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Alonazi MA, Algarni HA, Alqarni MNS, Almaeen SH, Iqbal A, Khattak O. Unmasking caries risk: a multi-regional study in Saudi Arabia. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:874. [PMID: 39095892 PMCID: PMC11295304 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries are common and troublesome and may affect individuals' health conditions. It is crucial to comprehend the caries experience for prevention, management, and enhancing oral health. Techniques such as CAMBRA can help assess an individual's risk factors for caries lesions. This study aims to assess the caries risk in five distinct regions of Saudi Arabia, utilizing the CAMBRA methodology. METHODS This multiregional cross-sectional study was conducted at university dental clinics across the five regions of Saudi Arabia, using a Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) tool. This study used binary logistic regression analysis, the Pearson Chi-square test, and descriptive analysis as statistical methods. RESULTS A total of 551 respondents participated in the study, with 59.7% being male and 40.3% being female. The age group with the highest proportion was 20-29, making up 31.6% of the participants. All participants exhibited at least one caries lesion (100%), with white spots (66.4%) and enamel lesions (56.1%) being the most prevalent. The moderate-risk category encompassed the largest proportion of participants, accounting for 60% of the total. High caries risk had a significant association with age group (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), profession (P < 0.001), and socio-economic status (P < 0.001). Furthermore, only age and socio-economic status showed a significant relationship with high caries risk in the multiple logistic regression. CONCLUSION The CAMBRA tool indicates a high prevalence of moderate risk across the five regions of Saudi Arabia, identifying age and socio-economic status as significant predictors of caries risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshal Aber Alonazi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hmoud Ali Algarni
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saud Hamdan Almaeen
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Osama Khattak
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
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Sá G, Braga MM, Junior JM, Ekstrand K, Ribeiro M, Bönecker M. The professional perception of the International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS): a pragmatic randomised clinical trial. Br Dent J 2024:10.1038/s41415-024-7510-9. [PMID: 38902437 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-024-7510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS) was developed to standardise caries diagnosis, risk assessment and treatment decisions based on overall evidence. To evaluate its criteria in practice, a clinical trial assessed professionals' perceptions of two caries management systems.Methods A perception questionnaire was administered to two groups: one using ICCMS criteria and the other based on professional experience criteria (non-ICCMS group). The online questionnaire included quantitative scale questions to measure effort and satisfaction and two open-ended questions to collect the positive and negative perceptions of dentists by using either criteria system. The questionnaires were administered six months after the study's implementation.Results Both groups showed high levels of effort and satisfaction. Professionals using ICCMS reported more positive perceptions by citing improved diagnosis (71.4%) and standardised patient care (43%). However, they also noted negative aspects, such as increased number of questionnaires and records (58%), longer clinical sessions (43%) and higher rates of patient absenteeism (29%).Conclusion Professionals who used the ICCMS had a positive outlook on the system, with benefits seen in diagnosis and patient monitoring. However, there is room for improvement in terms of automation and simplification to enhance the professional use of the system in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sá
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Department of Paediatric Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Minatel Braga
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Department of Paediatric Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Kim Ekstrand
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matheus Ribeiro
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Department of Paediatric Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bönecker
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Department of Paediatric Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Aboubakr RM, Alkhadragy DM, Okda MMES, Rady HWM, Elnagar RM. Predictors of Caries Risk among Egyptian Children Attending Pediatric Dental Clinics at a University Hospital. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 11:219-228. [PMID: 37533660 PMCID: PMC10393090 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_128_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Dental caries is the most prevalent dental disease. The external validity of the available caries risk assessment (CRA) tools is not established, especially among pediatric population. Objectives To assess caries risk using the caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA) protocol among Egyptian children aged 3-12 years and suggest variables that could potentially be used to develop a simpler CRA model. Materials and Methods For this cross-sectional study, we recruited 320 children aged 3 to <6 years (Group I) and 320 children aged 6-12 years (Group II). CAMBRA was used to collect data about disease indicators, biological and environmental factors, and protective factors among study participants. Each child was examined clinically to collect data about past caries experiences and to measure plaque scores. Results The risk of caries was high in 92.5% of Group I and 83.4% of Group II participants. The overall dmft was 5.71 ± 3.18 for Group I and 4.78 ± 2.53 for Group II. In Group I, a significant positive relation was found between the overall mean caries risk score and past caries experience (dmft; r = 0.344, P < 0.001) and mean plaque index (r = 0.463, P < 0.001). In Group II, a significant positive relation was found between the overall mean caries risk score and dmft score (r = 0.511, P < 0.001), S. mutans count (r = 234, P < 0.001), Lactobacilli count (r = 0.316, P < 0.001), and plaque index (r = 0.463, P < 0.001). Participants' age, parents' education, and parents' occupation had a negative significant effect on the overall mean caries risk score. Conclusion This study suggests predictors that can be used in the development of a new CRA model for children aged 3-12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabaa Mahmoud Aboubakr
