA, Kashim ZA, Enejoh OA, Fasesan DE, Nashiru O. Evaluative profiling of arsenic sensing and regulatory systems in the human microbiome project genomes. Microbiol Insights 2014; 7:25-34. [PMID: 25452698 PMCID: PMC4230230 DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s18076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of environmental chemicals including arsenic, a type 1 carcinogen, on the composition and function of the human-associated microbiota is of significance in human health and disease. We have developed a suite of bioinformatics and visual analytics methods to evaluate the availability (presence or absence) and abundance of functional annotations in a microbial genome for seven Pfam protein families: As(III)-responsive transcriptional repressor (ArsR), anion-transporting ATPase (ArsA), arsenical pump membrane protein (ArsB), arsenate reductase (ArsC), arsenical resistance operon transacting repressor (ArsD), water/glycerol transport protein (aquaporins), and universal stress protein (USP). These genes encode function for sensing and/or regulating arsenic content in the bacterial cell. The evaluative profiling strategy was applied to 3,274 genomes from which 62 genomes from 18 genera were identified to contain genes for the seven protein families. Our list included 12 genomes in the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) from the following genera: Citrobacter, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Providencia, Rhodococcus, and Staphylococcus. Gene neighborhood analysis of the arsenic resistance operon in the genome of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482, a human gut symbiont, revealed the adjacent arrangement of genes for arsenite binding/transfer (ArsD) and cytochrome c biosynthesis (DsbD_2). Visual analytics facilitated evaluation of protein annotations in 367 genomes in the phylum Bacteroidetes identified multiple genomes in which genes for ArsD and DsbD_2 were adjacently arranged. Cytochrome c, produced by a posttranslational process, consists of heme-containing proteins important for cellular energy production and signaling. Further research is desired to elucidate arsenic resistance and arsenic-mediated cellular energy production in the Bacteroidetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael D Isokpehi
- Department of Biology, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA
| | - Udensi K Udensi
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Shaneka S Simmons
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA. ; Department of Computer Science, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Antia E Cain
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samson A Olofinsae
- H3Africa Bioinformatics Network Node, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oluwabukola A Hassan
- H3Africa Bioinformatics Network Node, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Zainab A Kashim
- H3Africa Bioinformatics Network Node, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ojochenemi A Enejoh
- H3Africa Bioinformatics Network Node, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Deborah E Fasesan
- H3Africa Bioinformatics Network Node, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oyekanmi Nashiru
- H3Africa Bioinformatics Network Node, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria
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Aanandhi MV, Bhattacherjee D, George PSG, Ray A. Natural polyphenols down-regulate universal stress protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An in-silico approach. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2014; 5:171-8. [PMID: 25364695 PMCID: PMC4215480 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.143036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal stress protein (USP) is a novel target to overcome the tuberculosis resistance. Our present study enlightens the possibilities of some natural polyphenols as an antioxidant for USP. The study has shown some molecular simulations of some selected natural antioxidants with USP. We have considered USP (Rv1636) strain for homology modeling and the selected template was taken for the docking study. Curcumin, catechin, reservetrol has shown ARG 136 (1.8Å) hydrogen bonding and two ionic bonding with carboxyl group of curcumin with LEU 130 (3.3Å) and ASN 144 (3.4Å) respectively. INH was taken for the standard molecule to perform molecular simulation. It showed poor binding interaction with the target, that is, -5.18 kcal, and two hydrogen bonding with SER 140 (1.887Å), ARG 147 (2.064Å) respectively. The study indicates possible new generation curcumin analogue for future therapy to down-regulate USP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vijey Aanandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels University (VISTAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debojit Bhattacherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels University (VISTAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Samuel Gideon George
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels University (VISTAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anirban Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khodasingi, Berhampur, Odisha, India
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Abstract
The ATP binding proteins exist as a hybrid of proteins with Walker A motif and universal stress proteins (USPs) having an alternative motif for binding ATP. There is an urgent need to find a reliable and comprehensive hybrid predictor for ATP binding proteins using whole sequence information. In this paper the open source LIBSVM toolbox was used to build a classifier at 10-fold cross-validation. The best hybrid model was the combination of amino acid and dipeptide composition with an accuracy of 84.57% and Mathews correlation coefficient (MCC) value of 0.693. This classifier proves to be better than many classical ATP binding protein predictors. The general trend observed is that combinations of descriptors performed better and improved the overall performances of individual descriptors, particularly when combined with amino acid composition. The work developed a comprehensive model for predicting ATP binding proteins irrespective of their functional motifs. This model provides a high probability of success for molecular biologists in predicting and selecting diverse groups of ATP binding proteins irrespective of their functional motifs.
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Identification of Functional Regulatory Residues of the β -Lactam Inducible Penicillin Binding Protein in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2013; 2013:614670. [PMID: 23984067 PMCID: PMC3745919 DOI: 10.1155/2013/614670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to methicillin by Staphylococcus aureus is a persistent clinical problem worldwide. A mechanism for resistance has been proposed in which methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates acquired a new protein called β-lactam inducible penicillin binding protein (PBP-2′). The PBP-2′ functions by substituting other penicillin binding proteins which have been inhibited by β-lactam antibiotics. Presently, there is no structural and regulatory information on PBP-2′ protein. We conducted a complete structural and functional regulatory analysis of PBP-2′ protein. Our analysis revealed that the PBP-2′ is very stable with more hydrophilic amino acids expressing antigenic sites. PBP-2′ has three striking regulatory points constituted by first penicillin binding site at Ser25, second penicillin binding site at Ser405, and finally a single metallic ligand binding site at Glu657 which binds to Zn2+ ions. This report highlights structural features of PBP-2′ that can serve as targets for developing new chemotherapeutic agents and conducting site direct mutagenesis experiments.
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