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Al Assaad M, Safa H, Mercinelli C, Spiess PE, Necchi A, Chahoud J. Immune-based Therapies for Penile Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2024; 51:355-365. [PMID: 38925738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This article reviews penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC), a rare genitourinary cancer that has been increasing in prevalence. It discusses emerging therapies, focusing on immunotherapy, vaccine therapy, and cell-based treatments, especially in the context of human papillomavirus-related PSCC. Factors influencing these therapies are discussed. These include the immune microenvironment, programmed cell death ligand-1 expression, and tumor immune cell infiltration. This article also highlights immune checkpoint inhibitors and related clinical trials. This review supports the use of personalized medicine in treating PSCC. It stresses the need for collaborative studies and data sharing to create specific treatment plans and achieve better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Al Assaad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Houssein Safa
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chiara Mercinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital; Medical Oncology Unit 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive office 12538, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Jad Chahoud
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive office 12538, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Anju G, Rao M, Elhence PA, Nalwa A, Singh P, Yadav G, Goel AD, Thiruvengadam D. Expression of Programmed Death Ligand 1 [PD-L1] and Mismatch Repair Status in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Cervix. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2024; 74:319-325. [PMID: 39280198 PMCID: PMC11399535 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-023-01837-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives To assess mismatch repair (MMR) status and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix and their association with clinicopathologic parameters. Material and Methods Expression of PD-L1 and MMR status (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2) was assessed on 50 cases of SCCs of the cervix by immunohistochemistry. Results 80% of tumor cells and 84% of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes showed PD-L1 expression. 80% of cases had a combined positive score (CPS) of > 1, whereas 20% had a CPS of < 1. 94% of cases showed pMMR proteins, while 6% showed dMMR. 94% of the SCCs were HPV associated, and 6% were HPV-independent. All HPV-independent SCCs of the cervix showed PD-L1 expression, and all HPV-associated SCCs showed MMR deficiency. Between PD-L1 expression in the tumor and the grade of the tumor, a statistically significant association was noted (p = 0.022). All MMR-deficient SCCs were HPV-independent. Conclusion This research highlighted the HPV association in cervical SCCs in the Indian population. Most of the cervical SCCs were HPV-associated. Furthermore, most of the HPV-associated SCCs were MMR stable. This study found no significant association between MMR status and PD-L1 expression in cervical SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anju
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Poonam Abhay Elhence
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Aasma Nalwa
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Garima Yadav
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Akhil Dhanesh Goel
- Department of Community Medicine & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Devisowmiya Thiruvengadam
- Department of Community Medicine & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
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Guo F, Kong W, Li D, Zhao G, Anwar M, Xia F, Zhang Y, Ma C, Ma X. M2-type tumor-associated macrophages upregulated PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:357. [PMID: 38970071 PMCID: PMC11225336 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have become a promising therapy. However, the response rate is lower than 30% in patients with cervical cancer (CC), which is related to immunosuppressive components in tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as one of the most important immune cells, are involved in the formation of tumor suppressive microenvironment. Therefore, it will provide a theoretical basis for curative effect improvement about the regulatory mechanism of TAMs on PD-L1 expression. METHODS The clinical data and pathological tissues of CC patients were collected, and the expressions of PD-L1, CD68 and CD163 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the macrophage subtypes involved in PD-L1 regulation. A co-culture model was established to observe the effects of TAMs on the morphology, migration and invasion function of CC cells, and the regulatory mechanism of TAMs on PD-L1. RESULTS PD-L1 expression on tumor cells could predict the poor prognosis of patients. And there was a strong correlation between PD-L1 expression with CD163+TAMs infiltration. Similarly, PD-L1 expression was associated with M1/M2-type TAMs infiltration in bioinformatics analysis. The results of cell co-culture showed that M1/M2-type TAMs could upregulate PD-L1 expression, especially M2-type TAMs may elevate the PD-L1 expression via PI3K/AKT pathway. Meanwhile, M1/M2-type TAMs can affect the morphological changes, and enhance migration and invasion abilities of CC cells. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 expression in tumor cells can be used as a prognostic factor and is closely related to CD163+TAMs infiltration. In addition, M2-type TAMs can upregulate PD-L1 expression in CC cells through PI3K/AKT pathway, enhance the migration and invasion capabilities, and affect the tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation of Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weina Kong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dewei Li
- Center of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Miyessar Anwar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feifei Xia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cailing Ma
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, 137 Li Yu Shan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xiumin Ma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
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Jiang S, Wang W, Yang Y. TIGIT: A potential immunotherapy target for gynecological cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155202. [PMID: 38367600 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Gynecological cancer represents a significant global health challenge, and conventional treatment modalities have demonstrated limited efficacy. However, recent investigations into immune checkpoint pathways have unveiled promising opportunities for enhancing the prognosis of patients with cancer. Among these pathways, TIGIT has surfaced as a compelling candidate owing to its capacity to augment the immune function of NK and T cells through blockade, thereby yielding improved anti-tumor effects and prolonged patient survival. Global clinical trials exploring TIGIT blockade therapy have yielded promising preliminary findings. Nevertheless, further research is imperative to comprehensively grasp the potential of TIGIT-based immunotherapy in optimizing therapeutic outcomes for gynecological cancers. This review primarily delineates the regulatory network and immunosuppressive mechanism of TIGIT, expounds upon its expression and therapeutic potential in three major gynecological cancers, and synthesizes the clinical trials of TIGIT-based cancer immunotherapy. Such insights aim to furnish novel perspectives and serve as reference points for subsequent research and clinical application targeting TIGIT in gynecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Jiang
- The third People's Hospital of Suining, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongxiu Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Guo F, Lu R, Kong W, Anwar M, Feng Y. DNA mismatch repair system regulates the expression of PD-L1 through DNMTs in cervical cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:25. [PMID: 38200495 PMCID: PMC10782574 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) is a potential clinical application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor. We aimed to study the mechanism of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system regulating the expression of PD-L1 in CC through DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs). METHODS We collected pathological specimens from 118 cases of CC to analyze the relationship between PD-L1 expression and DNMTs in different MMR states. RNA interference (RNAi) technique was used to simulate the formation of CC cell line with MMR deficiency (dMMR) state, and subcutaneous tumor formation experiment was carried out in nude mice to verify the relationship between PD-L1 expression and DNMTs in MMR state. RESULTS The PD-L1 positive rate in 118 cases of CC was 58.47%, while the microsatellite instability (MSI) status accounted for 5.93%. There was a significant difference in the expression of PD-L1 between patients within the dMMR and MMR proficient (pMMR) groups (χ2 = 21.405, P < 0.001). Subcutaneous inoculation after infection of Siha cells led to successful tumorigenesis in nude mice, accompanied by a significant increase in the level of PD-L1 expression in the mouse tumors, while the expression level of MLH1 and MSH2 protein decreased significantly. We also found that PD-L1 expression was closely related to the expression of DNMTs. CONCLUSION PD-L1 is universal expressed on the surface of CC cells, dMMR status enhances the expression of PD-L1 on the surface of CC cells, dMMR states of CC are related to the demethylation status of the PD-L1 gene promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation of Tumor Hospital affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ruijiao Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China
| | - Weina Kong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China
| | - Miyessar Anwar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China
| | - Yangchun Feng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China.
