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Thamjamrassri P, Ariyachet C. Circular RNAs in Cell Cycle Regulation of Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6094. [PMID: 38892280 PMCID: PMC11173060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been one of the most problematic health issues globally. Typically, all cancers share a common characteristic or cancer hallmark, such as sustaining cell proliferation, evading growth suppressors, and enabling replicative immortality. Indeed, cell cycle regulation in cancer is often found to be dysregulated, leading to an increase in aggressiveness. These dysregulations are partly due to the aberrant cellular signaling pathway. In recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been widely studied and classified as one of the regulators in various cancers. Numerous studies have reported that circRNAs antagonize or promote cancer progression through the modulation of cell cycle regulators or their associated signaling pathways, directly or indirectly. Mostly, circRNAs are known to act as microRNA (miRNA) sponges. However, they also hold additional mechanisms for regulating cellular activity, including protein binding, RNA-binding protein (RBP) recruitment, and protein translation. This review will discuss the current knowledge of how circRNAs regulate cell cycle-related proteins through the abovementioned mechanisms in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannathon Thamjamrassri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Medical Biochemistry Program, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaiyaboot Ariyachet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Chen S, Li W, Ning CG, Wang F, Wang LX, Liao C, Sun F. Hsa_circ_0136666 mediates the antitumor effect of curcumin in colorectal carcinoma by regulating CXCL1 via miR-1301-3p. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:2120-2137. [PMID: 38173425 PMCID: PMC10758645 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i12.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigate the anti-tumor effect of curcumin and whether its mediated by hsa_circ_0136666 through miR-1301-3p/CXCL1 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Through multiple experiments, we have drawn the conclusion that curcumin inhibited CRC development through the hsa_circ_0136666/miR-1301-3p/CXCL1 axis, hinting at a novel treatment option for curcumin to prevent CRC development. AIM To determine whether hsa_circ_0136666 involvement in curcumin-triggered CRC progression was mediated by sponging miR-1301-3p. METHODS Cell counting kit-8, colony-forming cell, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, and flow cytometry assays were carried out to determine cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantified hsa_circ_0136666, miR-1301-3p, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and western blot analysis determined CXCL1, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax) protein levels. CircBank or starbase software was first used for the prediction of miR-1301-3p binding with hsa_circ_0136666 and CXCL1, followed by RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter assay validation. In vivo experiments were implemented in a murine xenograft model. RESULTS Curcumin blocked CRC cell proliferation but boosted apoptosis. Moreover, elevated hsa_circ_0136666 Levels were observed in CRC cells, which were reduced by curcumin. In vitro, hsa_circ_0136666 overexpression abolished the antitumor activity of CRC cells. Mechanical analysis revealed the ability of hsa_circ_0136666 to sponge miR-1301-3p to modulate CXCL1 levels. CONCLUSION Curcumin inhibited CRC development through the hsa_circ_0136666/miR-1301-3p/CXCL1 axis, hinting at a novel treatment option for curcumin to prevent CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chen-Gong Ning
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li-Xing Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chen Liao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
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Jin J, Du M, Ding D, Xuan R. CircRNA circ_0013339 Regulates the Progression of Colorectal Cancer Through miR-136-5p/SOX9 Axis. Biochem Genet 2023:10.1007/s10528-023-10540-4. [PMID: 37925667 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common gastrointestinal malignancy. Dysregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) is associated with the progression of CRC. However, the role of circ_0013339 (hsa_circ_0013339) in CRC is still not clear. METHODS The levels of circ_0013339, miR-136-5p, and SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) in CRC were gauged by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Colony formation and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays were used to detect cell proliferation. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay was used to measure cell viability. Western blot assay was performed to examine protein expression. The relationship between miR-136-5p and circ_0013339 or SOX9 was tested by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effect of sh-circ_0013339 on tumor growth in vivo was examined by xenograft experiments. RESULTS Circ_0013339 expression was elevated in CRC tissues and cells, and circ_0013339 knockdown diminished the growth of CRC cells. MiR-136-5p was regulated by circ_0013339. MiR-136-5p deficiency ameliorated the effects of circ_0013339 silencing on CRC cell malignant behaviors. Circ_0013339 modulated SOX9 expression through miR-136-5p. SOX9 addition reversed the effects of miR-136-5p overexpression on CRC cell behaviors. Moreover, silencing of circ_0013339 suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. CONCLUSION Circ_0013339 regulates the progression of CRC through miR-136-5p-dependent regulation of SOX9, uncovering a novel regulatory mechanism of circ_0013339 in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University(The First People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University(The First People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Ran Xuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University(The First People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, 230000, Anhui, China
