Risk Factors That Influence Surgical Decision-Making for Patients with Low-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer with Tumor Diameters of 1-4 cm

Radiomics in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Nodules: Explorations, Application, and Limitations

Radiomics is an emerging technique that allows the quantitative extraction of high-throughput features from single or multiple medical images, which cannot be observed directly with the naked eye, and then applies to machine learning approaches to construct classification or prediction models. This method makes it possible to evaluate tumor status and to differentiate malignant from benign tumors or nodules in a more objective manner. To date, the classification and prediction value of radiomics in DTC patients have been inconsistent. Herein, we summarize the available literature on the classification and prediction performance of radiomics-based DTC in various imaging techniques. More specifically, we reviewed the recent literature to discuss the capacity of radiomics to predict lymph node (LN) metastasis, distant metastasis, tumor extrathyroidal extension, disease-free survival, and B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) mutation and differentiate malignant from benign nodules. This review discusses the application and limitations of the radiomics process, and explores its ability to improve clinical decision-making with the hope of emphasizing its utility for DTC patients.

Clinical Characteristics-Assisted Risk Stratification for Extent of Thyroidectomy in Patients With 1-4 cm Solitary Intrathyroidal Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

BACKGROUND

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. The 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommend that lobectomy is suitable for solitary intrathyroidal DTC (SI-DTC) of 1-4 cm. However, some SI-DTC patients with other high-risk characteristics still have poor prognosis and require more aggressive surgical methods. This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics that are important for the identification and treatment of high-risk patients with SI-DTC of 1-4 cm.

METHODS

The study cohort was obtained from the SEER database, consisting of data between 2004 and 2013. The outcome measures were thyroid carcinoma-specific mortality (CSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM). Patient survival curves were examined using Kaplan-Meier analyses with log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs) were used to show the magnitude of the effect of disease stage on DTC-specific patient mortality.

RESULTS

The study included 55,947 patients with SI-DTC of 1-4 cm and 4,765 patients with DTC >4 cm. Tumor size, surgical approach, age, sex, race, and radiation exposure were independent risk factors for CSM and ACM. SI-DTC patients with female, age ≤45, and 1 cm< tumor size ≤2 cm were at low risk of CSM [HR = 0.014 (0.002-0.115)] and ACM [HR = 0.115 (0.077-0.171)] when stratified by age, sex, and tumor size. Compared to T3 patients, CSM was not significantly different in male patients, age >45, 2 cm< tumor size ≤3 cm [HR = 0.839 (0.414-1.700)] and male patients, age >45, 1 cm< tumor size ≤2 cm [HR = 0.751 (0.410-1.377)]. Furthermore, compared to T3 patients without extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and lymph node metastasis (LNM), more subgroups of SI-DTC of 1-4 cm had a similar prognosis. In addition, patients with SI-DTC of 1-4 cm showed similar rates of CSM and ACM to T3 patients without ETE, LNM, and distant metastasis (DM). Similar results were obtained when we set the age cut-off value as 55 years, according to the 8th edition of AJCC TNM system.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated that sex, age, and tumor size clearly differentiate SI-DTC of 1-4 cm into low-and high-risk categories. Survival rates were significantly lower in subgroups containing old males with larger tumors compared to younger females with small tumors. Total thyroidectomy may be favored in these high-risk subgroup patients.