Antiglycation, radical scavenging, and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase inhibitory activities of acetohydroxamic acid in vitro

Hydrolysable Tannins Exhibit Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Anti-Glycation Activities In Vitro and Learning and Memory Function Improvements in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesiac Mice

Agricultural waste from the hulls of water caltrop (Trapa taiwanesis Nakai, TT-hull) was extracted by either steeping them in cold 95% ethanol (C95E), refluxing 95E, refluxing 50E, or refluxing hot water (HW) to obtain C95EE, 95EE, 50EE, and HWE, respectively. These four extracts showed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities and free radical scavenging activities, as well as anti-non-enzymatic protein glycation in vitro. Eight compounds were isolated from TT-hull-50EE and were used to plot the chromatographic fingerprints of the TT-hull extracts, among which tellimagrandin-I, tellimagrandin-II, and 1,2,3,6-tetra-galloylglucose showed the strongest AChE inhibitory activities, and they also exhibited anti-amyloid β peptide aggregations. The scopolamine-induced amnesiac ICR mice that were fed with TT-hull-50EE or TT-hull-HWE (100 and 200 mg/kg) or tellimagrandin-II (100 and 200 mg/kg) showed improved learning behavior when evaluated using passive avoidance or water maze evaluation, and they showed significant differences (p < 0.05) compared to those in the control group. The enriched hydrolysable tannins of the recycled TT-hull may be developed as functional foods for the treatment of degenerative disorders.

Protein Glycation: An Old Villain is Shedding Secrets

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The glycation of proteins is non-physiological post-translational incorporation of carbohydrates onto the free amines or guanidines of proteins and some lipids. Although the existence of glycated proteins has been known for forty years, a full understanding of their pathogenic nature has been slow in accruing. In recent years, however, glycation has gained widespread acceptance as a contributing factor in numerous metabolic, autoimmune, and neurological disorders, tying together several confounding aspects of disease etiology. From diabetes, arthritis, and lupus, to multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases, an emerging glycation/inflammation paradigm now offers significant new insight into a physiologically important toxicological phenomenon. It exposes novel drug targets and treatment options, and may even lay foundations for long-awaited breakthroughs.

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This ‘current frontier’ article briefly profiles current knowledge regarding the underlying causes of glycation, the structural biology implications of such modifications, and their pathological consequences. Although several emerging therapeutic strategies for addressing glycation pathologies are introduced, the primary purpose of this mini-review is to raise awareness of the challenges and opportunities inherent in this emerging new medicinal target area.

Anti-glycation, anti-hemolysis, and ORAC activities of demethylcurcumin and tetrahydroxycurcumin in vitro and reductions of oxidative stress in D-galactose-induced BALB/c mice in vivo

BACKGROUND

There were few report concerning anti-glycation and antioxidant activities of the minor amounts of components in curcuminoids, demethylcurcumin and tetrahydroxycurcumin, in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

The bovine serum albumin/galactose of non-enzymatic glycation models, radical-induced hemolysis, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were studied in vitro, and the D-galactose-induced oxidative stress in BALB/c mice and then demethylcurcumin or tetrahydroxycurcumin interventions in vivo. The parameters of oxidative stress in plasma and brain extracts were determined among animal groups with or without both curcuminoids interventions. The demethylcurcumin and tetrahydroxycurcumin exhibited anti-glycation, anti-hemolysis, and ORAC activities, and showed much better and significant difference (P < 0.05) compared to those of curcumin in vitro. In animal experiments, the intervened two curcuminoids at both concentrations showed to lower serum malondialdehyde (MDA), brain MDA levels and iNOS protein expressions, and elevate serum ORAC activities, and showed difference (P < 0.05) compared to the galactose-induced control.

CONCLUSION

The demethylcurcumin and tetrahydroxycurcumin showed potentials in developing functional foods for antioxidant-related purposes.