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Deng Q, Wu C, Parker E, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Significance and Summary of Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1537-1564. [PMID: 37815901 PMCID: PMC11272214 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized by a slow progression of cognitive impairment and neuronal loss. Currently, approved treatments for AD are hindered by various side effects and limited efficacy. Despite considerable research, practical treatments for AD have not been developed. Increasing evidence shows that glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are essential in the initiation and progression of AD. During AD progression, activated resident microglia increases the ability of resting astrocytes to transform into reactive astrocytes, promoting neurodegeneration. Extensive clinical and molecular studies show the involvement of microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathology, indicating that microglia and astrocytes may be potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review will summarize the significant and recent advances of microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of AD in three parts. First, we will review the typical pathological changes of AD and discuss microglia and astrocytes in terms of function and phenotypic changes. Second, we will describe microglia and astrocytes' physiological and pathological role in AD. These roles include the inflammatory response, "eat me" and "don't eat me" signals, Aβ seeding, propagation, clearance, synapse loss, synaptic pruning, remyelination, and demyelination. Last, we will review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes in AD. We conclude that microglia and astrocytes are essential in the initiation and development of AD. Therefore, understanding the new role of microglia and astrocytes in AD progression is critical for future AD studies and clinical trials. Moreover, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes, with specific studies investigating microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage and repair, may be a promising research direction for future studies regarding AD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Lu XY, Li MQ, Li YT, Yao JY, Zhang LX, Zeng ZH, Yu-Liu, Chen ZR, Li CQ, Zhou XF, Li F. Oral edaravone ameliorates behavioral deficits and pathologies in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism spectrum disorder. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110089. [PMID: 39033904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is neurodevelopmental disorder with a high incidence rate, characterized by social deficits and repetitive behaviors. There is currently no effective management available to treat the core symptoms of ASD; however, oxidative stress has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Edaravone (EDA), a free-radical scavenger, is used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Here, we hypothesized that an oral formula of EDA may have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of core ASD symptoms. A rat model of autism was established by prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA), and the offsprings were orally treated with EDA at low (3 mg/kg), medium (10 mg/kg), and high (30 mg/kg) doses once daily for 28 days starting from postnatal day 25 (PND25). Oral EDA administration alleviated the core symptoms in VPA rats in a dose-dependent manner, including repetitive stereotypical behaviors and impaired social interaction. Furthermore, oral administration of EDA significantly reduced oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by a reduction in oxidative stress markers and an increase in antioxidants in the blood and brain. In addition, oral EDA significantly attenuated downstream pathologies, including synaptic and mitochondrial damage in the brain. Proteomic analysis further revealed that EDA corrected the imbalance in brain oxidative reduction and mitochondrial proteins induced by prenatal VPA administration. Overall, these findings demonstrate that oral EDA has therapeutic potential for ASD by targeting the oxidative stress pathway of disease pathogenesis and paves the way towards clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Meng-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | | | - Jia-Yu Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Lin-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Ze-Hao Zeng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Yu-Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Zhao-Rong Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Suzhou Auzone Biotechnology, Suzhou, China; Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
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Lu Y, Wang JTW, Li N, Zhu X, Li Y, Bansal S, Wang Y, Al-Jamal KT. Intranasal administration of edaravone nanoparticles improves its stability and brain bioavailability. J Control Release 2023; 359:257-267. [PMID: 37290723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of EDV, a potent antioxidant drug approved for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is limited by its short biological half-life and poor water solubility necessitating hospitalization during intravenous infusion. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery constitutes a powerful tool through inferring drug stability and targeted drug delivery improving drug bioavailability at the diseased site. Nose-to-brain drug delivery offers direct access to the brain bypassing the blood brain barrier and reducing systemic biodistribution. In this study, we designed EDV-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based polymeric nanoparticles (NP-EDV) for intranasal administration. NPs were formulated by the nanoprecipitation method. Morphology, EDV loading, physicochemical properties, shelf-life stability, in vitro release and pharmacokinetic assessment in mice were conducted. EDV was efficiently loaded into ∼90 nm NPs, stable up to 30 days of storage, at ∼3% drug loading. NP-EDV reduced H2O2-induced oxidative stress toxicity in mouse microglial cell line BV-2. Optical imaging and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) showed that intranasal delivery of NP-EDV offered higher and more sustained brain uptake of EDV compared to intravenous administration. This study is the first of its kind to develop an ALS drug in a nanoparticulate formulation for nose-to-brain delivery raising hope to ALS patients where currently treatment options are limited to two clinically approved drugs only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Julie Tzu-Wen Wang
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Sukhi Bansal