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation of Tumor Hospital affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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Fu H, Fu Z, Mao M, Si L, Bai J, Wang Q, Guo R. Prevalence and prognostic role of PD-L1 in patients with gynecological cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 189:104084. [PMID: 37536446 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aims to evaluate programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and its prognostic significance in cervical cancer (CC), endometrial cancer (EC) and ovarian cancer (OC). METHODS Several electronic databases were searched. Fixed effects models or random effects models were employed to calculate the pooled prevalence of PD-L1 positivity and pooled hazard ratios (HRs) as appropriate. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of PD-L1 positivity was 58.1%, 33.8% and 37.5% for CC, EC and OC patients, respectively. There were significant differences in the pooled estimates after stratification by PD-L1-positive assessment criteria and antibody clones. PD-L1 positivity was associated with worse OS in CC and EC patients and poorer progression-free survival (PFS) in CC patients. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of PD-L1-positive expression was considerably high in CC and modestly high in EC and OC patients. PD-L1 expression has the potential to be a prognostic biomarker for predicting the clinical outcomes of patients with CC and EC but not OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lulu Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruixia Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Margul D, Yu C, AlHilli MM. Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Gynecologic Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3849. [PMID: 37568665 PMCID: PMC10417375 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynecologic cancers have varying response rates to immunotherapy due to the heterogeneity of each cancer's molecular biology and features of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). This article reviews key features of the TIME and its role in the pathophysiology and treatment of ovarian, endometrial, cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancer. Knowledge of the role of the TIME in gynecologic cancers has been rapidly developing with a large body of preclinical studies demonstrating an intricate yet dichotomous role that the immune system plays in either supporting the growth of cancer or opposing it and facilitating effective treatment. Many targets and therapeutics have been identified including cytokines, antibodies, small molecules, vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and bacterial-based therapies but most efforts in gynecologic cancers to utilize them have not been effective. However, with the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, we have started to see the rapid and successful employment of therapeutics in cervical and endometrial cancer. There remain many challenges in utilizing the TIME, particularly in ovarian cancer, and further studies are needed to identify and validate efficacious therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariam M. AlHilli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (D.M.); (C.Y.)
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Zou Y, Xu Y, Chen X, Zheng L. Advances in the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gynecological tumors. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109774. [PMID: 37012881 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoints are regulatory molecules that suppress immune effector cells, and are essential for maintaining tolerance, preventing autoimmune reactions, and minimizing tissue damage by controlling the duration and intensity of the immune responses. However, immune checkpoints are frequently upregulated during cancer and dampen the anti-tumor immune responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been effective against multiple tumors, and have improved patients' survival outcomes. Recent clinical trials have also reported promising therapeutic effects of ICIs in some gynecological cancers. AIM To review the current research and future directions in the treatment of gynecological malignancies, including ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancers, using ICIs. CONCLUSION Currently, cervical and ovarian cancers are the only gynecological tumors that are treated by immunotherapeutic approaches. In addition, ICIs, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells targeting endometrial tumors, especially those originating in the vulva and fallopian tubes, are under development. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of ICIs, especially in combination with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, anti-angiogenesis drugs and poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), needs to be elucidated. Furthermore, novel predictive biomarkers have to be identified in order to increase the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs while reducing adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingGang Zou
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - XiaoChen Chen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Lianwen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Hu XC, Gan CX, Zheng HM, Wu XP, Pan WS. Immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with advanced cervical cancer: A case report. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15:480-487. [PMID: 37032790 PMCID: PMC10080604 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i3.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, and female patients may develop gynecologic tumours. The prognosis for such patients is poor and the specific pathogenesis remains uncertain. Therefore, there are currently no uniform treatment options.
CASE SUMMARY Herein, we introduce the case of a 45-year-old female who was diagnosed with PJS for 45 years and cervical cancer for 3 years. Postoperative pathological examination showed metastases in the right external iliac lymph nodes. The patient was initially treated with a combination of doxorubicin and carboplatin chemotherapy and pelvic magnetic resonance showed that the metastases had grown. Subsequently, we performed whole exome sequencing in this patient and identified the relevant causative gene. In addition to the chemotherapy regimen, sindilizumab was administered and the patient was followed up. After 4 cycles of treatment, the metastases were substantially reduced and were not enlarged after six months of follow-up. This case report suggests that patients with PJS combined with cervical cancer may have a sustained response to immune-combination chemotherapy regimens.