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Song R, Chai T, Liu J, Chu A, Sun C, Liu Z. Knockdown of circMFN2 inhibits cell progression and glycolysis by miR-198/CUL4B pathway in ovarian cancer. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23383. [PMID: 37158446 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) regulates malignant tumors, including ovarian cancer (OC). The present research study aimed to reveal the biological mechanism of circRNA mitofusin 2 (circMFN2) in OC. Cell biological behaviors were investigated using clonogenicity assay, EdU assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis were implemented to detect the levels of circMFN2, miR-198, Cullin 4B (CUL4B), and apoptosis-related proteins. Glycolysis was assessed by glucose assay kit, lactate assay kit, and ATP level detection kit. The relationships among miR-198, circMFN2, and CUL4B were verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. The xenograft mice model was used to analyze tumor growth in vivo. The expression of circMFN2 and CUL4B was increased, while miR-330-5p was decreased in OC tissues or cells. The absence of CircMFN2 hindered cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and promoted apoptosis in OC cells. We found that circMFN2 promoted CUL4B expression via sponging miR-198. MiR-198 depletion reversed circMFN2 knockdown-induced effects in OC cells. Furthermore, CUL4B overexpression overturned the inhibitory effect of miR-198 in OC cells. And the absence of circMFN2 inhibited tumor growth in vivo. CircMFN2 repressed OC progression by regulating the miR-198/CUL4B axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ting Chai
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Alan Chu
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zongwen Liu
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Gai Y, Qian L, Jiang S, Li J, Zhang X, Yang X, Pan H, Liao Y, Wang H, Huang S, Zhang S, Nie H, Ma M, Li H. Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) acts as a tumor promoter via facilitating cell cycle progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:90. [PMID: 36933061 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is insidious and highly malignant with extremely poor prognosis and drug resistance to current chemotherapies. Therefore, there is a critical need to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying PDAC progression to develop promising diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In parallel, vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) proteins, involved in the sorting, transportation, and localization of membrane proteins, have gradually attracted the attention of researchers in the development of cancers. Although VPS35 has been reported to promote carcinoma progression, the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. Here, we determined the impact of VPS35 on the tumorigenesis of PDAC and explored the underlying molecular mechanism. We performed a pan-cancer analysis of 46 VPS genes using RNAseq data from GTEx (control) and TCGA (tumor) and predicted potential functions of VPS35 in PDAC by enrichment analysis. Furthermore, cell cloning experiments, gene knockout, cell cycle analysis, immunohistochemistry, and other molecular and biochemical experiments were used to validate the function of VPS35. Consequently, VPS35 was found overexpressed in multiple cancers and correlated with the poor prognosis of PDAC. Meanwhile, we verified that VPS35 could modulate the cell cycle and promote tumor cell growth in PDAC. Collectively, we provide solid evidence that VPS35 facilitates the cell cycle progression as a critical novel target in PDAC clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Liheng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingna Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingze Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Fang G, Xu D, Zhang T, Wang G, Qiu L, Gao X, Miao Y. Biological functions, mechanisms, and clinical significance of circular RNA in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1138481. [PMID: 36950552 PMCID: PMC10025547 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1138481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide due to the lack of effective diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets, resulting in poor patient survival rates. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of endogenous non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with a closed-loop structure that plays a crucial role in physiological processes and pathological diseases. Recent studies indicate that circRNAs are involved in the diagnosis, prognosis, drug resistance, and development of tumors, particularly in CRC. Therefore, circRNA could be a potential new target for improving CRC diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This review focuses on the origin and biological functions of circRNA, summarizes recent research on circRNA's role in CRC, and discusses the potential use of circRNAs as clinical biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as therapeutic targets for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guida Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical College of Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, China
| | - Dalai Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical College of Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xuzhu Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical College of Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
- Institute of Clinical Oncology, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Yongchang Miao, ; Xuzhu Gao,
| | - Yongchang Miao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical College of Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Yongchang Miao, ; Xuzhu Gao,
