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Ikpeni O(T, Maraj D, Woods H, Workentin A, Booth CM, Persaud N. Essential cancer medicines and cancer outcomes: Cross-sectional study of 124 countries. Cancer Med 2023; 12:20745-20758. [PMID: 37902259 PMCID: PMC10709725 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Alongside other interventions, access to certain medicines may decrease cancer-associated mortality. Listing medicines on national essential medicines lists may improve health outcomes. We examine the association between cancer mortality amenable to care and the listing of cancer medicines on national essential medicines lists (NEMLs) of 124 countries. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we determined the number of medicines used to treat eight cancers on NEMLs and used multiple linear regression to analyze the association between cancer health outcome scores and the number of medicines on NEMLs while controlling for GDP. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted using selected medicines. FINDINGS The number of cancer medicines on NEMLs was not associated with cancer health outcome scores when GDP was controlled for non-melanoma skin (p = 0.224), uterine (p = 0.221), breast (p = 0.145), Hodgkin's lymphoma (p = 0.697), colon (p = 0.299), leukemia (p = 0.103), cervical (p = 0.834), and testicular cancers (p = 0.178). INTERPRETATION There was a weak association between listing medicines for eight cancers in NEMLs and amenable mortality. Further studies are required to explore association between cancer health outcomes and other factors such as actual availability of medicines listed, access to surgeries, accurate diagnosis, radiotherapy, and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darshanand Maraj
- MAP Centre for Urban Health SolutionsSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Hannah Woods
- MAP Centre for Urban Health SolutionsSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Aine Workentin
- MAP Centre for Urban Health SolutionsSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Nav Persaud
- MAP Centre for Urban Health SolutionsSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Family and Community MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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Werutsky G, Gössling G, Pellegrini RA, Ampuero GAS, Rebelatto T. Socioeconomic Impact of Cancer in Latin America and The Caribbean. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:818-825. [PMID: 36460548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is increasing yearly and is expected to reach 2.4 million new cases by 2040, with a more pronounced effect in Central America and South America. In addition, cancer is already the most frequent cause of premature death for most countries in LAC, and the second cause of death independent of country socioeconomic status, clearly demonstrating that the cancer burden in LAC should be addressed now rather than considered as an issue to be dealt with in the future. LAC countries performed in a mid-range zone in terms of income and mortality-to-incidence ratio compared to other countries globally. The LAC continent has, in general, a median income per capita and a median availability of radiotherapy (RDT) machines per capita. Patients that have private health coverage are more likely to receive preventive care such as pap smears and mammography in many countries of the LAC. The human development index was negatively related to mortality from oral cancer in the LAC countries with medium and low Human Development Index (HDI). Cancer treatment adverse events can negatively affect survivors' workability compromising their return to work after diagnosis. In conclusion, the cancer burden can be a major public health issue with a considerable socioeconomic impact in LAC countries. It is demonstrated in several studies that unequal access to optimal care is frequent in LAC and that health insurance type may impact patients' diagnosis and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Werutsky
- Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Amiri S, Greer MD, Muller CJ, Johansson P, Petras A, Allick CC, London SM, Abbey MC, Halasz LM, Buchwald DS. Disparities in Access to Radiation Therapy by Race and Ethnicity in the United States With Focus on American Indian/Alaska Native People. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:1929-1938. [PMID: 35525833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Striking disparities in access to radiation therapy (RT) exist, especially among racial and ethnic-minority patients. We analyzed census block group data to evaluate differences in travel distance to RT as a function of race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and rurality. METHODS The Directory of Radiotherapy Centers provided the addresses of facilities containing linear accelerators for RT. We classified block groups as majority (≥ 50%) American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), black, white, Asian, no single racial majority, or Hispanic regardless of race. We used the Area Deprivation Index to classify deprivation and Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes to classify rurality. Generalized linear mixed models tested associations between these factors and distance to nearest RT facility. RESULTS Median distance to nearest RT facility was 72 miles in AI/AN-majority block groups, but 4 to 7 miles in block groups with non-AI/AN majorities. Multivariable models estimated that travel distances in AI/AN-majority block groups were 39 to 41 miles longer than in areas with non-AI/AN majorities. Travel distance was 1.3 miles longer in the more deprived areas versus less deprived areas and 16 to 32 miles longer in micropolitan, small town, and rural areas versus metropolitan areas. CONCLUSIONS Cancer patients in block groups with AI/AN-majority populations, nonmetropolitan location, and low socioeconomic status experience substantial travel disparities in access to RT. Future research with more granular community- and individual-level data should explore the many other known barriers to access to cancer care and their relationship to the barriers posed by distance to RT care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Amiri
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Matthew D Greer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clemma J Muller
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthippy Petras
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cole C Allick
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara M London
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morgan C Abbey
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Lia M Halasz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dedra S Buchwald
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