CONCLUSION Clinicians should be aware of the importance of immunotherapy in patients with PJS combined with advanced cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Cheng Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chen-Xiao Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui-Min Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xue-Ping Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
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Li Y, Shen F, Tan Q, Chen Y, Gu Y. Research Progress of Immuno-Inhibitory Receptors in Gynecological Cervical Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231208846. [PMID: 37908109 PMCID: PMC10621300 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231208846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of cervical cancer is the highest among female malignant tumors and seriously threatens women's lives and health. Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer, which provides the basis for immunotherapy. In recent years, owing to progress in targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the survival time of patients with cervical cancer has been significantly extended. However, effective treatments for advanced, recurrent, and metastatic cancers are lacking. "Tumor immunotherapy" has been described as a viable option for tumor therapy but the efficacy of immunotherapy for cervical cancer has only been demonstrated in phase I or II clinical trials. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promising clinical results particularly for treating recurrent and advanced cervical cancer, however, they remain inadequate in some patients. Immune checkpoint is the target of immunotherapy. Therefore, the identification of novel therapeutic targets is essential. In this paper, the structure, expression, function, biological effect of immune inhibitory receptors (IRs) and related clinical studies were reviewed, in order to further explore the application potential of these immune checkpoints and apply them to the future clinical treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangrong Shen
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Tan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Oliushina EM, Zavalishina LE, Andreeva YY, Kuznetsova OA, Moskvina LV, Frank GA. [Predictive markers of immunotherapy in cervical cancer]. Arkh Patol 2023; 85:5-12. [PMID: 37814844 DOI: 10.17116/patol2023850515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Study of PD-L1 expression in squamous and adenosquamous cell cervical cancer (CC) by immunohistochemical (IHC) method, assessment of the relationship between PD-L1 tumor status and its clinical and morphological characteristics, TILs, MSI/dMMR, and HPV tumor status. MATERIAL AND METHODS Surgical material was obtained from 41 patients with CC, on which the expression of PD-L1, proteins of the MMR system and p16 was studied by the IHC method, the TILs index was determined. RESULTS Positive PD-L1 status was found in 51.2% of the studied CC samples. In the study sample, the level of PD-L1 expression depended on the severity of lymphoid infiltration of the tumor (p=0.038), it was shown that a positive PD-L1 status of CC can be expected with a TILs value greater than or equal to 50%. The age of the patients, the histological variant of the tumor, the pT and pN stage, the presence of lymphovascular invasion, and the HPV status did not statistically significantly affect the level of PD-L1 expression, however, there was an association between the PD-L1 status and the grade of CC malignancy (p=0.027). The presence of the MSI/dMMR phenomenon was detected in a small percentage of carcinomas (4.9%), the PD-L1 status of these tumors was determined as positive. CONCLUSION A positive PD-L1 status is determined in a significant number of cases of CC, regardless of most of the studied clinical and morphological characteristics; there is a statistically significant relationship between PD-L1 expression and the degree of tumor differentiation and TILs. It has been shown that CC with the MSI/dMMR phenomenon is characterized by a positive PD-L1 status. The authors consider it necessary to study the expression of PD-L1 in patients with cervical carcinomas in order to determine the possibility of prescribing personalized therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Oliushina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - L E Zavalishina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu Yu Andreeva
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Kuznetsova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Moskvina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Frank
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Zhu Y, Zhou J, Zhu L, Hu W, Liu B, Xie L. Adoptive tumor infiltrating lymphocytes cell therapy for cervical cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2060019. [PMID: 35468048 PMCID: PMC9897649 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2060019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies among females. As a virus-related cancer, cervical cancer has attracted a lot of attention to develop virus-targeted immune therapy, including vaccine and adoptive immune cell therapy (ACT). Adoptive tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) cell therapy has been found to be able to control advanced disease progression in some cervical cancer patients who have received several lines of treatment in a pilot clinical trial. In addition, sustainable therapeutic effect has been identified in some cases. The safety risks of TIL therapy for patients are minimal or at least manageable. In this review, we focused on the versatility of TILs and tried to summarize potential strategies to improve the therapeutic effect of TILs and discuss related perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Xie
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,CONTACT Li Xie No. 321, Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Sun X, Liu L, Wan T, Huang Q, Chen J, Luo R, Liu J. The prognostic impact of the immune microenvironment in small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: PD-L1 and immune cell subtypes. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:348. [PMCID: PMC9664608 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
We investigate the correlation between programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor-associated immune cell (TAIC) density in small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SCNEC) and their correlation with clinicopathologic features.
Methods
PD-L1 and mismatch repair protein (MMR) expression in cancer cells and the density of TAIC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 89 SCNEC patients. The combined positive score (CPS), tumor proportion score (TPS), and immune cell score (ICS) of PD-L1 were measured, along with their correlation with clinicopathologic features in SCNEC patients using statistical analyses.
Results
CPS of PD-L1 ≥ 1 was seen in 68.5% of patients, positive TPS and ICS of PD-L1 were detected in 59.6% and 33.7% of patients, respectively. PD-L1CPS was higher in tumor-infiltrating immune cells (r = 0.387, p = 0.001) and positively correlated with programmed cell death-1 and forkhead box P3 + regulatory T cell (FOXP3 + Treg) infiltration (r = 0.443, p < 0.001; r = 0.532, p < 0.001). There was no statistical correlation between PD-L1 and MMR status. PD-L1CPS and PD-L1ICS positivity were independent prognostic factors, correlating with a favorable survival (HR (95%CI) = 0.363(0.139–0.950), p = 0.039 and HR (95% CI) = 0.199(0.050–0.802), p = 0.023, respectively). PD-L1ICS positivity was an independent indicator of recurrence in SCNEC patients and associated with better disease-free survival (HR (95% CI) = 0.124(0.036–0425), p = 0.001). TAIC and MMR levels had no statistical impact on survival results.
Conclusions
PD-L1 positivity was seen in over half of SCNEC tumors. It may work synergistically with FOXP3 + Treg and other infiltrating immune cells to support an adaptive immune response. PD-L1 positivity may be a favorable prognostic factor in SCNEC.