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Huang Y, Chen Z, Zhou X, Huang H. Circ_0000467 Exerts an Oncogenic Role in Colorectal Cancer via miR-330-5p-Dependent Regulation of TYRO3. Biochem Genet 2022; 60:1488-1510. [PMID: 35039980 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most frequent neoplasms of digestive tract worldwide. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified to serve crucial regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of human cancers. However, the role and regulatory mechanism of circ_0000467 in the progression of CRC are still unclear. The expression levels of circ_0000467, microRNA-330-5p (miR-330-5p), and tyrosine receptor kinase 3 (TYRO3) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The interaction between miR-330-5p and circ_0000467 or TYRO3 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Xenograft tumor assay and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay were implemented to analyze CRC tumor growth in vivo. Circ_0000467 was a stable circRNA and was highly expressed in CRC tumor tissues and cells. Silencing of circ_0000467 could inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and accelerated the apoptosis of CRC cells in vitro and hindered tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circ_0000467 directly interacted with miR-330-5p and circ_0000467 depletion inhibited CRC cell malignant progression by regulating miR-330-5p. Furthermore, TYRO3 was a target of miR-330-5p and circ_0000467 upregulated TYRO3 expression by sponging miR-330-5p. Moreover, TYRO3 overexpression counteracted the inhibitory effect of miR-330-5p overexpression or circ_0000467 knockdown on CRC cell progression. Altogether, circ_0000467 knockdown suppressed CRC cell malignant development through modulating the miR-330-5p/TYRO3 network, providing a novel molecular target of CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Huang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, No. 12, Eling North Road, Huicheng District, Huizhou City, 516001, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, No. 12, Eling North Road, Huicheng District, Huizhou City, 516001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, No. 12, Eling North Road, Huicheng District, Huizhou City, 516001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, No. 12, Eling North Road, Huicheng District, Huizhou City, 516001, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang D, Liu X, Cao L, Gong S, He Y, Jiang X, Wang Z. miR-486-3p Controls the Apoptosis of Endometrial Carcinoma Cells. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to discuss the mechanism of miR-486-3p in controlling the apoptosis of endometrial carcinoma (EC) cells. EC cells were divided into NC group, miR-486-3p mimic and miR-486-3p inhibitor group followed by analysis of miR-486-3p level by Real-time PCR, cell proliferation
by spectrophotometric method, apoptosis by FCM, cell migration and invasion by Transwell analysis. EC cells showed reduced miR-486-3p level. The EC malignant biological behaviors could be prompted through retraining miR-486-3p level with increased EC cell invasive capacity. DDR1 was a target
of miR-486-3p. The variation of tumor activity could be regulated through controlling DDR1 expression. In conclusion, the apoptotic and invasive characteristic of EC cells are restrained after overexpression of miR-486-3p in EC cells through targeting DDR1, indicating that miR-486-3p could
be considered to be one kind of brand-new target for the treatment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Lirong Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Shixiong Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Xiangbin Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Zhongxian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
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Wang X, Zhu Y, Xie Q. The promising role and prognostic value of miR-198 in human diseases. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:2749-2766. [PMID: 35559396 PMCID: PMC9091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) has attracted more and more attention. MiRNA is an approximately 22-nucleotide, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecule that affects the expression of downstream target genes. MiRNAs regulate the occurrence and development of human diseases. The objective of this article is to explore the abnormal expression of miR-198 in a variety of human diseases. The relationships between abnormally expressed miR-198 and clinicopathological characteristics are also summarized. Its roles in various diseases and potential molecular mechanisms include involvement in many biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation, proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, and drug resistance. The potential value of miR-198 for disease diagnosis, treatment, and especially, prognosis, are discussed. More in-depth research on miRNA will support the conversion from basic research to clinical applications of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Qiuli Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, P. R. China
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Dexmedetomidine disrupts esophagus cancer tumorigenesis by modulating circ_0003340/miR-198/HMGA2 axis. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:448-458. [PMID: 35324528 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
More and more studies have focused on the regulatory role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in various cancers. However, it is not clear how dexmedetomidine (DEX) affects esophagus cancer progression by affecting the expression of circRNAs. This study aimed to investigate the role of DEX in esophagus cancer and its underlying mechanism. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays were conducted to evaluate cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis and transwell assay were performed for cell apoptosis and invasion. The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, matrix metallopeptidase 9, and high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) were assessed by western blot assay. The expression levels of circ_0003340 and microRNA-198 (miR-198) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the interaction between miR-198 and circ_0003340 or HMGA2. Murine xenograft model was established to investigate the role of circ_0003340 and DEX in vivo. DEX exerted antitumor effects in esophagus cancer cells. DEX hindered proliferation and invasion while inducing apoptosis of esophagus cancer cells, which was abolished by circ_0003340 elevation, HMGA2 overexpression, or miR-198 silencing. miR-198 directly interacted with circ_0003340 and HMGA2 in esophagus cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of circ_0003340 could improve the anticancer role of DEX in vivo. DEX constrained cell carcinogenesis by regulating circ_0003340/miR-198/HMGA2 axis in esophagus cancer, providing an effective clinical implication for preventing the development of the esophagus cancer by the DEX.
