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Evanjelin PJ, Tn U. Elongated Styloid Process Evaluation Using Panoramic Radiography in Patients With Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Retrospective Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e60781. [PMID: 38903350 PMCID: PMC11188970 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic condition primarily affecting the buccal mucosa, characterized by fibrotic changes, scarring, and precancerous lesions. Pathologically, it involves inflammation, collagen deposition, and muscular degeneration. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of elongated styloid process (ESP) in patients diagnosed with OSMF, contributing to the understanding of anatomical variations in this population. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of Saveetha Dental College. We collected records of OSMF patients from 2021 to 2023, which included panoramic radiographs. We evaluated the presence, type, and grading of ESP alongside OSMF grades using standardized classifications. Results Out of 125 OSMF patients, 67 (53.6%) had ESP. Type I ESP was most prevalent (83.58%). Bilateral occurrences were more common (52.2%) than unilateral (41.79%). On both sides, type I ESP predominated significantly. Among unilateral cases, left-side occurrences were slightly more frequent. Type I ESP remained predominant regardless of laterality. Conclusion The study highlights the high prevalence of ESP, predominantly type I, in OSMF patients, with bilateral occurrences more common. These findings provide valuable insights into the anatomical variations associated with OSMF, contributing to clinical understanding and potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jency Evanjelin
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Umamaheswari Tn
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Frugone-Zambra R, Berzaghi A, Gómez-Álvarez J, Bianchi A, Bortolini S. Eagle and Ernest syndromes: a scoping review. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2024; 73:119-130. [PMID: 36197280 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.22.04724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ossification disorders can affect the stylohyoid ligament as well the stylomandibular ligament. The symptomathology between those syndromes and other pathologies it has been a problem because there is not a guideline. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION With the aim to establish prevalence, diagnosis and etiopathogenesis of Eagle and Ernest syndromes, a scoping review was performed base on PRISMA criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS To review stylohyoid ligament and Eagle Syndrome 93 articles were selected. Three articles regarding the stylomandibular ligament and Ernest Syndrome were founded and selected. CONCLUSIONS Both syndromes should be clinically diagnosed and corroborate with imaging (2D or 3D), although imaging in Ernest Syndrome is not clear as well in Eagle Syndrome. A decisional algorithm for diagnosis of Eagle Syndrome and Ernest Syndrome is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Berzaghi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine and Dentistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine and Dentistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sergio Bortolini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine and Dentistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Assiri Ahmed H, Estrugo-Devesa A, Roselló Llabrés X, Egido-Moreno S, López-López J. The prevalence of elongated styloid process in the population of Barcelona: a cross-sectional study & review of literature. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:674. [PMID: 37723455 PMCID: PMC10507983 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Styloid process (SP) is a cylindrical bony projection that originates from the inferior part of the petrous temporal bone just anteriorly to the stylomastoid foramen. Several nerves, muscles, and ligaments are related closely to the (SP). It is considered elongated when the measurement exceeds 30 mm. The overall prevalence of the styloid process is between 3.3% to 84.4%. The elongation of the styloid process (ESP) is associated with the manifestation of Eagle's Syndrome (ES) which is characterized by various types of pain in the head and neck region such as headache, tinnitus, otalgia, and trigeminal neuralgia. Eagle's syndrome occurs in 4-10.3% of individuals with an elongated styloid process (ESP). The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of (ESP) in the patients who were treated in the Dental Hospital University of Barcelona (HOUB), to review the literature to spot the light on the different demographic data worldwide. METHODS The archived panoramic image in the University of Barcelona dental Hospital were consecutively retrieved to investigate the prevalence of (ESP). Of all digital panoramic radiographs (OPG), 400 met the inclusion criteria and were furtherly analyzed. The results are correlated with the participant's gender, age, and occurrence. Age is subcategorized into three groups. A chi-square test is used to measure the significant differences and the P-value is set at < 0.05 for the level of significance. RESULTS Among the included 400, we found 291 demonstrating (ESP). The prevalence of (ESP) which exceeds 30 mm is 72.75%. It is found that the most common morphological type is type 1 which is regarded as the uninterrupted (ESP) regardless of gender and age group. Concerning the calcification pattern, the most prevalent is the partial calcified (ESP) despite genders and age groups. CONCLUSION (OPG) is a sufficient tool for the screening of the elongated styloid process. Regarding the prevalence, our results are considered higher than previously reported prevalence in different populations using (OPG) radiography tool. A study on a wider spectrum of the Spanish population is recommended to further investigate the correlation between the elongated styloid process and the occurrence of Eagle's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Assiri Ahmed
- Odontological Hospital University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Departamento de Odontoestomatología, Pabellón de Gobierno, Campus Universitario de Bellvitge - Universidad de Barcelona, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Albert Estrugo-Devesa
- Odontological Hospital University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Departamento de Odontoestomatología, Pabellón de Gobierno, Campus Universitario de Bellvitge - Universidad de Barcelona, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain.
