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Aljohani K, Alqarni A, Harte M, Alghamdi R, Alzahrani S, Albuquerque R. Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer in Saudi Arabia: An Epidemiological Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1376. [PMID: 38592216 PMCID: PMC10932327 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of chronic oral mucosal diseases associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Multiple studies have investigated the prevalence of these conditions in multiple regions; however, there are limited data about the prevalence of OPMDs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This paper aims to review the prevalence of OPMDs in the KSA, to ensure better understanding of the population risk and propose a more standardised approach to the diagnosis and management of this group across the KSA. In addition, this review will discuss the prevalence of oral cancer in the KSA, considering independent risk factors for oral cancer development. Methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, Medscape, ScienceDirect, StatPearls, BMC Oral Health and the Cochrane Library were searched with the keywords "Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders"; "Saudi Arabia"; and "Oral Cancer". Identified articles were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers against defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: 16 studies were included in this review. The prevalence of OPMDs in KSA varies significantly depending on age, gender, social habits, background disease and dental status. Conclusions: This review highlights the need for up-to-date data on the prevalence, distribution, and characteristics of OPMDs in KSA. The diverse prevalence rates and distinct characteristics of various OPMDs emphasise the necessity for targeted preventive measures. As the data on OPMDs in KSA remains limited, future research efforts should prioritise the establishment of comprehensive epidemiological studies to inform effective public health interventions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Aljohani
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alqarni
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Molly Harte
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK; (M.H.); (R.A.)
| | - Rawia Alghamdi
- Independent Researcher, Jeddah 22335, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Saja Alzahrani
- Independent Researcher, Jeddah 22335, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Rui Albuquerque
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK; (M.H.); (R.A.)
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Leigh O, Akinyamoju AO, Ogun GO, Okoje VN. Spectrum of Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Biopsies at the Foremost Tertiary Institution in The Gambia: A Retrospective Review. JOURNAL OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2023; 13:1-5. [PMID: 37538206 PMCID: PMC10395849 DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_168_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa has a heavy burden of oral diseases and cancers. Also, there is a dearth of published records of oral pathology services in The Gambia. Therefore, this review aimed to determine the prevalence of biopsied oral and maxillofacial lesions in order to ascertain the uptake of oral histopathology services at the foremost tertiary institution in The Gambia. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study performed at the Pathology Department of Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital. Reports of all oral and maxillofacial biopsies submitted for the period 2012 to 2021 were reviewed and data were extracted. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26. Results Total number of biopsy reports was 158 representing 0.02% over the study period. The mean age of patients was 34.3 ± 19.7 years, the 3rd decade was the peak age of presentation and male-to-female ratio was 1:1.6. Majority (65/41.1%) of the cases were benign neoplastic lesions, and the mandible was the most (21/13.3%) common site of biopsy. Reactive lesions were the predominant (34/21.5%) group and squamous cell carcinoma had the highest (24/15.3%) number of lesions while odontogenic tumours constituted six cases only (3.8%). Conclusion The findings of this study showed low uptake of oral histopathology services while biopsied oral and maxillofacial lesions were prevalent in female patients in the third decade of life. Also, the mandible was the most affected site whereas benign neoplastic diagnoses were most common. However, this study recorded a higher proportion of malignancies than some previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Leigh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Sciences, American International University West Africa, The Gambia
| | | | - Gabriel O Ogun
- Department of Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of The Gambia/Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Victoria Nwebuni Okoje
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Mohammad DN, Ibraheem BF, Khudair HH, Mahmood DK. Expression of Syndecan-1 and Cyclin D1 in Salivary Gland Tumors in Relation to Clinicopathological Parameters. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:823-835. [PMID: 36883123 PMCID: PMC9985872 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s401747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary tumors have various morphological features and might share some histopathological findings. They are considered a problematic area in diagnosis due to complex clinicopathological features and different biological behavior. Objective To identify the pathological behavior of salivary tumors immunohistochemically. Methodology This retrospective study involved thirty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of salivary gland tumors. These tumors were stained immunohistochemically with syndecan-1 and cyclin D1. Chi-Square test was used to relate immunoscoring, intracellular localization, intensity, and invasion to different salivary tumors. The correlation of these two markers was done by spearman's rho test. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of the patients was 48.69 ± 17.7. The parotid gland was the most commonly reported site in benign tumors, and regarding malignant tumors, maxilla was the most prevalent site. Syndecan-1 in benign tumors showed a predominate score 3, most widely detected in pleomorphic adenoma. Malignant salivary tumors showed 89.4% positive expression with a more frequent score 3, most commonly found in adenocystic carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expressed in all benign salivary tumors, with prominent diffuse mixed intracellular localization in pleomorphic adenoma. Malignant tumors revealed an expression of 94.7%. Moderate scoring with mixed intracellular localization was recorded in adenocystic carcinoma, followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma. There was a significant correlation between the two markers in response to the distribution of immunostaining in different cell compartments. Conclusion Syndecan-1 and cyclin D1 showed a significant combined role in salivary tumor progression. Interestingly notable ductal-myoepithelial cells affect epithelial morphogenesis, and growth of pleomorphic adenoma was observed. Furthermore, basophilic cells of cribriform adenocystic carcinomas might control the aggressiveness and proliferation rate of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Nadhim Mohammad
- Oral Pathology, Oral Diagnosis Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Ban Falih Ibraheem
- Oral Pathology, Oral Diagnosis Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Hassanain Hafidh Khudair
- General Pathology, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Darya Khalid Mahmood
- Oral Pathology, Oral Diagnosis Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
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de Almeida CG, Freitas F, Francisco H, Marques JA, Caramês J. Oral biopsies in a Portuguese population: A 20-year clinicopathological study in a university clinic. J Clin Exp Dent 2022; 14:e1024-e1031. [PMID: 36601247 PMCID: PMC9799996 DOI: 10.4317/jced.59688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Performing a biopsy is very important in oral medicine and the anatomopathological examination is fundamental to obtain or to confirm the diagnosis in oral and maxillofacial pathology. The purpose of this study is to analyse the frequency and characteristic patterns of biopsied oromaxillofacial lesions in a Portuguese population. Material and Methods A descriptive statistical analysis of the data from the anatomopathological reports of the biopsies performed between 1999 and 2019 at the university clinic of the Faculty of Dental Medicine of the University of Lisbon was performed, regarding the patient's gender and age, type of biopsy, location of lesions, clinical and histological diagnosis, and the results were obtained. Association relationships were studied using the chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis test to correlate variables. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results From a total sample of 1448 patients, 826 (57.1%) were female, 610 (42.1%) were male, and 12 (0.8%) had no gender information, with a mean age of 50.14 years (standard deviation ± 17.61). The preferred location was the buccal mucosa, vestibule fundus and alveolar mucosa (20.7%). Benign lesions (BL) were the most common, in 82,8% of the cases, followed by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) in 15,5%, and finally, malignant lesions (ML) in 1.7%. Focal fibrous hyperplasia was the most frequent diagnosis in the total sample (25.6%). In the young group, the most common entity was mucocele (34.0%), with a predominance of the lower lip (32.9%). In OPMD, leukoplakia was the most frequently diagnosed (48,7%). The most common ML was squamous cell carcinoma (92.0%), appearing mainly in the tongue (34.8%). A statistically significant relation between ML and older age was found. Conclusions This study included biopsies analysed over a period of 20 years, being BL the main pathology to affect the oral cavity. Although less frequent, OPMD and ML should not be neglected and must be correctly diagnosed and treated. Key words:Oral biopsies, Oral and maxillofacial pathology, Oral medicine, Clinicopathological analysis, Epidemiological study, University clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe Freitas
- DS, PhD. Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Francisco
- DS, PhD. Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João A. Marques
- DS, PhD. Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Caramês
- DS, PhD. Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Agrawal R, Chandra A, Singh J, Khairnar MR, Jain T, Raja D, Tumpuri S, Naveen Kumar PG. Patterns of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions in Eastern Uttar Pradesh Region: A Retrospective Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Aly MM, Abdul-Aziz MAWM, Elchaghaby MA. A retrospective analysis of oral and maxillofacial pathological lesions in a group of Egyptian children over 21 years. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:2. [PMID: 34996437 PMCID: PMC8742446 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-02037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The goal of the current study was to evaluate the relative frequency of oral and maxillofacial pathological lesions among Egyptian children. Materials and methods Records of biopsies submitted to the department of oral and maxillofacial pathology from the year 1999 to 2019 were retrieved and reassessed for all cases under the age of 18 years. Information on age, sex, location of the lesion, and the histopathologic diagnosis was analyzed. Results Over the course of twenty-one years, 1108 specimens were analyzed where reactive soft tissue lesions, which accounted for 397 (35.8%) of all cases ranked the highest presented category, followed by inflammatory odontogenic cysts, which accounted for 213 cases (19.2%). With 208 cases, the inflammatory radicular cyst was on the top of the most common 20 lesions, followed by pyogenic granuloma (160 cases). Malignancy was found in 19 cases, with soft tissue tumors (10 cases) being the most common, followed by salivary gland (5 cases) and bone pathologies (4 cases). Conclusions The frequency of oral and maxillofacial pathological lesions among Egyptian children increased over the years but remained consistent with global trends. Clinical relevance This is the first study evaluating the relative frequency of oral and maxillofacial pathological lesions among Egyptian children and provides an insight into the most commonly encountered pediatric pathologies. This may aid in the understanding of the most prevalent oral lesions that impact the pediatric population, as well as providing the key to early detection of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Mohsen Aly