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14
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Xie Y, Kong W, Zhao X, Zhang H, Luo D, Chen S. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cervical cancer: Current status and research progress. Front Oncol 2022; 12:984896. [PMID: 36387196 PMCID: PMC9647018 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.984896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological malignant tumor endangering the health of women worldwide. Despite advances in the therapeutic strategies available to treat cervical cancer, the long-term prognosis of patients with recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer remains unsatisfactory. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown encouraging efficacy in the treatment of cervical cancer. ICIs have been approved for use in both first- and second-line cervical cancer therapies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of ICIs and the application of ICIs in clinical trials for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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15
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Huang W, Liu J, Xu K, Chen H, Bian C. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for advanced or metastatic cervical cancer: From bench to bed. Front Oncol 2022; 12:849352. [PMID: 36313730 PMCID: PMC9614140 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.849352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced or metastatic cervical cancer has a poor prognosis, and the 5-year overall survival is <5% with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), achieved initial success in advanced solid tumors, while their efficacy and safety in advanced or metastatic cervical cancer remains to be explored. Previous studies found high-risk HPV infection and elevated PD-L1 expression in cervical precancerous lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Meanwhile, elevated PD-L1 expression, high cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration, and abnormal cytotoxic T lymphocyte function might benefit inflammation infiltration for ICIs in the tumor microenvironment. Patients with HPV infection, squamous cell carcinoma, advanced stage, large tumor size, poor differentiation, metastatic disease, history of multiple childbirth and abortion, or a previous history of receiving chemotherapy might be associated with positive PD-L1 expression. Although there is no correlation between PD-L1 expression and prognosis using conventional radiotherapy, patients with high PD-L1 expression have a poorer prognosis. Several clinical studies demonstrate preliminary safety and efficacy for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and the exploration of combination strategies such as immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, anti-angiogenesis therapy, or dual ICIs is ongoing. This paper systematically reviews PD-L1 expression patterns and their relationship with prognosis, along with reported and ongoing clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in cervical cancer to clarify the prospect of ICIs for cervical cancer from bench to bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Huang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ce Bian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ce Bian,
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Moesin Serves as Scaffold Protein for PD-L1 in Human Uterine Cervical Squamous Carcinoma Cells. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133830. [PMID: 35807113 PMCID: PMC9267616 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy targeting the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis has emerged as a promising treatment for uterine cervical cancer; however, only a small subset of patients with uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) derives clinical benefit from ICB therapies. Thus, there is an urgent unmet medical need for novel therapeutic strategies to block the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in patients with uterine cervical SCC. Here, we investigated the involvement of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family scaffold proteins, which crosslink several plasma membrane proteins with the actin cytoskeleton, on the plasma membrane localization of PD-L1 in BOKU and HCS-2 cells derived from human uterine cervical SCC. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PD-L1 colocalized with all three ERM proteins in the plasma membrane. Gene knockdown of moesin, but not ezrin and radixin, substantially reduced the plasma membrane expression of PD-L1, with limited effect on mRNA expression. An immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated the molecular interaction between PD-L1 and moesin. Moreover, phosphorylated, i.e., activated, moesin was highly colocalized with PD-L1 in the plasma membrane. In conclusion, moesin may be a scaffold protein responsible for the plasma membrane expression of PD-L1 in human uterine cervical SCC.
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Zhang H, Tan S, Fang C, Zhang Q, Cao X, Liu Y. PD-1/PD-L1 Correlates With the Efficacy of the Treatment of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Cervical Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:858164. [PMID: 35619918 PMCID: PMC9128530 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.858164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, with high mortality rates. The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/(PD-1 ligand) PD-L1 has been reported to be an effective indicator in cancer development. In this study, we aim to explore the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in the evaluation of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) efficacy and prognosis in CC patients. Methods We included 55 CC patients in this study. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were employed to detect the expression of PD-1, Treg cells, CD8, and CD68 in tumor tissues, and the contents of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells, PD-1+ CD4+ T cells, and PD-1+ Treg cells in the peripheral blood. The relationships of these indexes with CCRT efficacy were measured by Spearman correlation analysis, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier estimator, and the diagnostic values of these indexes in CC were assessed by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The clinical effectivity rate of CCRT was 89.10%. The positive expressions of PD-L1, Treg cells, PD-1+ CD8+ T cells, PD-1+ CD4+ T cells, and PD-1+ Treg cells were reduced after CCRT, while the CD8 and CD68 increased. All 7 indexes had diagnostic values in evaluating CCRT efficacy and were considered the influencing factors of OS, DFS, and the prognosis of CC patients. Conclusion These findings indicate that PD-1/PD-L1 may be a potential indicator for the efficacy evaluation of CCRT and the prognosis of CC. This study may offer potential targets for CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Shisheng Tan
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Chunju Fang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuncong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
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Tang Y, Zhang AXJ, Chen G, Wu Y, Gu W. Prognostic and therapeutic TILs of cervical cancer-Current advances and future perspectives. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:410-430. [PMID: 34553029 PMCID: PMC8430272 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a top lethal cancer for women worldwide. Although screening and vaccination programs are available in many countries, resulting in the decline of new cases, this is not true for developing countries where there are many new cases and related deaths. Cancer immunotherapy through adaptive cell therapy (ACT) has been applied in clinics, but now much attention is focused on autogenic tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-based therapy, which has shown more specificity and better ability to inhibit tumor growth. Data from melanoma and cervical cancers confirm that tumor-specific T cells in TILs can be expanded for more specific and effective ACT. Moreover, TILs are derived from individual patients and are ready to home back to kill tumor cells after patient infusion, aligning well with personalized and precision medicine. In addition to therapy, TIL cell types and numbers are good indicators of host immune response to the tumor, and thus they have significant values in prognosis. Because of the special relationship with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical cancer has some specialties in TIL-based prognosis and therapy. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the prognostic significance of TILs and TIL-based therapy for cervical cancer and discuss related perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Institute of Tumor, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anne X J Zhang
- Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangyu Chen
- Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanheng Wu
- Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, China.,Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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19
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Mixed and nonvaccine high risk HPV types are associated with higher mortality in Black women with cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14064. [PMID: 34234252 PMCID: PMC8263581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the incidence of HPV genotypes in mostly Black women with cervical carcinoma and correlated histopathologic tumor characteristics, immune markers and clinical data with survival. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were recorded for 60 months post-diagnosis. Fifty four of the 60 (90%) patients were Black and 36 (60%) were < 55 years of age. Of the 40 patients with typeable HPV genotypes, 10 (25%) had 16/18 HPV genotypes, 30 (75%) had one of the non-16/18 HPV genotypes, and 20 (50%) had one of the 7 genotypes (35, 39, 51, 53, 56, 59 and 68) that are not included in the nonavalent vaccine. Mixed HPV infections (≥ 2 types) were found in 11/40 (27.5%) patients. Patients infected with non-16/18 genotypes, including the most common genotype, HPV 35, had significantly shorter DFS and OS. PD-L1 (p = 0.003), MMR expression (p = 0.01), clinical stage (p = 0.048), histologic grade (p = 0.015) and mixed HPV infection (p = 0.026) were independent predictors of DFS. A remarkably high proportion of cervical cancer cells in our patients expressed PD-L1 which opens the possibility of the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat these cancers. Exclusion of the common HPV genotypes from the vaccine exacerbates mortality from cervical cancer in underserved Black patients.