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Gondhowiardjo SA, Handoko, Tham I, Giselvania A, Bilimagga RS, Octavianus S, Hiraoka M, Jayalie VF, Tamaki T, Calaguas M, Nakano T. Regional collaboration to improve quality of radiation therapy in Asia. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2020; 65:424-430. [PMID: 33319494 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Asia, several challenges hinder the delivery of high-quality cancer treatment, especially radiation therapy (RT). Many Asian countries face large-scale shortage of RT centres and treatment machines. Additionally, there is also a significant technological gap, with many RT centres in Asia still using outdated technology. There is an urgent need to improve radiation treatment quality in Asia. The Federation of Asian Organizations for Radiation Oncology (FARO) was set up to foster regional collaboration, which we believe can help to identify and solve some of these issues collectively. This report describes the background and rationale of starting FARO, and puts forth some of the early achievements of the group, including fact-finding and educational activities. Finally, we discuss future possibilities, including strategic proposals that may benefit the RT community and our patients in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soehartati A Gondhowiardjo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Handoko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ivan Tham
- Radiation Oncology Centre, Mt Elizabeth Novena Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Angela Giselvania
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ramesh S Bilimagga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, HealthCare Global (HCG) Enterprises (Bangalore Institute of Oncology), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Steven Octavianus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Masahiro Hiraoka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Vito Filbert Jayalie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tomoaki Tamaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Miriam Calaguas
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, University of the Philippines, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
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Chan J, Polo A, Zubizarreta E, Bourque JM, Hanna TP, Gaudet M, Dennis K, Brundage M, Slotman B, Abdel-Wahab M. Access to radiotherapy and its association with cancer outcomes in a high-income country: Addressing the inequity in Canada. Radiother Oncol 2019; 141:48-55. [PMID: 31575428 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Canada is a high-income country with universal healthcare. In international comparisons, its overall level of access to radiotherapy appears sufficient. However, challenges exist due to Canada's large geographic area and small population density. The association between access and cancer outcomes nationally has not yet been described. MATERIALS AND METHODS We quantified geographic accessibility for 2012 using the linear distance from each Canadian health region centroid to the nearest radiotherapy center. We used geospatial analytic techniques to detect clusters of age-standardized all-cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) across health regions, from 2010-2012. Global ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically-weighted regression (GWR) were conducted to examine relationships between distance and MIR, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. RESULTS Median distance from health region centroid to nearest radiotherapy center was 101.73 km (range 1.14-2095.12). One cluster of worse outcomes (MIR range 0.45-0.88) involved most of northern Canada, with a second cluster of better outcomes (MIR range 0.40-0.41) in southern British Columbia. In both regression models, regions with longer distance to radiotherapy center (ß = 0.0001), increased smoking (ß = 0.002), and poorer food security (ß = -0.003) were significantly associated with worse outcomes (OLS R2 = 0.70, GWR R2 = 0.74). Distance remained independently associated with MIR for lung and colorectal cancer subgroups, but not breast and prostate. CONCLUSIONS A clear north-south discordance in cancer outcomes exists in Canada, with poorer outcomes in the north, while radiotherapy centers are concentrated along the south. Increased distance to radiotherapy, along with other sociodemographic and health-system factors, are associated with poorer cancer outcomes. Our study could be replicated, particularly in other high-income countries, to help identify national patterns and regional disparities in access and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC - Vrije University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfredo Polo
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduardo Zubizarreta
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Marc Bourque
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Policy, Kings College London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P Hanna
- Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Cancer Research Institute at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Marc Gaudet
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kristopher Dennis
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Brundage
- Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Cancer Research Institute at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ben Slotman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC - Vrije University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - May Abdel-Wahab
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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Mousa AG, Bishr MK, Mula-Hussain L, Zaghloul MS. Is economic status the main determinant of radiation therapy availability? The Arab world as an example of developing countries. Radiother Oncol 2019; 140:182-189. [PMID: 31323472 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Arab countries share a common location, history, language and culture with different economic characteristics. In this study, we analyze the availability and factors influencing radiotherapy services and cancer mortality incidence ratio (MIR) in Arabic countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected from GLOBOCAN report, World Health Organization, World Bank, United Nation and Directory of Radiotherapy Centre databases. RESULTS The average number of megavoltage machines (MVM) in Arab countries is 0.84 machine per 1000 cancer patients. The number of MVM per 1000 cancer patients was found to be significantly correlated with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (r = 0.583, P = 0.006). In addition, it was found to be significantly more in politically stable countries compared to unstable ones (P = 0.004) and more in high and upper-middle income countries (median 0.94 ± 1.0) compared to lower-middle and low income countries (median 0.3 ± 0.51) (P = 0.013). MIR was found to be significantly correlated with GDP per capita, physicians per 1000 population, MVM per 1000 cancer patients and absolute MVM deficit (r = -0.555, -0.625, -0.42, -0.436 and P = 0.009, 0.006, 0.047, 0.043, respectively). On multivariate regression analysis, the number of physicians per 1000 population had the strongest prediction of MIR in Arabic countries (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Although the economic status is of paramount importance, it is not the only factor determining the quantity and quality of radiotherapy services in the Arab world. More efforts are urgently needed to improve the status of radiation oncology and fill its gap in the Arab countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr G Mousa
- Radiation Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt; Radiation Oncology Section, Cancer Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai K Bishr
- Clinical Oncology Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mohamed S Zaghloul
- Radiation Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt; Radiation Oncology Department, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE) 57357, Egypt.
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