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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Lin J, Ye H, Chen X, Tang K. A prospective and randomized study comparing ultrasound-guided real time injection to conventional blind injection of botulinum neurotoxin for glabellar wrinkles. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2867-2875. [PMID: 38726847 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulinum neurotoxin injections are the most frequently performed cosmetic procedures, but conventional blind injection for glabellar wrinkles remains to have some limitations. AIMS We intend to directly inject botulinum neurotoxin into the glabella complex guided by real time ultrasound. We aim to propose a more efficient and safer botulinum neurotoxin injection strategy for glabellar wrinkles. METHODS A total of 40 subjects with moderate to severe glabellar lines were enrolled in this study to receive botulinum neurotoxin injection, either through ultrasound-guided real time injection or conventional blind injection. Facial Wrinkle Scale (ranging from 0 = none to 3 = severe) and inter-brow distance (from 3D scanned face images) were used to evaluate the glabellar wrinkles improvement. Paired t test and two-sample t test were performed to analyze the within-group and between-group differences. RESULTS The wrinkle score reduction was significant (p < 0.0001) immediately after the injection in ultrasound-guided injection group, but not in blind injection group (p = 0.163). Ultrasound-guided injection also showed a higher performance of wrinkle score reduction and more effective inter-brow distance increase over blind injection at Day 0 (p < 0.0001), Day 1 (p < 0.0001), Day 21 (p < 0.01) and Day 35 (p < 0.01) after initial treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study confirmed that botulinum neurotoxin injection for glabellar wrinkles under ultrasound guidance achieves quicker onset of action and better final outcomes compared to conventional blind injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yange Wu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengni Ye
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuangyun Tang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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de Sanctis Pecora C, Trindade de Almeida A, Figueredo V, Hirano C, Bugallo A, Cortés C, Welsh EC, Spada J, Heredia N, de La Fuente V, Muniz M. IncobotulinumtoxinA for Aesthetic Treatments: Review and Recommendations From Latin America. Dermatol Surg 2024; 50:S24-S34. [PMID: 39196830 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000004343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As new aesthetic treatment techniques are developed, the understanding of botulinum toxin type A safety and treatment outcomes continues to evolve. OBJECTIVE This article was developed to provide a comprehensive up-to-date reference for clinicians using incobotulinumtoxinA (INCO; Xeomin/Bocouture, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany) for aesthetic treatments. PATIENTS AND METHODS/MATERIALS A Latin American panel of 11 physicians was assembled to discuss and develop recommendations on the use of INCO for aesthetic treatment based on the literature review and their private medical practice. RESULTS The panel found that INCO is a highly purified botulinum toxin, without other clostridial proteins (hemagglutinins and nonhemagglutinins). IncobotulinumtoxinA has proven its efficacy and duration over time, maintaining response after multiple treatment cycles. CONCLUSION This recommendation provides up-to-date information on the use of INCO for aesthetic treatment, focusing on the differential properties of this product regarding its purity, performance, customization, and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cyro Hirano
- Private Practice, CD Clínica Dermatológica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Bugallo
- Private Practice, Bugallo Centro de Estetica y Laser, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Cortés
- Private Practice, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud del Tec de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Julieta Spada
- Private Practice, Spada Dermatología y Estética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Mariana Muniz
- Private Practice, Mariana Muniz Dermatology, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Almeida AT, de Sanctis Pecora C, Marques ER, Contin L, de Almeida CT, da Cunha AL. Assessment of the Efficacy and Durability of IncobotulinumtoxinA in the Treatment of the Upper Face in Adult Women. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2024; 14:2093-2108. [PMID: 38954382 PMCID: PMC11333665 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-024-01216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) is used in the treatment of dynamic wrinkles and the aesthetic repositioning of facial structures. The duration of its muscular effect typically extends for around 4 months. However, the residual aesthetic benefit can be observed for a longer period. To date, the long-term aesthetic benefit of incobotulinumtoxinA in facial aesthetics has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate longitudinally the duration and aesthetic benefits of incobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of the upper face in adult women. METHODS A quasi-experimental, evaluator-blind, clinical trial involving 