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Ji X, Sui L, Song K, Lv T, Zhao H, Yao Q. PD-L1, PARP1, and MMRs as potential therapeutic biomarkers for neuroendocrine cervical cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:4743-4751. [PMID: 34076351 PMCID: PMC8290238 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neuroendocrine cervical cancer (NECC) is a rare cervical cancer with high aggressivity that causes poor prognosis even in the early stage. Given other neuroendocrine carcinomas and other types of cervical cancer have been proved to have expression of programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1(PD‐L1) and poly ADP‐ribose polymerase‐1(PARP1), we would measure and analyze these proteins in this invasive cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the application value of PD‐1/PD‐L1 and PARP1 inhibitors in NECC. Methods The NECC cases in our center with formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue blocks were collected, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of PD‐L1, PARP1, Mismatch repair proteins (MMRs), and P53 was performed. Chi‐square test was used to analyze associations between various protein expressions. We analyzed the efficacy of immunotherapy in a recent patient with secondary recurrence after two courses of chemotherapy. Results After rigorous screening, 20 cases were finally included. Three cases did not undergo surgical treatment because of their advanced stage. Twelve (60%) developed distant metastases or relapsed within five years, and most of them within two years. The positive rate of PD‐L1 and PARP1 were 70% and 75% respectively. Among all the cases, microsatellite instability (MSI) was seen in six cases (30%) and abnormal p53 expression was in 15 patients (75%). PD‐L1 was associated with PARP1 expression in the MSI subgroup. The patient treated with chemotherapy + VEGF inhibitor (VEGFi) + programmed cell death protein 1(PD‐1) inhibitor had an excellent improvement in clinical symptoms, tumor markers, and mass size. Conclusion The IHC results of PD‐L1, PARP1, and MMRs suggested that NECC was the target of immunotargeted therapy. Our case confirmed that immune checkpoint therapy was effective in patients with PD‐L1 positive and MMRs loss. Considering the clinical practicability, more cases should be collected, and effective biomarkers still need to be further searched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Sui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kejuan Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Teng Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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21
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Zhang L, Zhao Y, Tu Q, Xue X, Zhu X, Zhao KN. The Roles of Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1/ Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-L1/PD-1) in HPV-induced Cervical Cancer and Potential for their Use in Blockade Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:893-909. [PMID: 32003657 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200128105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer induced by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) remains a leading cause of mortality for women worldwide although preventive vaccines and early diagnosis have reduced morbidity and mortality. Advanced cervical cancer can only be treated with either chemotherapy or radiotherapy but the outcomes are poor. The median survival for advanced cervical cancer patients is only 16.8 months. METHODS We undertook a structural search of peer-reviewed published studies based on 1). Characteristics of programmed cell death ligand-1/programmed cell death-1(PD-L1/PD-1) expression in cervical cancer and upstream regulatory signals of PD-L1/PD-1 expression, 2). The role of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in cervical carcinogenesis induced by HPV infection and 3). Whether the PD-L1/PD-1 axis has emerged as a potential target for cervical cancer therapies. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-six published papers were included in the review, demonstrating that expression of PD-L1/PD-1 is associated with HPV-caused cancer, especially with HPV 16 and 18 which account for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases. HPV E5/E6/E7 oncogenes activate multiple signalling pathways including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, STAT3/NF-kB and microRNA, which regulate PD-L1/PD-1 axis to promote HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis. The PD-L1/PD-1 axis plays a crucial role in the immune escape of cervical cancer through inhibition of host immune response. Creating an "immune-privileged" site for initial viral infection and subsequent adaptive immune resistance, which provides a rationale for the therapeutic blockade of this axis in HPV-positive cancers. Currently, Phase I/II clinical trials evaluating the effects of PDL1/ PD-1 targeted therapies are in progress for cervical carcinoma, which provide an important opportunity for the application of anti-PD-L1/anti-PD-1 antibodies in cervical cancer treatment. CONCLUSION Recent research developments have led to an entirely new class of drugs using antibodies against the PD-L1/PD-1 thus promoting the body's immune system to fight cancer. The expression and roles of the PD-L1/ PD-1 axis in the progression of cervical cancer provide great potential for using PD-L1/PD-1 antibodies as a targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quanmei Tu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang, China
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22
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Zhang T, Zheng S, Liu Y, Li X, Wu J, Sun Y, Liu G. DNA damage response and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in ovarian cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 102:103112. [PMID: 33838550 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis due to drug resistance, relapse and metastasis. In recent years, immunotherapy has been applied in numerous cancers clinically. However, the effect of immunotherapy monotherapy in ovarian cancer is limited. DNA damage response (DDR) is an essential factor affecting the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Defective DNA repair may lead to carcinogenesis and tumor genomic instability, but on the other hand, it may also portend particular vulnerability of tumors and can be used as biomarkers for immunotherapy patient selection. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway mediates tumor immune escape, which may be a promising target for immunotherapy. Therefore, further understanding of the mechanism of PD-L1 expression after DDR may help guide the development of immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. In this review, we present the DNA damage repair pathway and summarize how DNA damage repair affects the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in cancer cells. And then we look for biomarkers that affect efficacy or prognosis. Finally, we review the progress of PD-1/PD-L1-based immunotherapy in combination with other therapies that may affect the DDR pathway in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Xu Y, Luo H, Hu Q, Zhu H. Identification of Potential Driver Genes Based on Multi-Genomic Data in Cervical Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:598304. [PMID: 33664766 PMCID: PMC7921803 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.598304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer became the third most common cancer among women, and genome characterization of cervical cancer patients has revealed the extensive complexity of molecular alterations. However, identifying driver mutation and depicting molecular classification in cervical cancer remain a challenge. Methods: We performed an integrative multi-platform analysis of a cervical cancer cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) based on 284 clinical cases and identified the driver genes and possible molecular classification of cervical cancer. Results: Multi-platform integration showed that cervical cancer exhibited a wide range of mutation. The top 10 mutated genes were TTN, PIK3CA, MUC4, KMT2C, MUC16, KMT2D, SYNE1, FLG, DST, and EP300, with a mutation rate from 12 to 33%. Applying GISTIC to detect copy number variation (CNV), the most frequent chromosome arm-level CNVs included losses in 4p, 11p, and 11q and gains in 20q, 3q, and 1q. Then, we performed unsupervised consensus clustering of tumor CNV profiles and methylation profiles and detected four statistically significant expression subtypes. Finally, by combining the multidimensional datasets, we identified 10 potential driver genes, including GPR107, CHRNA5, ZBTB20, Rb1, NCAPH2, SCA1, SLC25A5, RBPMS, DDX3X, and H2BFM. Conclusions: This comprehensive analysis described the genetic characteristic of cervical cancer and identified novel driver genes in cervical cancer. These results provide insight into developing precision treatment in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexun Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunchao Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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The Potential of Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cervical Cancer: Can Combinatorial Regimens Maximize Response? A Review of the Literature. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2020; 21:95. [PMID: 33025260 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-020-00790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Cervical cancer (CC) is most often caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). In principle, these ties to the virus should make HPV tumors a relatively easy target for clearance by the immune system. However, these HPV-associated tumors have evolved strategies to escape immune attack. Checkpoint inhibition immunotherapy, which has had remarkable success in cancer treatment, has the potential to overcome the immune escape in CC by harnessing the patient's own immune system and priming it to recognize and kill tumors. Recent work involving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in CC lends credence to this belief, as pembrolizumab has shown evidence of clinical efficacy and consequently been granted accelerated approval by the FDA. That being said, the oncologic outcomes following monotherapy with these biologics have mostly been modest and variable, and this can be attributed to alternative resistance mechanisms to tumor response. The use of therapies that stimulate immune responses via checkpoint-independent activation will therefore augment release of T cell inhibition by checkpoint inhibitors for stronger and more sustained clinical responses. Such a combinatorial approach holds promise for weak- or non-responders to checkpoint therapies as supported by evidence from various, recent pre-clinical, and preliminary clinical studies.
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Attademo L, Tuninetti V, Pisano C, Cecere SC, Di Napoli M, Tambaro R, Valabrega G, Musacchio L, Setola SV, Piccirillo P, Califano D, Spina A, Losito S, Greggi S, Pignata S. Immunotherapy in cervix cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102088. [PMID: 32827839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The treatment approach to cervix cancer has remained unchanged for several decades and new therapeutic strategies are now required to improve outcomes, as the prognosis is still poor. In the last years, a better understanding of HPV tumor-host immune system interactions and the development of new therapeutics targeting immune checkpoints generated interest in the use of immunotherapy in cervix cancer. Preliminary phase I-II trials demonstrated the efficacy, the duration of responses and the manageable safety of this approach. Currently, many phase II and III studies are ongoing in both locally advanced and metastatic cervical cancer, assessing immunotherapy as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We reviewed the published data and the therapeutic implications of the most promising novel immunotherapeutic agents under investigation in cervix cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Attademo
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valentina Tuninetti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo (TO), Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Carmela Pisano
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Chiara Cecere
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marilena Di Napoli
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rosa Tambaro
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo (TO), Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Lucia Musacchio
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University "Sapienza", Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Patrizia Piccirillo
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Daniela Califano
- Functional Genomic Unit, Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Anna Spina
- Functional Genomic Unit, Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Simona Losito
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Stefano Greggi
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
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Carroll MR, Ramalingam P, Salvo G, Fujimoto J, Solis Soto LM, Phoolcharoen N, Hillman RT, Cardnell R, Byers L, Frumovitz M. Evaluation of PARP and PDL-1 as potential therapeutic targets for women with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020; 30:1303-1307. [PMID: 32727929 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2020-001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women with recurrent high-grade neuroendocrine cervical cancer have few effective treatment options. The aim of this study was to identify potential therapeutic targets for women with this disease. METHODS Specimens from patients with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix were identified from pathology files at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Immunohistochemical stains for PD-L1 (DAKO, clone 22-C3), mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), somatostatin, and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were performed on sections from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. Nuclear PARP-1 staining was quantified using the H-score with a score of <40 considered low, 40-100 moderate, and ≥100 high. RESULTS Forty pathologic specimens from patients with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix were examined (23 small cell, 5 large cell, 3 high-grade neuroendocrine, not otherwise specified, and 9 mixed). The mean age of the cohort was 43 years and the majority of patients (70%) were identified as white non-Hispanic. All 28 (100%) samples tested stained for mismatch repair proteins demonstrated intact expression, suggesting they were microsatellite stable tumors. Of the 31 samples tested for PD-L1 expression, only two (8%) of the 25 pure high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas were positive whereas three (50%) of the six mixed carcinoma tumors tested positive. Of the 11 small cell specimens tested for PARP-1, 10 (91%) showed PARP expression with six (55%) demonstrating high expression and four (36%) showing moderate expression. Somatostatin staining was negative in 18 of 19 small cell cases (95%). CONCLUSIONS Pure high-grade neuroendocrine cervical carcinomas were microsatellite stable and overwhelmingly negative for PD-L1 expression. As the majority of tumors tested expressed PARP-1, inclusion of PARP inhibitors in future clinical trials may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gloria Salvo
- Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Molecular and Translational Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Luisa Maren Solis Soto
- Molecular and Translational Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Natacha Phoolcharoen
- Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Tyler Hillman
- Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Cardnell
- Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren Byers
- Thoracic/Head & Neck Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Frumovitz
- Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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27