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Enhancement of the Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Glycyrrhetinic Acid via Novel Soluplus®—A Glycyrrhetinic Acid Solid Dispersion. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091797. [PMID: 36145545 PMCID: PMC9504515 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an anti-inflammatory drug with potential for development. However, the poor solubility of GA in water leads to extremely low bioavailability, which limits its clinical applications. Solid dispersions have become some of the most effective strategies for improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Soluplus®, a non-cytotoxic amphiphilic solubilizer, significantly improves the solubility of BCS II drugs and improves the bioavailability of insoluble drugs. l-arginine (L-Arg) can be used as a small molecular weight excipient to assist in improving the solubility of insoluble drugs. In this study, we developed a new formulation for oral administration by reacting GA and L-Arg to form salts by co-solvent evaporation and then adding the polymer-solvent Soluplus® with an amphiphilic chemical structure to prepare a solid dispersion GA-SD. The chemical and physical properties of GA-SD were characterized by DLS, TEM, XRD, FT-IR and TG. The anti-inflammatory activity of GA-SD was verified by LPS stimulation of RAW 267.5 cells simulating a cellular inflammation model, TPA-induced ear edema model in mice, and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The results showed that the amide bond and salt formation of GA-SD greatly improved GA solubility. GA-SD effectively improved the anti-inflammatory effect of free GA in vivo and in vitro, and GA-SD had no significant effect on liver and kidney function, no significant tissue toxicity, and good biosafety. In conclusion, GA-SD with L-Arg and Soluplus® is an effective method to improve the solubility and bioavailability of GA. As a safe and effective solid dispersion, it is a promising anti-inflammatory oral formulation and provides some references for other oral drug candidates with low bioavailability.
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Targeting Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets for Small Molecules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134124. [PMID: 35807370 PMCID: PMC9268715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common, progressive, and devastating neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects the elderly. Microglial dysregulation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of AD. In the brain, microglia play roles as immune cells to provide protection against virus injuries and diseases. They have significant contributions in the development of the brain, cognition, homeostasis of the brain, and plasticity. Multiple studies have confirmed that uncontrolled microglial function can result in impaired microglial mitophagy, induced Aβ accumulation and tau pathology, and a chronic neuroinflammatory environment. In the brain, most of the genes that are associated with AD risk are highly expressed by microglia. Although it was initially regarded that microglia reaction is incidental and induced by dystrophic neurites and Aβ plaques. Nonetheless, it has been reported by genome-wide association studies that most of the risk loci for AD are located in genes that are occasionally uniquely and highly expressed in microglia. This finding further suggests that microglia play significant roles in early AD stages and they be targeted for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we have summarized the molecular pathogenesis of AD, microglial activities in the adult brain, the role of microglia in the aging brain, and the role of microglia in AD. We have also particularly focused on the significance of targeting microglia for the treatment of AD.
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Delbreil P, Rabanel JM, Banquy X, Brambilla D. Therapeutic nanotechnologies for Alzheimer's disease: a critical analysis of recent trends and findings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114397. [PMID: 35738546 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease for which no disease modifying therapies are presently available. Besides the identification of pathological targets, AD presents numerous clinical and pharmacological challenges such as efficient active delivery to the central nervous system, cell targeting, and long-term dosing. Nanoparticles have been explored to overcome some of these challenges as drug delivery vehicles or drugs themselves. However, early promises have failed to materialize as no nanotechnology-based product has been able to reach the market and very few have moved past preclinical stages. In this review, we perform a critical analysis of the past decade's research on nanomedicine-based therapies for AD at the preclinical and clinical stages. The main obstacles to nanotechnology products and the most promising approaches were also identified, including renewed promise with gene editing, gene modulation, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Delbreil
- Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Rabanel
- Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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7
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhao M, Sun L. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749587. [PMID: 34899188 PMCID: PMC8651709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of age-related dementia worldwide. In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, dysregulated microglia also play deleterious roles in the AD pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that unbridled microglial activity induces a chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promotes β-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology, and impairs microglia-associated mitophagy. Thus, targeting microglia may pave the way for new therapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough overview of the pathophysiological role of the microglia in AD and illustrates the potential avenues for microglia-targeted therapies, including microglial modification, immunoreceptors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Preclinical validation of a novel oral Edaravone formulation for treatment of frontotemporal dementia. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1689-1707. [PMID: 34599751 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key factor in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders and is involved in the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and Tau inclusions. Edaravone (EDR) is a free radical scavenger that is approved for motor neuron disease and acute ischemic stroke. EDR alleviates pathologies and cognitive impairment of AD via targeting multiple key pathways in transgenic mice. Herein, we aimed to study the effect of EDR on Tau pathology in P301L mice; an animal model of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), at two age time points representing the early and late stages of the disease. A novel EDR formulation was utilized in the study and the drug was delivered orally in drinking water for 3 months. Then, behavioral tests were conducted followed by animal sacrifice and brain dissection. Treatment with EDR improved the reference memory and accuracy in the probe trial as evaluated in Morris water maze, as well as novel object recognition and significantly alleviated motor deficits in these mice. EDR also reduced the levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 3-nitrotyrosine adducts. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed that EDR reduced tau phosphorylation and neuroinflammation and partially rescued neurons against oxidative neurotoxicity. Moreover, EDR attenuated downstream pathologies involved in Tau hyperphosphorylation. These results suggest that EDR may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of FTD.