28 adult women (30-60 years old) with facial movement lines, undergoing treatment of the upper face with incobotulinumtoxinA by two injectors, following an individualized protocol (ONE21 and glabellar contraction patterns) was performed. Participants were evaluated on the day of the intervention (day 0) and days 30, 120, 180, and 240, and subjected to standardized photographs. The following outcomes were evaluated blindly at each visit: Merz Aesthetics Facial Contraction Scale (MAS), GAIS (Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale), and patient satisfaction. Adverse effects were evaluated at each visit. RESULTS Participants ranged in age from 30 to 60 years, 93% were self-declared white, and most of their baseline MAS scores for dynamic lines were moderate and severe. All the parameters presented significative reduction from baseline until day 180. At day 240, the dynamic MAS scores were lower than baseline for forehead lines in 15.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-30.0%) of the participants, for glabellar lines in 38.5% (95% CI 18.8-58.1%), and for crow's feet lines in 26.9% (95% CI 9.0-44.8%). Aesthetic improvement compared to baseline was identified in 35% (CI 95% 23‒50%) of the participants at day 240, and 62% (CI 95% 42‒81%) of the sample kept reporting some satisfaction with the procedure. CONCLUSION The aesthetic treatment of the upper face with incobotulinumtoxinA demonstrates enduring clinical benefits, and patient satisfaction lasting up to 180 days in most participants. The length of efficacy, which exceeded those reported in the literature, may be attributed to the use of techniques based on individualized assessment such as ONE21 and glabellar patterns of contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Trindade de Almeida
- Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- For Trials Pesquisa Clínica São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Elisa R Marques
- Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- For Trials Pesquisa Clínica São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Contin
- Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- For Trials Pesquisa Clínica São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Goodman GJ, Bagatin E. Photoaging and cosmeceutical solutions in sun-overexposed countries: The experience of Australia and Brazil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38 Suppl 4:36-44. [PMID: 38881450 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Skin aging is the result of physiological changes determined by genetically driven processes and intrinsic factors, and exacerbated by a combination of multiple environmental factors, the main one being sun exposure. The effects of photoaging are particularly apparent on the face, where the appearance of aging signs can have a significant impact on the emotions conveyed and well-being. Photoprotection and facial skin care for managing photoaging signs are thus of particular importance for both physical and mental health. Countries, like Australia and Brazil, where the level of sun exposure is high and the populations have predominantly outdoor lifestyles, are particularly aware of the harms of photoaging and have implemented several measures to help reduce the risk of skin cancer in their populations. However, sun-seeking behaviours are difficult to change, and it takes time before interventions provide perceptible results. Australia still has some of the highest skin cancer incidence and mortality rates in the world. Solutions that target individuals can also be used for minimizing the clinical signs of facial aging and for improving skin quality, with the ultimate aim being not only to improve the appearance of the skin but also to mitigate the occurrence of pre-malignant and malignant lesions. This review summarizes the features of facial skin photoaging in photo-exposed populations, based on evidence gained from studies of Australian individuals, and discusses the various available solutions for skin photoaging, in particular those that are most popular in Brazil, which is a country with many years of experience in managing photoaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Goodman
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- University College of London, London, UK
| | - Edileia Bagatin
- Department of Dermatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ismailoglu AV, Ismailoglu P, Aktekin M. Mapping the Vascular and Muscular Topography of the Glabellar Region: Implication for Improving Safety and Efficacy of the Glabellar Injections. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:1628-1634. [PMID: 37855934 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and filler injections into the highly vascularized glabellar region for aesthetical purposes are extremely common. Injections into the glabellar region without precise anatomical knowledge of its vascular and muscular topography may pose the risk of severe complications. OBJECTIVES We aimed to improve the safety and efficacy of the glabellar injections by mapping the regional muscles and vasculature in relation to the medial canthus and the defined reference lines. METHODS Meticulous dissection was performed to reveal glabellar region muscles and arteries under surgical microscope, in 16 hemifaces of whom arteries are injected with red-dyed latex. Location of the angular artery (AA) along with its branches was noted in relation to glabellar muscles. RESULTS The AA was always located superficial to the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (LLSAN) and then coursed toward the medial canthus to anastomose with the supratrochlear artery deep to the origin of the depressor supercilii (DS). The AA gave subcutaneously located central and paracentral branches coursing close to the mid-face line in 14 out of 16 hemifaces. Variable muscular connections were also present between the LLSAN, the DS and the procerus (P) muscles. No arteries were detected at the base of the medial eyebrow to which the DS, the P, and the frontalis (F) inserted. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a detailed map of muscular and vascular anatomy of the glabellar region to facilitate safe and efficient filler and BoNT injections without complications. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Veli Ismailoglu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Maltepe Basibuyuk Yolu, No:9, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Ismailoglu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Program, Fenerbahce University, Ataturk Mah. Atasehir Bulvarı, Metropol Istanbul, 34758, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Aktekin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Kayisdagi cad, Kerem Aydinlar Kampusu, No: 32, 34752, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
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Braccini F, Catoni I, Belfkira F, Lagier J, Roze E, Paris J, Huth J, Bronsard V, Cartier H, David M, Galatoire O, Obadia D, Sabatier H, Sarfati E, Kestemont P, Winter C, Redaelli A. SAMCEP Society consensus on the treatment of upper facial lines with botulinum neurotoxin type A: A tailored approach. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:2692-2704. [PMID: 37408173 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety and efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) treatments are well established, but injection techniques, target muscles, and toxin doses continue to evolve, with each refinement producing improvements in treatment outcomes. The recommendations in this consensus move away from standard templates and illustrate how to tailor treatments to individual patterns and strengths of muscle activity, and patient preferences. METHODS Seventeen experts in the fields of plastic surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, and neurology convened in 2022 to develop consensus-based recommendations for the use of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of horizontal forehead lines, glabellar frown lines, and crow's feet lines that reflect current clinical practice. The focus was on how to tailor injections to individual patients to optimize treatment outcomes. RESULTS For each upper face indication, consensus members describe how to perform a dynamic assessment to optimize the dose and injection technique for each patient. A tailored treatment protocol is presented for commonly observed patterns of dynamic lines. Units of Inco are defined and the precise location of injection points, illustrated with the use of anatomical images. CONCLUSION This consensus provides up-to-date recommendations on the tailored treatment of upper facial lines based on the latest research and collective clinical experience of the expert injectors. Optimal outcomes require thorough patient evaluation, both at rest and during animation, using both visual and tactile cues; detailed understanding of facial muscular anatomy and how opposing muscles interact; and use of a BoNTA with high precision to target identified zones of excess muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Catoni
- Private clinic, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - J Lagier
- Neurology hospital center, Paris, France
| | - E Roze
- Private clinic, Marseille, France
| | - J Paris
- Private clinic, Marseille, France
| | - J Huth
- Private clinic, Perigueux, France
| | | | | | - M David
- Private clinic, Metz, France
| | | | - D Obadia
- Neurology hospital center, Paris, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Preference in eyebrow shape has been studied in young women, but less so in older adults, men, and a wide variety of ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE To identify preference in eyebrow shape across age groups, genders, and ethnic groups for both the survey responder and the observed subject. METHODS Digital images of subjects from 3 age groups (18-39, 40-59, and 60+ years), 2 genders (female and male), and 4 self-identified ethnic backgrounds were edited to correspond to 5 brow shapes (Anastasia, head-up, horizontal, rounded, and tail-up). Panels of images representing the same subject with different brow shapes were displayed and responders ranked them in order of attractiveness via an online survey. RESULTS Six hundred fifty-two responders answered the survey. Survey responders generally preferred the Anastasia shape, but not in all subgroups. Strength of preference in eyebrow shape was more marked when observing images of women and less marked when observing men. CONCLUSION An arched brow, such as the Anastasia shape, was the preferred eyebrow shape. This study is limited by its survey nature, underrepresentation of self-identified Black study responders, and categorization of data. Despite these findings, the authors advocate determining eyebrow shape preference individually with patients during cosmetic consultations.