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Zou Y, Liu L, Meng J, Dai M. Circular RNA circ_0068464 combined with microRNA-383 regulates Wnt/β-catenin pathway to promote the progression of colorectal cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5113-5125. [PMID: 35168468 PMCID: PMC8974116 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2036905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was to clarify the influence and mechanism of circular RNA hsa_circ_0068464 (circ_0068464) on the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). First, we combined bioinformatics analysis and the high-throughput sequencing to determine the expression profile of circRNAs in CRC dataset, and screened out the differentially expressed circ_0068464. Subsequently, qRT-PCR was utilized to measure circ_0068464 expression in CRC and normal cancer-adjacent tissues, CRC cell lines (SW480, SW620, HT29, LS174T and HCT116) and human fetal intestinal epithelial cell (FHC). The results revealed that circ_0068464 was abnormally up-regulated in CRC cells and tissues. Knockdown of circ_0068464 could inhibit CRC cell migration and proliferation and promoted apoptosis while suppressing the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins (β-catenin, cyclin D1, C-myc and LEF-1). In addition, tumorigenic assays in nude mice confirmed that circ_0068464 downregulation significantly inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis. Further, the binding interaction between circ_0068464 and microRNA-383 (miR-383) was verified by dual-luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. And miR-383 was significantly down-regulated in CRC tissues and cells. Interfering with miR-383 expression reversed the inhibitory effect of circ_0068464 knockdown on CRC cells. In conclusion, circ_0068464 targets miR-383 to regulate Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation, thereby promoting the development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Meiyu Dai
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
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12
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Kaushik P, Kumar A. Emerging role and function of miR-198 in human health and diseases. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 229:153741. [PMID: 34952425 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ever since their discovery, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have astonished us by the plethora of processes they regulate, and thus adding another dimension to the gene regulation. They have been implicated in several diseases affecting cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, hepatic, autoimmune and inflammatory functions. A primate specific exonic miRNA, miR-198 has been vastly studied during the past decade, and shown to have a critical role in wound healing. The aberrant expression of miR-198 was first reported in schizophrenia, linking it to neural development. Later, its dysregulation and tumor suppressive role was reported in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, this was just a beginning, and after which there was an explosion of reports linking miR-198 deregulation to cancers and other ailments. The first target to be identified for miR-198 was Cyclin T1 in monocytes affecting HIV1 replication. Depending on the type of cancer, miR-198 has been shown to function either as a tumor suppressor or an oncomir. Interestingly, miR-198 is not only known to regulate multiple targets and pathways, but also is itself regulated by several circular RNAs and long-non-coding RNAs, highlighting a complex regulatory network. This review highlights the currently understood mechanism and regulation of miR-198 in different diseases, and its possible diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankhuri Kaushik
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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13
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Jiang LN, Ji X, Liu W, Qi C, Zhai X. Identification of the circ_PRKDC/miR-20a-3p/RASA1 axis in regulating HaCaT keratinocyte migration. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 30:282-291. [PMID: 34897876 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Migration of keratinocytes plays a crucial role in the re-epithelialization phase during wound healing. Circular RNA (circRNA) protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic subunit (circ_PRKDC, hsa_circ_0084443) has been identified as a regulator of keratinocyte migration. However, the molecular basis governing it remains unclear. The levels of circ_PRKDC, microRNA (miR)-20a-3p, and RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1) were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) or western blot. Subcellular localization, Actinomycin D, and Ribonuclease (RNase) R assays were performed to characterise circ_PRKDC. Cell migration was gauged by transwell and wound-healing assays. A direct relationship between miR-20a-3p and circ_PRKDC or RASA1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. Circ_PRKDC expression was reduced in wound skin during wound healing. Circ_PRKDC modulated migration of HaCaT keratinocytes. Mechanistically, circ_PRKDC directly targeted miR-20a-3p. The regulation of circ_PRKDC on HaCaT keratinocyte migration was mediated by miR-20a-3p. RASA1 was identified as a direct and functional target of miR-20a-3p, and miR-20a-3p-mediated inhibition of RASA1 impacted HaCaT keratinocyte migration. Circ_PRKDC acted as a post-transcriptional modulator of RASA1 expression through miR-20a-3p. Moreover, circ_PRKDC modulated migration of HaCaT keratinocytes by RASA1. Our findings demonstrated a novel molecular basis, the miR-20a-3p/RASA1 axis, for the regulation of circ_PRKDC on HaCaT keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chuanchuan Qi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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14