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Marwa Aly Elchaghaby
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Fuoad SAA, Mohammad DN, Hamied MAS, Garib BT. Oro-facial malignancy in north of Iraq: a retrospective study of biopsied cases. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:147. [PMID: 33752665 PMCID: PMC7986379 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying the prevalence of orofacial malignancies is essential to provide health-care programs and services for a specific population. This study aimed to specify the prevalence, clinical and histopathological features of oral malignancies in Sulaimani for over 12 years. Methods All archived reports for orofacial specimens from 2008 to 2019 were collected from three major centers in Sulaimani governorate. The demographic data, date, type of surgery, lesion's site, and diagnosis were recorded. The ICD-10 coding was specified for each case. A Chi-square test was used to assess differences between genders. A one-way ANOVA test was applied to analyze the differences in mean age distributions among different sites of oral malignancies and oral squamous cell carcinoma histopathological grades. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Orofacial malignant lesions account for 14.53% of the total sample. Patients' mean age was (55.46 ± 18.48) years, and they were predominantly males (M: F ratio = 1.15:1). The tongue was the frequently affected site (14.8%). A Chi-square test showed no significant difference between genders concerning age (P = 0.118), years of registration (P = 0.28), and site (P = 0.29). The C06 (represents; cheek mucosa C06.0, the vestibule of mouth C06.1, retromolar area C06.2, and other unspecified parts of mouth C06.8) was the most frequent topographical ICD-code (18.1%). Carcinoma was a frequent malignancy (63.2%). OSCC was the most common lesion (56.4%). It commonly affects males, and the tongue was the frequent site (24.1%) followed by lip (17.8%).
Conclusions There is a slight increase in the registered oral malignancies in Sulaimani city over 12 years; they were predominated in males, in 61–70 years old patients, and being oral squamous cell carcinoma types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sura Ali Ahmed Fuoad
- Oral Medicine, Diagnostic and Surgical Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Dena Nadhim Mohammad
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral Diagnosis Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Marwa Abdul-Salam Hamied
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral Diagnosis Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Balkees Taha Garib
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral Diagnosis Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Alsharif MT, Alsharif AT, Krsoum MA, Aljohani MA, Qadiri OM, Alharbi AA, Al-Maweri SA, Warnakulasuriya S, Kassim S. Trend Analysis of Head and Neck Neoplasms between 2012-2018 in Patients Residing in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:509-514. [PMID: 33622006 PMCID: PMC8382446 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study sought to present a view of head and neck neoplasms (HNN) prevalence with specific focus on sociodemographic determinants in Al-Madinah Province, Saudi Arabia.
Materials and Methods
This was a hospital-based retrospective study based on retrieval of histopathological data for a period of 6 years between 2012 and 2018. Data was collected from the archives of the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Laboratory at King Fahad Hospital (the only referral center for biopsy services) in Al-Madinah City.
Statistical Analysis
An independent
t
-test and/or nonparametric (Mann–Whitney U test, chi-squared test) tests were used to determine the differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at the
p
-value < 0.05.
Results
Out of 96 patients, a total of 58 patients had valid biopsy data with preoperative diagnosis. Over three quarters of the cases (
n
= 44) were benign with only 24% were malignant. Males were more likely to be diagnosed with a benign tumor than females (54.5 vs. 45.6%, respectively), and malignancy was also more common in males (64.3 vs. 24.1). A significant difference was found in relation to mean age of older patients who were more likely to be diagnosed with malignant tumors (
p
= 0.001).
Conclusions
The findings suggest that most of biopsied HNN cases are benign neoplasms. Age is a significant risk factor for head and neck malignancy in this region. Delays in diagnosis of HNN need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha T Alsharif
- Oral Diagnostic Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alla T Alsharif
- Preventive Dental Sciences, Taibah University Dental College and Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid A Krsoum
- Taibah University Dental College and Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen A Aljohani
- Taibah University Dental College and Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M Qadiri
- Taibah University Dental College and Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim A Alharbi
- Taibah University Dental College and Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of Health, Salah Al-Din Primary Health Center, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadeq A Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Kassim
- Preventive Dental Sciences, Taibah University Dental College and Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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