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Zhao L, Wang L, Chang L, Hou Y, Wei C, Wu Y. Ginsenoside CK-loaded self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion with enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:1127-1138. [PMID: 32729758 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1800730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhao
- Hebei Medical University, Yiling Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liping Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunlong Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cong Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yiling Wu
- Hebei Medical University, Yiling Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
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Bailly C, Hecquet PE, Kouach M, Thuru X, Goossens JF. Chemical reactivity and uses of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), also known as edaravone. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Potential use of edaravone to reduce specific side effects of chemo-, radio- and immuno-therapy of cancers. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Wang L, Song Y, Parikh A, Joyce P, Chung R, Liu L, Afinjuomo F, Hayball JD, Petrovsky N, Barclay TG, Garg S. Doxorubicin-Loaded Delta Inulin Conjugates for Controlled and Targeted Drug Delivery: Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110581. [PMID: 31698755 PMCID: PMC6920814 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta inulin, also known as microparticulate inulin (MPI), was modified by covalently attaching doxorubicin to its nanostructured surface for use as a targeted drug delivery vehicle. MPI is readily endocytosed by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and in this study, we sought to utilize this property to develop a system to target anti-cancer drugs to lymphoid organs. We investigated, therefore, whether MPI could be used as a vehicle to deliver doxorubicin selectively, thereby reducing the toxicity of this antibiotic anthracycline drug. Doxorubicin was covalently attached to the surface of MPI using an acid–labile linkage to enable pH-controlled release. The MPI-doxorubicin conjugate was characterized using FTIR and SEM, confirming covalent attachment and indicating doxorubicin coupling had no obvious impact on the physical nanostructure, integrity, and cellular uptake of the MPI particles. To simulate the stability of the MPI-doxorubicin in vivo, it was stored in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF, pH 4.5). Although the MPI-doxorubicin particles were still visible after 165 days in ALF, 53% of glycosidic bonds in the inulin particles were hydrolyzed within 12 days in ALF, reflected by the release of free glucose into solution. By contrast, the fructosidic bonds were much more stable. Drug release studies of the MPI-doxorubicin in vitro, demonstrated a successful pH-dependent controlled release effect. Confocal laser scanning microscopy studies and flow cytometric analysis confirmed that when incubated with live cells, MPI-doxorubicin was efficiently internalized by immune cells. An assay of cell metabolic activity demonstrated that the MPI carrier alone had no toxic effects on RAW 264.7 murine monocyte/macrophage-like cells, but exhibited anti-cancer effects against HCT116 human colon cancer cells. MPI-doxorubicin had a greater anti-cancer cell effect than free doxorubicin, particularly when at lower concentrations, suggesting a drug-sparing effect. This study establishes that MPI can be successfully modified with doxorubicin for chemotherapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.W.); (Y.S.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (F.A.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Yunmei Song
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.W.); (Y.S.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (F.A.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Ankit Parikh
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.W.); (Y.S.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (F.A.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Paul Joyce
- Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Rosa Chung
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.W.); (Y.S.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (F.A.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Franklin Afinjuomo
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.W.); (Y.S.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (F.A.); (T.G.B.)