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da Cunha ALG, Vasconcelos R, Di Sessa D, Sampaio G, Ramalhoto P, Zampieri BF, Deus BS, Vasconcelos S, Bellote T, Carvalho J, Petrone G, Figueredo V, Limongi Moreira G. IncobotulinumtoxinA for the Treatment of Glabella and Forehead Dynamic Lines: A Real-Life Longitudinal Case Series. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:697-704. [PMID: 36987400 PMCID: PMC10040156 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s391709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Background There is substantial interpersonal variation in the patterns of muscular contraction that substantiates the use of personalized points of application and dosages in clinical practice to achieve optimal results. Nevertheless, there has been no real-life therapeutic series with botulinum toxin for aesthetic treatment of the face in which the subjects were systematically followed to assess its long-term benefit. Purpose To assess the performance and length of the treatment of glabellar and forehead lines with IncobotulinumtoxinA in a real-life setting. Patients and Methods We enrolled 20 adults with indications for the treatment of upper facial dynamic lines (glabella and forehead) with botulinum toxin. The protocols of injection points were personalized by the injectors. The participants were photographed under maximum facial contraction before the application (D0) and after 15, 90, 120, and 180 days. The photos were randomly assessed by two blinded experienced raters to consensually grade the dynamic lines according to the Merz Aesthetics Scales (MAS). Efficacy was defined as the reduction in the MAS score. Results At D15, 18 (90%; 95% CI: 80%-100%) participants reached the zero score, or a 2-point reduction on the MAS score from the forehead and 16 (80%; 95% CI: 65-90%) reached that reduction for the glabella. These values from D90 were 14 (70%; 95% CI: 55-85%) for both sites. At D120, these values were 11 (55%; 95% CI: 35-75%) and 8 (40%; 95% CI: 25-55%) for the forehead and glabella. At D180, 10 (50%; 95% CI: 30-70%) participants presented a MAS score for forehead or glabella dynamic lines lower than the score assessed at D0. Conclusion As much as 70% of the patients sustained a reduction of scores after 120 days of the treatment for dynamic glabellar and forehead lines. Half of the patients evidenced prolonged benefit at 180 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rossana Vasconcelos
- Nomina Clinica Médica De Cirurgia Plástica, Dermatologia e Oncologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Limongi Moreira
- DSL Clínica Médica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: Gustavo Limongi Moreira, DSL Clínica Médica, Rua Pamplona 145 / 1717, Jardim Paulista, Sao Paulo, SP, 01405-900, Brazil, Email
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Pecora CDS, Ferreira KV, Miot HA. The ONE21 technique for an individualized assessment and treatment of upper face wrinkles in five pairs of identical twins with IncobotulinumtoxinA. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:1940-1947. [PMID: 35201665 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial aging is a complex process, which, beyond a genetic predisposition, involves both physical and environmental factors. Even identical twins with the same genetic load may differ substantially in facial wrinkles and aging, demanding a personalized treatment approach. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the ONE21 technique as an excellent tool to a customized assessment and IncobotulinuntoxinA treatment to address phenotype discordances and epigenetic drifts in identical twins, expressed by different patterns of upper face muscle contractions and wrinkles intensity. PATIENTS / METHODS Five pairs of identical Caucasian twin sisters, from 30 to 45 years old, were evaluated for hyperfunctional upper facial wrinkles (forehead, glabella and periorbital), assessing the individual anatomy, muscle function and habitual facial movements of each patient. All the subjects were treated with the ONE21 technique using IncobotulinumtoxinA and reevaluated 30 days after the procedure. RESULTS Though the clinical-anatomical pattern of the forehead contraction was similar between the pairs, the strength of the muscles, the number and depth of wrinkles differed. This varied presentation demanded distinct points of distribution and dosages of incobotulinumtoxinA for all the twins, according to the ONE21 approach. The results 30 days after treatment were satisfactory in all the subjects. CONCLUSION The ONE21 technique allows an objective and careful evaluation of the wrinkles of the upper face, based on an individualized assessment, which may vary even in identical twins.