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Allouch S, Malki A, Allouch A, Gupta I, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. High-Risk HPV Oncoproteins and PD-1/PD-L1 Interplay in Human Cervical Cancer: Recent Evidence and Future Directions. Front Oncol 2020; 10:914. [PMID: 32695664 PMCID: PMC7338567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in developing countries. Important etiological factors in this cancer are high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), as roughly 96% of cervical cancer cases are positive for these oncoviruses. On the other hand, it has been recently pointed out that E6/E7 oncoproteins of high-risk HPV can upregulate the programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis. Likewise, several recent reports showed that checkpoint blockades targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathways have achieved efficient clinical responses via suppressing cancer progression and improving survival in several types of human cancers including metastatic cervical cancer. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and its interaction with high-risk HPV and their oncoproteins, which could have an important impact on the management of HPV-associated cancers including cervical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Allouch
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Malki
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asma Allouch
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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28
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Kagabu M, Nagasawa T, Sato C, Fukagawa Y, Kawamura H, Tomabechi H, Takemoto S, Shoji T, Baba T. Immunotherapy for Uterine Cervical Cancer Using Checkpoint Inhibitors: Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2335. [PMID: 32230938 PMCID: PMC7177858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated marked clinical effects worldwide, and "cancer immunotherapy" has been recognized as a feasible option for cancer treatment. Significant treatment responses have already been attained for malignant melanoma and lung cancer, ahead of gynecologic cancer. In cervical cancer, however, results are only available from phase II trials, not from phase III trials. Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor and is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Since the introduction of angiogenesis inhibitors, treatment for recurrent and advanced cervical cancers has improved in the past five years, but median overall survival is 16.8 months for advanced cervical cancer, and all-stage five-year overall survival rate is 68%, indicating that treatment effects remain inadequate. For this reason, the development of new therapeutic approaches is imperative. We describe herein the KEYNOTE-158 and CheckMate 358 clinical trials, which were conducted for cervical cancer, and discuss future directions, including potential combinations with concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT), as noted for other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kagabu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (T.N.); (C.S.); (H.K.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (T.S.); (T.B.)
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29
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Changes of CD68, CD163, and PD-L1 tumor expression during high-dose-rate and pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer. Brachytherapy 2020; 19:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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The Preventive Effect of Dietary Antioxidants Against Cervical Cancer Versus the Promotive Effect of Tobacco Smoking. Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:healthcare7040162. [PMID: 31847279 PMCID: PMC6955726 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, and its etiology has been recognized. High-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) infection induces an opportunity for malignant transformation. This paper discusses the current issues based on a review of the literature and compares the impact of the dietary and nutrient intake to the impact of tobacco smoking on cervical cancer development. The important roles of diet/nutrition in cervical cancer are as prophylaxis against HR-HPV infection. Antioxidant vitamins can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, stabilize the p53 protein, prevent DNA damage, and reduce immunosuppression. In contrast, tobacco smoking not only causes DNA adducts and strand breaks, but it independently causes an increased viral load in HR-HPV-infected cells. Tobacco smoking induces the heightened expression of E6 and E7 and can inhibit the immune system response to HPV. What happens when two materials, which have opposite effects on cervical cells, are taken in at the same time? The negative effects of tobacco smoking may be stronger than the positive effects of vitamins, vegetables, and fruits on the regression of cervical disease such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). A relatively low intake of vitamins, vegetables, and fruits in combination with tobacco smoking was most associated with a high incidence of cervical neoplasia.
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31
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Li H, Zhang J, Tong JHM, Chan AWH, Yu J, Kang W, To KF. Targeting the Oncogenic p53 Mutants in Colorectal Cancer and Other Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235999. [PMID: 31795192 PMCID: PMC6929124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a kind of solid tumor and the third most common cancer type in the world. It is a heterogeneous disease characterized by genetic and epigenetic aberrations. The TP53 mutation is the key step driving the transition from adenoma to adenocarcinoma. The functional roles of TP53 mutation in tumor development have been comprehensively investigated. In CRC, TP53 mutation was associated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance. A gain of function (GOF) of p53 mutants promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion through multiple mechanisms. Restoring wild type p53 function, depleting p53 mutants, or intervention by targeting the oncogenic downstreams provides potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the GOF of p53 mutants in CRC progression as well as in some other solid tumors, and discuss the current strategies targeting p53 mutants in malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (J.H.M.T.); (A.W.H.C.)
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (J.H.M.T.); (A.W.H.C.)
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joanna Hung Man Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (J.H.M.T.); (A.W.H.C.)
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Wing Hung Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (J.H.M.T.); (A.W.H.C.)
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (J.H.M.T.); (A.W.H.C.)
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (W.K.); (K.F.T.); Tel.: +852-35051505 (W.K. & K.F.T.); Fax: +852-26497286 (W.K. & K.F.T.)
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (J.H.M.T.); (A.W.H.C.)
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (W.K.); (K.F.T.); Tel.: +852-35051505 (W.K. & K.F.T.); Fax: +852-26497286 (W.K. & K.F.T.)
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32
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Kagabu M, Nagasawa T, Fukagawa D, Tomabechi H, Sato S, Shoji T, Baba T. Immunotherapy for Uterine Cervical Cancer. Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:E108. [PMID: 31533297 PMCID: PMC6787701 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplastic disease that is the fourth most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide. Since the introduction of angiogenesis inhibitors, treatments for recurrent and advanced cervical cancers have improved significantly in the past five years. However, the median overall survival in advanced cervical cancer is 16.8 months, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 68% for all stages, indicating that the effects of the treatment are still unsatisfactory. The development of a new treatment method is therefore imperative. Recently, in the clinical oncology field, remarkable progress has been made in immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is already established as standard therapy in some fields and in some types of cancers, and its clinical role in all areas, including the gynecology field, will change further based on the outcomes of currently ongoing clinical trials. This manuscript summarizes the results from previous clinical trials in cervical cancer and describes the ongoing clinical trials, as well as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kagabu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Nagasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Fukagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Tomabechi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Saiya Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Tadahiro Shoji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.