| | - Xavier Roselló Llabrés
- Odontological Hospital University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Departamento de Odontoestomatología, Pabellón de Gobierno, Campus Universitario de Bellvitge - Universidad de Barcelona, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Sonia Egido-Moreno
- Odontological Hospital University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Departamento de Odontoestomatología, Pabellón de Gobierno, Campus Universitario de Bellvitge - Universidad de Barcelona, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - José López-López
- Odontological Hospital University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Departamento de Odontoestomatología, Pabellón de Gobierno, Campus Universitario de Bellvitge - Universidad de Barcelona, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
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Al-Khanati NM, Taha DH, Kara Beit Z. Prevalence and Characteristics of Eagle's Syndrome in a Syrian Population: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e44853. [PMID: 37809130 PMCID: PMC10560070 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Elongation of the styloid process causes different symptoms with varying degrees of severity in some people. This elongation can be detected haply during routine reading of panoramic X-ray. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence rate of Eagle's syndrome among a population from Damascus, Syria, and to evaluate the accompanying clinical symptoms. Methods This is a descriptive epidemiological study including 3,962 patients who attended one of the many dental clinics of educational and/or healthcare institutions in Damascus. All digital panoramic radiographs were reviewed, and the styloid processes were measured and assessed for elongation. Patients with styloid process of more than 3 cm in length were contacted and their consents were obtained to participate in the study to assess the presence of clinical symptoms. Results Radiographic elongation of the styloid process was found in 179 out of the 3,962 assessed dental records (prevalence rate was 4.5%). Length ranged from 30 to 90 mm, with an average of 55.9 mm. Of the patients with elongated styloid process, 10.2% had undergone tonsillectomy. All patients who underwent tonsil surgeries were symptomatic with at least three of the studied symptoms. Symptoms included peri-orbital pain (40.9%), orbital pain (35.2%), neck and shoulders pain (52.3%), ipsilateral headache (58%), earache (30.7%), tinnitus (37.5%), articular clicking (29.5%), throat pain (31.8%), globus sensation (22.7%), and dysphagia (21.6%). Conclusions The prevalence of Eagle's syndrome according to this study was 4.5%. Patients who had undergone tonsillectomy were more likely to be more symptomatic. The most common symptom was severe headache (migraine) on the same side of styloid elongation. Panoramic radiography is a low-cost means that can be helpful in the diagnosis of vague pain and symptoms caused by Eagle's syndrome in the head and neck regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuraldeen M Al-Khanati
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, SYR
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Damascus, SYR
| | - Dunia H Taha
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, SYR
| | - Zafin Kara Beit
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, SYR
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Vernon LF. A Case of Eagle Syndrome in a Chiropractic Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e38426. [PMID: 37143857 PMCID: PMC10152510 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eagle syndrome is a rare condition that is characterized by, among other things, pain in the face and neck, with the majority of cases being unilateral and isolated to the lower jaw. It is not uncommon for the pain to radiate to the ear. Symptoms can be constant or intermittent and may increase with yawning or rotation of the head, causing Eagle syndrome to be frequently misdiagnosed. The objective of this report is to summarize the symptoms, diagnostic workup, necessary imaging, and management of Eagle syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard F Vernon
- Clinical Sciences, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Spartanburg, USA
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Saric H, Pavelin S, Gavic L, Jerkovic K, Tadin A, Galic I, Saric Z, Jerkovic D. Possible influence of styloid process length on isolated vertigo of unknown aetiology. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 224:107544. [PMID: 36455302 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eagle syndrome or styloid process syndrome is a clinical condition of complex aetiology. Since, as a consequence of vascular compression,due to the length of the styloid process and its nearness to the internal carotid artery,it can lead to vertigo. Vertigo may be the only symptom of stylocarotid syndrome and it is extremely challenging diagnose.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that measures the lengths of styloid process on the Croatian population's,and possible influence of styloid process length on isolated vertigo of unknown aetiology. METHODS This study included 829 subjects who were divided into two groups.The first group was the control group, consisting of 800 subjects.The second group, study group, consisted of 29 subjects who suffered from the vertigo of unknown aetiology. RESULTS The statistically significant difference between the study and the control group was observed in the length of the styloid process, and in the closest distance of the styloid process from the carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS The prolonged styloid process and its close association with the internal carotid artery may affect vertigo of unknown aetiology and should be clinically and radiographically investigated in cases of unexplained vertigo as an isolated and only symptom within stylocarotid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Saric
- Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Sanda Pavelin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Lidia Gavic
- Department of Restorative Dental Medicine and Endodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Kristian Jerkovic
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Antonija Tadin
- Department of Restorative Dental Medicine and Endodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Galic
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Saric
- Study of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Daniel Jerkovic
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