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Domínguez-Duarte A. Aesthetic implications of depressor supercilii muscle block with botulinum toxin type A. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:1374-1378. [PMID: 35175677 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When applying botulinum toxin in the upper third of the face, it is important to consider the balance between the elevator and depressor muscles of the eyebrows. Depressor supercilii muscle block leads to elevation of the medial portion of the eyebrow and correction of the oblique lines in the frown. OBJECTIVES The intention is to highlight the importance of the depressor supercilii muscle block as a useful tool to reposition the medial portion of the eyebrow. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three cases are presented, in whom botulinum toxin is applied conventionally and subsequently on the depressor supercilii muscle after the subjective sensation of flattening of the glabella and increasing distance between the eyebrows referred by the patients. RESULTS The application of botulinum toxin type A on the depressor supercilii muscle is an effective measure to facilitate the elevation of the medial portion of the eyebrow, after the conventional application in between the eyebrows treating the orbicularis, corrugator, and procerus muscles. CONCLUSIONS Depressor supercilii muscle block can be considered when applying botulinum toxin type A in the upper third of the face, in cases where there is loss of facial aesthetic harmony. This is given by the subjective perspective of the patient due to a change in the natural expression of their face with a sensation of flattening of the glabella and distancing of the medial portion of the eyebrows, occurring after the use of a conventional technique at that anatomical level, where patients may report a "feline" or "avatar" appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domínguez-Duarte
- Dermatologist, Universidad El Bosque.,Scientific Director of the Es Vital Dermatological Center
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Anatomical Injection Guidelines for Glabellar Frown Lines Based on Ultrasonographic Evaluation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010017. [PMID: 35050994 PMCID: PMC8778322 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is injected to treat glabellar frown lines, the corrugator supercilia muscle (CSM) and procerus muscles are the main targets. Although there have been many studies on the treatment of glabellar frown lines, no study has confirmed the dynamic movement under ultrasonography (US). This study examined and evaluated dynamic muscle movements under US, thereby providing more effective BoNT injection guidelines for glabellar frowning. Glabellar frowning was categorized as either Type A or B. Type A is the general frowning pattern in which vertical wrinkles are made by contracting the CSM and procerus muscles (81%, n = 13). On US images, the procerus muscle thickens and the bilateral CSMs contract. Type B is an upward frowning pattern demonstrating upward elevation of vertical wrinkles due to hyperactive contraction of the frontalis muscle during frowning (19%, n = 3). On US images, the hypoechoic frontalis muscle thickens, forming horizontal forehead lines. After BoNT injection into the CSM and frontalis muscle but not the procerus muscle, Type B patterns showed improvements in the vertical crease and horizontal forehead line. Both types showed improvement in glabellar frown lines after conventional injection, but the horizontal forehead line did not improve in Type B. Type B wrinkles improved after additional injections into the frontalis muscle. This study provided novel anatomical findings related to the injection of glabellar frown lines with BoNT. Preliminary analysis and optimized procedures using US will enable more effective and safer injections.
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Patil A, Kassir M, Wollina U, Goldust M. [New botulinum toxins for aesthetic dermatology : A comprehensive review]. Hautarzt 2021; 72:393-402. [PMID: 33822278 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Facial rejuvenation is gaining immense popularity among patients and clinicians. Botulinum toxins derived from bacteria are well-tolerated options as minimally invasive interventions for facial rejuvenation or other aesthetic procedures. These products have revolutionized aesthetic treatments. Several types of botulinum toxins (BoNT) are available. Currently type A and B are clinically used and only BoNT‑A products are approved for use for cosmetic indications in the Germany and the United States. Each product is unique in terms of its composition. Understanding the various BoNT‑A products is essential in choosing the optimal treatment for our patients. In this article we discuss different BoNT‑A products used for aesthetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - M Kassir
- Worldwide Laser Institute, Dallas, USA
| | - U Wollina
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - M Goldust
- Universitäts-Hautklinik, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Langenbeckstr.1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland.
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