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Duenas-Gonzalez A, Gonzalez-Fierro A. Pharmacodynamics of current and emerging treatments for cervical cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:671-682. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1648431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez
- Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
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Morgan S, Slodkowska E, Parra-Herran C, Mirkovic J. PD-L1, RB1 and mismatch repair protein immunohistochemical expression in neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell type, of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 2019; 74:997-1004. [PMID: 30667073 DOI: 10.1111/his.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell type, of the uterine cervix (SmCC-Cx) is a rare human papilloma virus (HPV) related tumour with limited therapeutic options. Merkel cell carcinoma, another virus-associated neuroendocrine malignancy, has significant programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression rates. PD-L1 expression has been reported in other malignancies of the cervix. We aimed to determine the prevalence of PD-L1 in the context of mismatch repair protein (MMR) and RB1 expression status in SmCC-Cx. METHODS AND RESULTS Ten cases of SmCC-Cx were tested by immunohistochemistry for expression of PD-L1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, RB1, CD3, CD20 and for HPV by in-situ hybridisation (ISH). PD-L1 expression was scored quantitatively (H-score) in tumour cells and lymphocytes (tumoral/peritumoral). PD-L1 positivity was seen in seven cases, focal in most (H-score range 3-140). Three of nine cases showed MMR deficiency. PD-L1 expression levels correlated with MMR expression status: all three MLH1/PMS2-deficient cases had a ≥5% PD-L1 staining and an H-score ≥10 (P = 0.01). RB1 was lost in four of nine cases, all PD-L1 positive, but this correlation was not statistically significant. Seven of nine tumours were positive for HPV-ISH; two of these had MLH1/PMS2 loss. Of the two HPV-ISH negative tumours, one had MLS1/PMS2 loss. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 expression, predominantly focal, is seen in 70% of SmCC-Cx, while loss of MMR expression is seen in 33% of SmCC-Cx in our cohort. PD-L1 expression in more than 10% of tumour cells is seen in a subset of tumours in association with loss of MMR expression. These patients may be amenable to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy as a promising alternative for this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Morgan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Slodkowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos Parra-Herran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jelena Mirkovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Jiang K, Martens B, Meyer L, Truong K, Lauwers GY. A mismatch repair-deficient and HPV-negative anorectal squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2019; 474:769-773. [PMID: 30729336 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive primary squamous cell carcinomas involving the anorectal region are challenging to manage. Microsatellite instability has been shown to impact clinical courses and outcomes of patients affected by many types of carcinomas. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on microsatellite instability in anorectal squamous cell carcinomas. Here, we report a HPV-negative anorectal squamous cell carcinoma which, despite cisplatin-based chemoradiation therapy, showed progression. Interestingly, after identification of its mismatch repair-deficiency (MLH1/PMS2-absent, MSH2/MSH6-intact), pembrolizumab-based immunotherapy was initiated, leading to a marked clinical response. This unique case illustrates that microsatellite instability testing and immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoint blockade should be considered for managing anorectal squamous cell carcinomas that fail conventional chemoradiation therapies or when patients are non-surgical candidates. This report provides the first evidence of microsatellite instability in anorectal squamous cell carcinomas and supports the role for microsatellite instability testing in this cancer type to optimize patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Brian Martens
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Logan Meyer
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Kim Truong
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Gregory Y Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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36
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Liu Y, Wu L, Tong R, Yang F, Yin L, Li M, You L, Xue J, Lu Y. PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Cervical Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:65. [PMID: 30774597 PMCID: PMC6367228 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological tumors, and the majority of early-stage cervical cancer patients achieve good recovery through surgical treatment and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). However, for patients with recurrent, persistent, metastatic cervical cancer, effective treatment is rare, except for bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy. Programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors might be a novel choice to improve the clinical outcomes of these patients. Thus far, some pivotal trials, including Keynote 028, Keynote 158 and Checkmate 358, have indicated established clinical benefit of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in cervical cancer. In light of these data, the FDA has approved pembrolizumab for patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer with disease progression during or after chemotherapy. There are also some ongoing studies that may provide more evidence for the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway as a therapeutic target in cervical cancer. In this review, we have summarized the status and application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in clinical trials for the treatment of cervical cancer and suggested some future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Liu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruizhan Tong
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiyue Yang
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Limei Yin
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengqian Li
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liting You
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Lu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lippert J, Appenzeller S, Liang R, Sbiera S, Kircher S, Altieri B, Nanda I, Weigand I, Gehrig A, Steinhauer S, Riemens RJM, Rosenwald A, Müller CR, Kroiss M, Rost S, Fassnacht M, Ronchi CL. Targeted Molecular Analysis in Adrenocortical Carcinomas: A Strategy Toward Improved Personalized Prognostication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4511-4523. [PMID: 30113656 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has a heterogeneous prognosis, and current medical therapies have limited efficacy in its advanced stages. Genome-wide multiomics studies identified molecular patterns associated with clinical outcome. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed at identifying a molecular signature useful for both personalized prognostic stratification and druggable targets, using methods applicable in clinical routine. DESIGN In total, 117 tumor samples from 107 patients with ACC were analyzed. Targeted next-generation sequencing of 160 genes and pyrosequencing of 4 genes were applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens to detect point mutations, copy number alterations, and promoter region methylation. Molecular results were combined with clinical/histopathological parameters (tumor stage, age, symptoms, resection status, and Ki-67) to predict progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS In addition to known driver mutations, we detected recurrent alterations in genes not previously associated with ACC (e.g., NOTCH1, CIC, KDM6A, BRCA1, BRCA2). Best prediction of PFS was obtained integrating molecular results (more than one somatic mutation, alterations in Wnt/β-catenin and p53 pathways, high methylation pattern) and clinical/histopathological parameters into a combined score (P < 0.0001, χ2 = 68.6). Accuracy of prediction for early disease progress was 83.3% (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.872, 95% confidence interval 0.80 to 0.94). Furthermore, 17 potentially targetable alterations were found in 64 patients (e.g., in CDK4, NOTCH1, NF1, MDM2, and EGFR and in DNA repair system). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that molecular profiling of FFPE tumor samples improves prognostication of ACC beyond clinical/histopathological parameters and identifies new potential drug targets. These findings pave the way to precision medicine in this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lippert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Raimunde Liang
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute for Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Gehrig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Steinhauer
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Renzo J M Riemens
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, LK Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute for Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens R Müller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simone Rost
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Central Labor, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, England
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