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Al-Amad SH, Al Bayatti S, Alshamsi HA. Stylohyoid Ligament Calcification and Its Association With Dental Diseases. Int Dent J 2022; 73:151-156. [PMID: 35902309 PMCID: PMC9875230 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This research aimed at investigating the relationship between calcification of the stylohyoid ligaments (SHLs) and odontogenic inflammatory events. METHODS Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 175 patients were retrospectively assessed for presence of SHL calcifications. Frequencies of 4 types of odontogenic inflammatory events were assessed using the same scans, namely dental extractions, root canal treatments, furcation lesions, and periapical lesions. Patients were telephone-interviewed and asked about histories of tonsillectomy and head and neck trauma. Mann-Whitney U and binary logistic regression tests were used to assess associations between SHL calcification and mean ranks of odontogenic inflammatory events. RESULTS Calcification of SHLs was detected in 71 (41%) and 58 (33%) patients on the right and left sides, respectively. Tonsillectomy and trauma were reported in 14% and 10% of the sample, respectively. Amongst all inflammatory events, root canal treatments were significantly associated with SHL calcification (U = 2755; Z = -2.1; P = .035). This association was independent from patient age, tonsillectomy, trauma, and other inflammatory events (odds ratio, 1.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.4; P = .036). CONCLUSIONS This study presents new evidence that intra-oral inflammatory events, particularly related to root canal treatments, have a stronger association with SHL dystrophic calcification than that associated with traditional predisposing factors (ie, old age, tonsillectomy, and trauma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail H. Al-Amad
- Corresponding author. College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Room M28-132, Sharjah, UAE.
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Khatri M, Jha R, Pathan F, Solanki M, Tandel H. An epidemiological study of elongation of styloid process in the saurashtra population: A retrospective radiographic digital orthopantomographic study. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Occurrence of the Elongated Styloid Process on Digital Panoramic Radiographs in the Riyadh Population. Radiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:6097795. [PMID: 34804609 PMCID: PMC8601818 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6097795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with an elongated styloid process might present with dysphagia and pain in the cervicofacial region. These patients could be misdiagnosed as other orofacial pathologies. Aim The present study attempted to assess the prevalence of the elongated styloid process on digital panoramic radiographs in the Riyadh population. Materials and Methods The present prospective randomized study was conducted on the panoramic digital radiographs of 300 randomly selected patients visiting a private dental hospital to identify any elongation of the styloid process. Only the radiographs without any magnification errors were considered. The styloid process length was measured using the Sidexis measuring tool and entered in an Excel spreadsheet with other demographic data. A length beyond 30 mm was considered styloid process elongation. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results The symptoms of styloid process elongation were higher among females (78.6%), and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 7.182; P=0.007). No statistically significant association was observed between styloid process elongation and symptoms between different age groups. Females exhibited a significant longer mean length of the styloid process than males. The present study exhibited a 27.3% prevalence for the elongation and calcification of the styloid process. Conclusion Given the significant prevalence of the elongated styloid process in our study, we recommend it to be considered as one of the differential diagnosis for pain or discomfort in the orofacial region.
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Prevalence and features of elongated styloid process on imaging studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1199-1215. [PMID: 34800204 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of the elongated styloid process (ESP) and its characteristics, such as sex and age of the patient, unilateral and bilateral incidence, besides variations between different populations and panoramic and CBCT examinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search was performed in six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Lilacs, and Embase) to identify observational studies that used imaging exams and assessed ESP prevalence among panoramic radiograph CBCT examinations, whose transversal prevalence studies were included. Furthermore, studies with a specific group of patients or symptomatic patients were excluded. Additionally, Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. A meta-analysis was conducted, then subgroup analyses were performed by grouping studies according to the secondary outcomes, with a significance level set at 5%. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system was used to rate the certainty in the evidence. RESULTS The initial search resulted in 1635 studies, from which 39 articles met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 50,655 participants. The sample size varied between 82 and 5,000 participants. The prevalence of the ESP ranged from 1.3 to 94.8%, with an overall prevalence of 30.2%. The bilateral occurrence was higher than the unilateral one, but no significant predilection was observed according to sex, age, or population. The type of imaging examination also showed no difference in its detection. CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of ESP was 30.2%, with a propensity for bilaterality, but not for any sex, age, or population geographic location. The imaging examination modality did not influence the diagnosis of ESP. However, the quality level of the studies evaluated was very low, demonstrating the need for more homogeneous primary studies on the prevalence of the ESP with a more standardized methodology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE There is no consensus in the literature regarding the prevalence of the ESP and the characteristics of the affected patients that can cause chronic and debilitating discomfort in the head and neck region. Therefore, knowledge about the prevalence and characteristics of this condition would help dental clinicians reach the correct diagnosis.