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Mohsen Alkhadragy
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mai Monuir El Said Okda
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hadeer Wael Mohamed Rady
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rasha Mokhtar Elnagar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Martignon S, Cortes A, Gamboa LF, Jácome-Liévano S, Arango-De-la-Cruz MC, Cifuentes-Aguirre OL, Fortich-Mesa N, Ramos-Martínez K, Sanjuán-Acero J, Alfaro L, Mejía L, Usuga-Vacca M. Effectiveness of the ICCMS caries management system for children: a 3-year multicentre randomised controlled trial. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:501-512. [PMID: 35166190 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2022.2038263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This 3-year multicentre randomised controlled trial compared, in 6-7-year-old Colombian children, the effectiveness of the ICCMS (International Caries Classification and Management System) with a conventional caries-management system (CCMS) in terms of individual caries-risk, caries lesions, and secondarily, oral-health-related knowledge/attitudes/practices, and number of appointments. MATERIAL AND METHODS With ethical approval, 240 6-7-year olds from six Colombian clinics were recruited. Trained examiners conducted the following baseline/follow-up assessments: Caries risk (Cariogram-ICCMS); caries severity/activity staging (ICDAS-merged combined radiographic/visual); sealants/fillings/missing teeth, and oral-health-related knowledge, attitudes and practices. Children received their randomly allocated (ICCMS/CCMS) care from dental practitioners. Outcomes: caries-risk control (children); caries-progression control (tooth surfaces); oral-health-related knowledge/attitudes/practices improvement (parents/children), and appointments' number (children). Descriptive and non-parametric/parametric bivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Three-year-follow-up: n = 187 (77.9%; ICCMS: n = 92; CCMS: n = 95) disclosed a baseline-to-3-year overall high-caries-risk children decrease (ICCMS: 60.9-0%, p < .001; CCMS: 54.7-5.3%, p < .001) (p > .05). ICCMS versus CCMS showed: fewer tooth-surface caries progression (6.2% vs 7.1%, p = .010) and fewer active-caries lesions (49.8% vs. 59.1%, p < .05); higher proportion of children with ≥2/day fluoride-toothpaste tooth-brushing practice (p < .05); similar mean number of appointments (10.9 ± 5.9 vs. 10.0 ± 3.8, p = .15). CONCLUSION Both caries-management systems showed similar effectiveness in caries-risk control, with ICCMS more effectively controlling tooth-surface caries progression and improving toothbrushing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Martignon
- UNICA – Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Cortes
- UNICA – Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Fernando Gamboa
- UNICA – Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sofia Jácome-Liévano
- UNICA – Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Natalia Fortich-Mesa
- School of Dentistry, Corporación Universitaroa Rafael Núñez, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Johanna Sanjuán-Acero
- Paedriatric Dentistry Department, Fundación Universitaria de Colegios de Colombia (UNICOC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lizelia Alfaro
- UNICA – Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lofthy Mejía
- UNICA – Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Margarita Usuga-Vacca
- UNICA – Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
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Iqbal A, Khattak O, Chaudhary FA, Onazi MAA, Algarni HA, AlSharari T, Alshehri A, Mustafa M, Issrani R, Alghamdi EYM, Alghamdi AYA, Balubaid NOA. Caries Risk Assessment Using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the General Population of Sakaka, Saudi Arabia—A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031215. [PMID: 35162239 PMCID: PMC8835184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Caries risk assessment is a useful tool in caries prevention and management. Using a tool such as CAMBRA, every individual can be assessed according to his or her disease indicators, risk factors, and protective factors for the current and future caries. Aim: This study aimed to assess caries risk among the general population of Sakaka, Saudi Arabia using the CAMBRA protocol. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at university dental clinics using a questionnaire that was formulated using the CAMBRA caries risk assessment tool; afterwards, all 160 participants were intra-orally examined to assess oral hygiene status and presence of disease. Independent t-tests, ANOVAs, and chi-square tests were performed for analysis. Results: The majority of participants had one or more disease indicators, with white spots and visible cavities (71.3%), and the most commonly present risk factor was visible heavy plaque on teeth (82.5%). The use of fluoridated toothpaste (92.5%) was the most common protective factor. The majority of participants (85%) were in the ‘High’ category of Caries risk assessment. The prevalence of high caries risk was significantly higher among the rural participants compared to the urban (p <0.05), and significantly fewer of those with a primary school education level or lower were in the high dental caries risk group compared to the other educational categories (p <0.001). Conclusion: The caries risk among the general population of Sakaka, Saudi Arabia, is high, with significant variation among age groups, education levels, and geographical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Opertative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (O.K.); (M.A.A.O.); (H.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Osama Khattak
- Department of Opertative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (O.K.); (M.A.A.O.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry (SOD), Federal Medical Teaching Institution (FMTI)/PIMS, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Meshal Aber Al Onazi
- Department of Opertative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (O.K.); (M.A.A.O.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hmoud Ali Algarni
- Department of Opertative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (O.K.); (M.A.A.O.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Thani AlSharari
- Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Alshehri
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Rakhi Issrani
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
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