| | - John D. Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia;
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Thomas G. Barclay
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.W.); (Y.S.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (F.A.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (L.W.); (Y.S.); (A.P.); (R.C.); (F.A.); (T.G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8302-1067
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Yu H, Yuan B, Chu Q, Wang C, Bi H. Protective roles of isoastilbin against Alzheimer's disease via Nrf2‑mediated antioxidation and anti‑apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1406-1416. [PMID: 30664148 PMCID: PMC6365075 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By analyzing the L‑glutamic acid (L‑Glu)‑induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and an AlCl3 combined with D‑galactose (D‑gal)‑developed Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model, the protective effects of isoastilbin (IAB) against AD were systematically investigated in the present study. Pre‑incubation with IAB for 3 h prior to treatment with 25 mM L‑Glu decreased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis, suppressed the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 cells induced by L‑Glu. In mice with AD, the reduced escape latency time in the water maze test, suppressed chronic movement in the center area of an open field test and enhanced ability to seek hidden food in a Y maze test indicated that abnormal behaviors had improved after 28 days of treatment with IAB. Furthermore, IAB reduced the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) and the expression of phosphorylated‑Tau in the mouse brain and enhanced the serum levels of Aβ. IAB ameliorated the oxidative stress via modulating the levels of associated enzymes and improved the functioning of the central cholinergic system, as indicated by an increase in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase concentrations. The expression levels of acetylcholine esterase were reduced in the mouse brain in response to IAB pre‑treatment. In cells and brain tissue, IAB regulated the expression levels of pro‑ and anti‑apoptotic proteins and enhanced the nuclear levels of NF‑E2p45‑related factor 2 (Nrf2); subsequently, IAB further enhanced the expression of superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and heme oxygenase‑1 and ‑2. The findings of the present study indicated that the protection of IAB against AD is at least partially associated with its antioxidation and anti‑apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Departments of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiubo Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chunyue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hui Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Curcumin-loaded self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion system: part I: development, optimization, characterization, and oral bioavailability. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1389-1405. [PMID: 29845380 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) is considered as one of the most bioactive molecules ever discovered from nature due to its proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in both preclinical and clinical studies. Despite its proven safety and efficacy, the clinical translation of CUR into a useful therapeutic agent is still limited due to its poor oral bioavailability. To overcome its limitation and enhance oral bioavailability by improving its aqueous solubility, stability, and intestinal permeability, a novel CUR formulation (NCF) was developed using the self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion strategy. From the initial screening of polymers for their potential to improve the solubility and stability, Soluplus (SOL) was selected. The optimized NCF demonstrated over 20,000-fold improvement in aqueous solubility as a result of amorphization, hydrogen bonding interaction, and micellization determined using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the greater stabilizing effect in alkaline pH and light was observed. Furthermore, significant enhancement of dissolution and permeability of CUR across everted sacs of rat small intestine were noticed. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the oral bioavailability of CUR was increased 117 and 17-fold in case of NCF and physical mixture of CUR and SOL compared to CUR suspension. These results suggest NCF identified as a promising new approach for repositioning of CUR for pharmaceutical application by enhancing the oral bioavailability of CUR. The findings herein stimulate further in vivo evaluations and clinical tests of NCF.
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Curcumin-loaded self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion system: part II: in vivo safety and efficacy assessment against behavior deficit in Alzheimer disease. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1406-1420. [PMID: 30117120 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR), a natural polyphenolic compound, is considered as one of the most potential candidates against Alzheimer disease (AD) by targeting multiple pathologies such as amyloid-beta, tau phosphorylation, and oxidative stress. Poor physicochemical profile and oral bioavailability (BA) are the major contributors to its failure in clinical trials. Lack of success in numerous drug clinical trials for the treatment of AD urges the need of repositioning of CUR. To overcome its limitation and enhance oral BA, Novel CUR Formulation (NCF) was developed using self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion strategy which displayed 117-fold enhancement in oral BA of CUR. NCF was tested using SH-SY5Y695 APP human neuroblastoma cell line against the cytotoxicity induced by copper metal ion, H2O2, and Aβ42 oligomer and compared with CUR control. The safety and efficacy of NCF on mice AD-like behavioral deficits (open field, novel objective recognition, Y-maze, and Morris water maze tests) were assessed in transgenic AD (APPSwe/PS1deE9) mice model. In SH-SY5Y695 APP human neuroblastoma cell line, NCF showed better safety and efficacy against the cytotoxicity due to the significantly enhancement of cellular uptake. It not only prevents the deterioration of cognitive functions of the aged APPSwe/PS1deE9 mice during aging but also reverses the cognitive functions to their much younger age which is also better than the currently available approved options. Moreover, NCF was proved as well tolerated with no appearance of any significant toxicity via oral administration. The results of the study demonstrated the potential of NCF to improve the efficacy of CUR without compromising its safety profile, and pave the way for clinical development for AD.
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