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An evaluation of the prevalence of elongated styloid process in Taiwanese population using digital panoramic radiographs. J Dent Sci 2021; 17:744-749. [PMID: 35756808 PMCID: PMC9201539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2021.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Materials and methods Results Conclusion
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12
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Cruddas L, Joffe M, Baker D. Can Styloid Process and Internal Carotid Artery Anatomy be Used to Predict Carotid Artery Dissection? Ann Vasc Surg 2021; 74:105-110. [PMID: 33549788 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid artery dissection is a common cause of stroke in the young. It has been related to the association of the carotid artery with fixed neighboring anatomical structures. This study assesses the association between styloid process length, internal carotid artery position and cervical carotid artery dissection (CCAD). This information would provide potential predicative radiological measurements, which could prevent delays in CCAD diagnosis. METHODS Retrospective data was collected from 2 central London hospitals over 5 years. CCAD cases were identified from individuals who underwent computer topography angiography of the neck for suspected CCAD. The following data was collected: evidence of CCAD; bilateral styloid process length and presence of styloid-hyoid ligament calcification; bilateral styloid process-internal carotid distance; calcification of carotid arteries and whether their position was aberrant. Cases were dissection-side, age and gender matched with two non-dissection controls. RESULTS Three hundred and fifty-five individuals were identified. Fifty individuals had CCAD, of which 4 had bilateral dissection. In individuals with CCAD, average styloid process length was 27.5 mm and styloid process-internal carotid distance was 5.14 mm. There was no significant association between styloid process length or styloid process-internal carotid distance, and CCAD when compared with matched controls. Internal carotid artery aberrancy was significant for nondissection. CONCLUSIONS In this study, there was no association between styloid process length and styloid process-internal carotid distance with CCAD. These measurements can not be used to predict the possibility of a CCAD following trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daryll Baker
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Sridevi K, Mahesh N, Krishnaveni B, Deepika ADN, Thejasri V, Leninson BHD. Evaluation of Styloid Process and Its Anatomical Variations: A Digital Panoramic Study with Systematic Review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2019; 9:256-262. [PMID: 31198698 PMCID: PMC6559039 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the styloid process (SP) and its anatomical variations on digital panoramic radiographs from the database and also to synthesize the current evidence of literature on SP and anatomical variations along with the systematic review of the relevant studies after making the necessary exclusions. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 panoramic radiographs from the database were examined and evaluated for the length of SP using OmniVue software and for the calcification patterns which were categorized into three types as described by Langlais. The obtained values were analyzed using t-test and Chi-square tests with a significance level of 0.005 and SPSS version 20.0 software. Results and Conclusion: The mean length of the SP in females was found to be 3.7 cm on the right side and 3.8 cm on the left side. The mean length of the SP in males was found to be 3.4 cm on the right side and 3.3 cm on the left side with significant difference between the genders with the P values of 0.0002 and 0.0001, respectively. The length of the SP was significantly longer in females than in males. Type I was the most common SP and was more prevalent in females. The results of the present study along with the wide range of reported incidence of anatomical variations in the form of elongation from the literature extracted through the systematic review suggests the need to reevaluate the range of the normal length of the SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koduri Sridevi
- Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - N Mahesh
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B Krishnaveni
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - A D N Deepika
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V Thejasri
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B H David Leninson
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Hettiarachchi PVKS, Jayasinghe RM, Fonseka MC, Jayasinghe RD, Nanayakkara CD. Evaluation of the styloid process in a Sri Lankan population using digital panoramic radiographs. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2019; 9:73-76. [PMID: 30302305 PMCID: PMC6175773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to evaluate the normal radiographic length of the styloid process (SP), prevalence and type of elongation, and angulation of the styloid process in relation to sex and side on digital panoramic radiographs in a Sri Lankan population. METHODS A total of 100 digital panoramic images selected from the database at the Division of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka were evaluated for the radiological features of the styloid process. Lengths greater than 30 mm were consider as elongated. Elongated styloid processes were also classified into three types based on Langlais classification (elongated, pseudo articulated; and segmented). RESULTS The mean radiological length of the SP on the right and left side was 25.8 mm ± 7.5 mm and 23.2 mm ± 9.0 mm respectively. The prevalence of elongated styloid process in males and female were 34.9% and 24.6%. The maximum length observed on right and left sides were 43.2 mm and 41 mm respectively. However, the differences between the genders and the sides were statistically not significant (P = 0.199). The most frequently observed type of elongation was type I (elongated) according to the Langlais classification. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable knowledge of the anatomical variations of the SP which may help clinicians from various specialties to diagnose the Eagle syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasika Manori Jayasinghe
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Manil Christopher Fonseka
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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