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Zhang S, Sun J, Gu M, Wang G, Wang X. Circular RNA: A promising new star for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:8725-8740. [PMID: 34796685 PMCID: PMC8683543 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive tract. According to the research of circular RNAs in the CRC field, compared with linear RNAs, circular RNAs are a special type of noncoding RNA that are covalently closed circular structures, which have no 5' cap structure and 3' polyA tail and are not affected by RNA exonuclease and actinomycin D. Biological functions Notably, circular RNAs have a high degree of stability and potential effect on gene regulation. Meanwhile, circular RNAs are involved in the sponge action of microRNAs and mediate protein translation and direct binding, alternative splicing, and histone modification. Relationships with CRC Studies have shown that circular RNAs are related to the proliferation, invasion, recurrence, metastasis, ferroptosis, apoptosis, and chemotherapy resistance of CRC. Conclusions This article provides a brief review based on the source, structural characteristics, mechanisms, biological functions of circular RNAs, and the relationships between CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhao Zhang
- Graduate School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Graduate School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Minqi Gu
- Graduate School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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15
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Ding Y. Circular RNA circPRKDC promotes tumorigenesis of gastric cancer via modulating insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) and mediating microRNA-493-5p. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7631-7643. [PMID: 34605348 PMCID: PMC8806545 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1981798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CircPRKDC has been disclosed to participate in the tumorigenesis of serval tumors, but the regulatory mechanisms of circPRKDC in GC are still unknown. CircPRKDC, miR-493-5p, and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) levels were tested by RT-qPCR. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein levels were evaluated via western blot. The cell viability, migration and invasion were evaluated through CCK-8 and Transwell assays. Luciferase reporter and RIP assays were employed to confirm the binding ability between miR-493-5p and circPRKDC or IRS2. CircPRKDC was upregulated in GC samples, and circPRKDC silencing restrained GC cell viability, metastasis, and EMT and suppressed GC tumor growth. Besides, miR-493-5p was a target of circPRKDC, and the repressive impact of circPRKDC knockdown on GC development was neutralized by miR-493-5p inhibition. Moreover, miR-493-5p targeted IRS2 and IRS2 addition rescued the effects of circPRKDC depletion on GC progression. Finally, circPRKDC knockdown could regulate IRS2 expression by targeting miR-493-5p. These results elaborated that circPRKDC accelerated GC development via sponging miR-493-5p and increasing IRS2, which might provide novel potential targets for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Emergency General Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Emergency General Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yunlong Ding
- Department of Emergency General Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
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16
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Fang G, Chen T, Mao R, Huang X, Ji L. Circular RNA circ_0089153 acts as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate colorectal cancer development by the miR-198/SUMO-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5664-5678. [PMID: 34516314 PMCID: PMC8806507 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1967076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated the implications of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated the functional role and mechanism of circ_0089153 in CRC pathogenesis. The expression levels of circ_0089153, microRNA (miR)-198, and SUMO-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) were gauged by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) or western blot. Cell proliferation, sphere formation, tube formation, and apoptosis abilities were detected by 5-Ethynyl-2ʹ-Deoxyuridine (EdU), sphere formation, tube formation, and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The direct relationship between miR-198 and circ_0089153 or SENP1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The mouse xenograft assays were performed to evaluate the role of circ_0089153 in vivo. Our data showed that circ_0089153 was overexpressed in CRC tissues and cells. Depletion of circ_0089153 repressed cell proliferation, sphere formation ability, and enhanced cell apoptosis, as well as inhibited tube formation in vitro. Moreover, circ_0089153 depletion diminished tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circ_0089153 targeted miR-198, and the effects of circ_0089153 were mediated by miR-198. SENP1 was identified as a direct and functional target of miR-198. Circ_0089153 worked as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to post-transcriptionally regulate SENP1 expression by miR-198. Our findings identify circ_0089153 as a novel regulator of CRC development through the regulation of the miR-198/SENP1 axis and establish a strong rationale for developing circ_0089153 as a promising therapeutic against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Fang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruibo Mao
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaming Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Ji
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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17
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Xu YJ, Zhao JM, Gao C, Ni XF, Wang W, Hu WW, Wu CP. Hsa_circ_0136666 activates Treg-mediated immune escape of colorectal cancer via miR-497/PD-L1 pathway. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110095. [PMID: 34320370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the rankings of cancer mortality and incidence worldwide, colorectal cancer ranks fourth and the third, respectively. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0136666 (hsa_circ_0136666) is reported to participate in the growth of colorectal cancer. However, the mechanism by which hsa_circ_0136666 regulates the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer needs to be further explored. In this study, we report here the role of hsa_circ_0136666 in the aberrant activation of Treg cells and immune evasion of tumor cells, providing a new strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer. METHODS Western blotting assay and qRT-PCR assay were used to determine protein and mRNA expression levels. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the targeted regulatory relationship. RNA immunoprecipitation was used to detect RNA binding. Colony formation assay was utilized to measure the cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell apoptosis. Xenograft model was setup to evaluate tumor growth. RESULTS The results showed that hsa_circ_0136666 and PD-L1 was increased in colorectal cancer cells while miR-497 was decreased in colorectal cancer cells when compared with normal colon epithelial cell line. Hsa_circ_0136666 was demonstrated to directly target miR-497, which also regulated PD-L1 by binding to its 3'UTR. Further mechanistic studies identified that hsa_circ_0136666 controlled cell proliferation and apoptosis via targeting miR-497 and regulating PD-L1 expression. Of note, hsa_circ_0136666 stimulated Treg cells mediated by miR-497/PD-L1 axis and its downstream signal pathway in Treg cells. Finally, hsa_circ_0136666 was found to accelerate the tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that hsa_circ_0136666 promoted the expression of PD-L1 by inhibiting miR-497 level in colorectal cancer, thus inducing the activation of Treg cells and leading to the immune escape of tumor, providing a novel mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jie-Min Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Cao Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Ni
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wen-Wei Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Chang-Ping Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Radanova M, Mihaylova G, Nazifova-Tasinova N, Levkova M, Tasinov O, Ivanova D, Mihaylova Z, Donev I. Oncogenic Functions and Clinical Significance of Circular RNAs in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3395. [PMID: 34298612 PMCID: PMC8303601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the second most commonly diagnosed disease in females and the third in males worldwide. Therefore, the finding of new more reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis, for prediction of metastasis, and resistance to conventional therapies is an important challenge in overcoming the disease. The current review presents circular RNAs (circRNAs) with their unique features as potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers in CRC. The review highlights the mechanism of action and the role of circRNAs with oncogenic functions in the CRC as well as the association between their expression and clinicopathological characteristics of CRC patients. The comprehension of the role of oncogenic circRNAs in CRC pathogenesis is growing rapidly and the next step is using them as suitable new drug targets in the personalized treatment of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Radanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (M.R.); (G.M.); (N.N.-T.); (O.T.); (D.I.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Galya Mihaylova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (M.R.); (G.M.); (N.N.-T.); (O.T.); (D.I.)
| | - Neshe Nazifova-Tasinova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (M.R.); (G.M.); (N.N.-T.); (O.T.); (D.I.)
| | - Mariya Levkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Oskan Tasinov
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (M.R.); (G.M.); (N.N.-T.); (O.T.); (D.I.)
| | - Desislava Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (M.R.); (G.M.); (N.N.-T.); (O.T.); (D.I.)
| | - Zhasmina Mihaylova
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, Military Medical Academy, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivan Donev
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, Hospital Nadezhda, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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